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11/11/16

WATER SOFTENING
(ION EXCHANGER)
Mata Kuliah: Sistem Utilitas Pabrik
Dosen: Prof. Dr. Ir. Tri Widjaja, M.Eng
Budi Rizki Junianto / 2314100152
Vira Ferdi Murdabahari / 2315 100 022
M. Hanif Chusnul Farhan / 2315 100 028
1

Hardwater

[ion exchanger]

Softwater

11/11/16

Hardwater (Air Sadah)


1. Air yang mengandung ion kalsium (Ca2+)
dan ion magnesium (Mg2+), serta
beberapa logam mineral lainnya yang
dapat terurai dalam air.
2. Semakin banyak kandungan mineral dalam
air, kesadahan semakin meningkat
3

Jenis-jenis Air Berdasarkan Kesadahannya

11/11/16

Pengolahan dengan Ion Exchanger (Penukar


Ion)
Pengolahan dengan menggunakan resin
penukar ion agar ion-ion garam yang
terlarut dalam air dapat diganti hingga
diperoleh air yang sesuai untuk boiler.
Penghilangan ion terlarut disebut
demineralisasi.
Pertukaran ion Kalsium dan Magnesium
dengan ion sodium disebut Softening
(Pelunakan)
5

Ion Exchanger

11/11/16

Softening
Komponen yang kasar (Ca2+ dan Mg2+) ditukar dengan ion
Na dari asam kuat dengan resin pertukaran kation, karena
dapat menyebabkan masalah pada boiler dengan tekanan
rendah.
Reaksi Softening
R (-SO3Na)2+Ca 2+ R(-SO3) 2Ca + 2Na+
R(-SO3Na) 2 + Mg 2+ R(-SO3) 2Mg + 2Na+

Resin pertukaran ion yang kehilangan


kemampuannya untuk menukar ion
diregenerasi dengan menggunakan 10%
larutan NaCl dan menggunakannya
kembali.
Reaksi Regenerasi :
R(-SO3)2Ca + 2Na+ R(-SO3Na)2 + Ca2+
R(-SO3)2Mg + 2Na+ R(-SO3Na)2+ Mg2+

11/11/16

Timbulnya kerak pada boiler masih bisa terjadi


karena kebocoran dari pelunak sering terjadi
akibat pengendalian operasional yang tidak
memadai.

Demineralisasi
Proses penghilangan mineral-mineral yang terlarut di dalam air, umumnya
menggunakan media penukar ion yang dibedakan atas muatan listrik yang
terkandung di dalamnya menjadi: penukar kation dan penukar anion.
Tahapan proses demineralisasi :

10

11/11/16

Resin
Polimer dari polistirena atau poliakrilik dengan gugus fungsional yang
bertindak sebagai tempat pertukaran ion

11

Struktur resin
Tulang punggung resin
Dari polistiren dan poliakrilik

Penyambung tulang punggung


Dari divinilbenzena

Gugus fungsi
Ion presaturant
12

11/11/16

Ca+2

Na+
Gugus fungsi

13

Pembuatan resin

14

11/11/16

Resin
Penukar ion kation

Penukar ion anion

Memiliki muatan
negatif

Memiliki muatan positif

Mengikat
kation

Mengikat
anion
15

Jenis resin

Gugus fungsi

Penukar Asam- Sulfonat,


kation kuat
SO3Asam- Karboksilat,
lemah COO-

Penukar Basaanion
kuat

Presaturant
ion

pH kerja

Keterangan

H+ atau
Ma+
H+

0-14

>7,
optimum
pada
10-11

Treatment untuk air dengan


alkalinitas tinggi dan karbon
dioksida dan natrium terlarut
rendah

<13

Treatment untuk air dengan


kontaminasi nitrat, arsenik, dan
perklorat

Amina
OH- atau
kuartener,
Cl(CH3)3 N+
Basa- Amina tersier, OHlemah H(CH3)2N+

<6

16

11/11/16

Selektivitas

and Ion Exchange


392

Resin memiliki
daya
terhadap ion tertentu
10 Adsorption and
Iontarik
Exchange

e resins have a greater affinity or preference for certain ions.


nce is Selectivity
called selectivity. TheIon
direction,
or Dipengaruhi
reverse,
ofaffinity
the or preference for certain ions
oleh
exchangeforward
resins have
a greater
preference
is called
selectivity.
The
direction, forward or reverse, of th
e reactions shown in Eqs.This
10-12
and 10-13
depends
upon
the
ion exchange
reactions shown
in
Eqs. 10-12 and 10-13 depends upon th
ity for a particular ion system.
For example,
aqueous
Elektron if a dilute
Jari-jari
resin selectivity
forion
a particular
ion
terhidrasi
ion-Isystem.
taining NO3 and Cl ions
are beingvalensi
treated
with
aion
type
SBA For example, if a dilute aqueou

tertukar
solution
NO3 and Cl ions are being treated with a type I SBA
containing
Cl
ions
will
be
exchanged
over
OH form, both NO3 and
form,
both NO3 and Cl ions will be exchanged ove
resin in the OH

ant ion OH because they


preferredion
byOH
the resin.
thisare preferred by the resin. In thi
Nomor atom
theare
presaturant
becauseInthey
ion tertukar
ction proceeds in the forward
I SBA
also direction. Type I SBA resins als
case direction.
the reactionType
proceeds
in resins
the forward
will
ions over Cl ions so NO3 will occup
a higher
selectivity
over
Cl ions
so NOfor
r selectivity for NO3 ionshave
3 occupy
3 NO
more exchange sites in a dilute solution.
nge sites in a dilute solution.
Resin selectivity
depends
upon the physical and chemical characteristic
ctivity depends upon the physical
and chemical
characteristics
of the exchanging ion and resins. Physical properties of the resins tha
anging ion and resins. Physical properties of the resins that
influence selectivity include pore size distribution and the type of functiona
ectivity include pore size distribution
and
the type
of functional
groups on the
polymer
chains.
Chemical properties of the ions that impac
e polymer chains. Chemical
properties
ofmagnitude
the ions that
impact
selectivity
are the
of the
valence and the atomic number of th
e the magnitude of the valence
and
the
atomic
number
of
ion. The following discussion providesthe
insight into these properties.
Elektron
valensi
ion tertukar
For dilute
concentrations at temperatures encountered
owing discussion provides insight
intoaqueous-phase
these properties.
in waterattreatment,
ion exchange
resins prefer the counterion of highe
e aqueous-phase concentrations
temperatures
encountered
valence, as shown
below:valensi yang lebih besar
Resin memilih
ion dengan
atment, ion exchange resins
prefer the
counterion
of higher
3
hown below:
> Ca2+ > Na+
Cations: Th4+ > Al
Kation
Anion
17

Cations: Th4+ > Al3 > Ca2+ > Na+ Anions: PO4 3 > SO4 2 > Cl

2preference
shown above, it is assumed that the spacing of th
> Cl
Anions: PO4 3 >InSOthe
4

functional groups allow for the exchange of multivalent ions. In othe


there has
be the
correctof
number
erence shown above, it iswords,
assumed
thattothe
spacing
the of cationic functional groups in
close proximity to neutralize the charge of the anion or vica versa.
roups allow for the exchange
of multivalent ions. In other
There are some exceptions to the above general rule. For example
has to be the correct number
of cationic
functional
in than monovalent I and NO3
a lower groups
preference
divalent
CrO4 2 has
18
mity to neutralize the charge
of as
the
anion
versa.series:
ions,
shown
in or
thevica
following

e some exceptions to the above general rule.2 For example,


> CrO4 2 > Br
SO4 >
I > NO3

2
O4 has a lower preference than monovalent I and NO3
wn in the following series: Resin selectivity can also be influenced by the degree of swelling or pressur

within the resin bead. In an aqueous solution, both resin-phase ions and9ion

> Br have water molecules that surround them. The group o


SO4 2 > I > NO3 in>aqueous
CrO4 2solution

water molecules surrounding each ion is called the radius of hydration and

11/11/16

Radius terhidrasi ion tertukar


Ion selalu dikelilingi molekul air
Ion memiliki jari-jari terhidrasi
Jari-jari terhidrasi besar membuat resin
menggembung
Resin selalu berusaha agar tidak
menggembung
19

10-4 Introduction to the Ion Exchange Process

Table 10-9
Comparison of ionic, hydrated radii, molecular weight, and atomic number for
a number of cations
Ion
Li+
Na+
K+
Rb+
Cs+
Mg2+
Ca2+
Sr2+
Ba2+

Untuk elektron valensi


yang sama

Ionic Radii,a

Hydrated

Radii,b A

0.60
0.95
1.33
1.48
1.69
0.65
0.99
1.13
1.35

10.0
7.9
5.3
5.09
5.05
10.8
9.6
9.6
8.8

Molecular
Weight

Atomic
Number

6.94
22.99
39.10
85.47
132.91
24.30
40.08
87.62
137.33

3
11
19
37
55
12
20
38
56

From Mortimer
(1975).
Selektivitas resin untuk
ion meningkat
dengan meningkatnya nomor atom,
b From Kunin and Myers (1950).
meningkatnya jari-jari ion, dan berkurangnya jari-jari terhidrasi

bound
to the resin. For some alkali metalsValensi
the order
of preference for
2
Valensi
1
exchange is inversely related to their hydrated radius:
Cs+ > Rb+ > K+ > Na+ > Li+

20

The selectively is also in reverse order of atomic number. Similarly, for


alkaline earth metals the preference for exchange is
Ba2+ > Sr2+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Be2+
For a given series, anion exchange follows the same selectivity relationship
with respect to ionic and hydrated radii as cations:

ClO4 > I > NO3 > Br > Cl > HCO3 > OH

10

11/11/16

Aktivitas ion
Kemampuan mengganti ion lain
dalam resin
Contoh: Resin Na digunakan
untuk menyerap Ca sebab
aktivitas ion Na lebih kecil dari
aktivitas ion Ca

21

Kejenuhan ion resin

Ion Ca dan Mg yang terdapat pada butiran resin telah banyak


Resin harus digenerasi

22

11

11/11/16

Kapasitas pertukaran
Jumlah maksimum dari ion yang bisa dipertukarkan sebelum
resin mesti diregenerasi
Resin penukar kation asam-kuat
(presaturant ion: natrium)

Resin penukar anion basa-kuat


(presaturant ion: klorida)

1.8 2.0 meq/mL

1.0 1.3 meq/mL

23

Faktor pemilihan resin

Selektivitas

Kapasitas
penukar

24

12

11/11/16

Regenerasi
Karena aktivitas ion Na lebih kecil dari aktivitas ion Ca, resin cenderung
menarik ion Ca
Namun hal ini bisa dibalik dengan memberikan Na dalam konsentrasi
tinggi

Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Ca+2
25

1. Service
1.
2.
3.
4.

Masuk melalui bagian atas tangki


Mengalir melalui distributor aliran bagian dalam
Mengalir melalui lapisan resin
Keluar dari tangki (siap digunakan)

26

13

11/11/16

27

Contoh Reaksi Softening


R (- SO3H)2 + Ca(HCO3)2

R (- SO3)2Ca + H2CO3

R ( - SO3H)2 + MgSO4

R ( - SO3 )2Mg + H2SO4

R SO3H + NaCl

R SO3Na + HCl

R NOH + H2CO3

R NHCO3 + H2O

R ( NOH)2 + H2SO4

R ( N )2SO4 + 2H2O

R NOH + HCl

R NCl + H2O

R NOH + H2SiO3

R NHSiO3 + H2O
28

14

11/11/16

Service berhasil jika: derajat kesadahan air


hasil proses softening yang rendah
Resin tidak boleh dibiarkan mengikat Ca dan Mg
hingga kapasitas maksimalnya: Hal ini akan
membuat air sadah mengalir melewati softener
menuju unit proses berikutnya

29

2. Backwash

30

15

11/11/16

As shown in Figure 2.32, the cations in raw water are exchanged with hydrogen ions (H+) in the
H-bed and the carbon dioxide generated by the
pH reduction is removed in the decarbonator.
Then, the anions are exchanged with hydroxide
ions (OH ) in the OH-bed. Converting the
teknis brining pada
softener into a vacuum deaerator system
decarbonator
makes it possible to remove dissolved oxygen and
carbon dioxide simultaneously.
The electrical conductivity and silica content of
demineralized water are 5 to 10 S/cm and 0.05
to 0.3 mg SiO2/l respectively. In the case that the
treated water is used as the feedwater for a high
pressure boiler, the water is additionally treated
by a mixed bed type demineralizer (polisher).
The typical reactions of demineralization are as
follows:

R(-SO3)2Mg + 2H+

8-12%

30
menit

Dosis garam

HCl dialirkan ke H-bed dan NaOH dialirkan ke OH-bed

Lama kontak

Konsentrasi garam

Brining

natrium klorida dialirkan ke resin yang telah jenuh dengan kesadahan

6-15
lb/ft3

H-bed;
R(-SO3H)2 + Ca2+ R(-SO3)2Ca + 2H+
..................................... (2.32)
R(-SO3H)2 + Mg2+ R(-SO3)2Mg + 2H+
31
..................................... (2.33)
+
+
R - SO3H + Na R - SO3Na + H
..................................... (2.34)
OH-bed;

NHCO3 + OH
R
NOH + HCO3 R
..................................... (2.35)
N) SO + 2OH

R(
NOH)2 + SO42 R(
2
4
..................................... (2.36)

R
NOH + Cl R
NCl + OH
..................................... (2.37)

NHSiO3 + OH
R
NOH + HSiO3 R
+
2+
.....................................
(2.38)
R(-SO3)2Mg + 2H+ R(-SO3H)2 + Mg
2+

R - SO3Na + H+ R

OH-bed;

R
NHCO3 + OH

R(
N)2SO4 + 2OH

R
NCl + OH R

R
NHSiO3 + OH

When the quality o


teriorated, the cause
countermeasures mu
water quality. Typica
deterioration are as f
1 Deterioration of
2 Excess water int
ineralizer,
3 Insufficient reg
resin,
4 Deterioration or
5 Mechanical trou

(2) Deaeration
The deaeration of b
to remove the corrosi
2-21and carbon dioxide) fo
2-21
lems in boiler system
2-21 The deaeration uti
ciple that the solubili
As
shown
in
Figure
2.32,
the
cations
in
raw
wa2-21ter becomes zero at
As shown in Figure 2.32, the cations in +raw waR(-SO3)2Mg + 2H R(-SO3H)2 + Mg
ter are exchanged
withshow
hydrogen
ions (H+) reactions
in the of
..................................... (2.40)
the treatment.
ing reactions
the regeneration
ter are exchanged
withshow
hydrogen
ions (H ) inreactions
the
.....................................
he
treatment.
ing
reactions
the regeneration
of The reactions of+ the+ regeneration
of +resin2+are (2.40)
Thus deaeration meth
H-bed
andthe
the
carbon2.32,
dioxide
generated
by wathe
R - SO33)Na
++
H2H

R
- R(-SO
SO3H +H)
Na
As
shown
in
Figure
the
cations
in
raw

R(-SO
and the deaeraresin.
2Mg
2 +
+ Mg
nd the deaerathethe
resin.
as R
follows:
and heating deaeratio
H-bed and
carbon dioxide generated+ by the
- SO3Na + H+ + R - SO3H 3+ Na
2-21
2+
sed.
pH
reduction
is removed
in the
decarbonator.
.....................................
(2.41) (a) Heating deaera
terAs
are
exchanged
with2.32,
hydrogen
ions
(H
) in wathe
.....................................
(2.40)
shown
in Figure
the
cations
in raw
R(-SO3H)2 + Mg
R(-SO
Softener
Demineralization
3)2Mg + 2H
ed.
2-21
pH reduction
is 3removed
thewith
decarbonator.
.....................................
(2.41)
2+
)are
+ dioxide
2Na+in
Ca
R(-SO
2Ca exchanged
3Na)
2++
Then,
hydroxide
+ R(-SO
2+
H-bed
andanions
the
carbon
generated
the
R - SO3Na + H+ R.....................................
- SO3H + Na+
ter
are the
exchanged
with
hydrogen
ions
(H
)by
in the
(2.40) In the case of heati
H-bed;
R(-SO
3) 2Ca + 2Na R(-SO3Na)2 + Ca
Then,
the
with
hydroxide
anions are exchanged
+ +
2++ 2+
.....................................
(2.30)
+
R(-SO

R(-SO
ions
(OH
OH-bed;
) inis
the
OH-bed.
Converting
the
3H)
2 +
As
shown
in
Figure
2.32,
cations
in by
rawthe
wa- (2.30) R(-SO
Mg+++2H
R(-SO
+ Mg
pH reduction
removed
inthe
the
decarbonator.
(2.41)gasses in boiler feed
H-bed
and
the
carbon
dioxide
generated
R
- SO33))32Na
H2H
R.....................................
- SO
+2Ca
Na
2Ca
3H)
.....................................
3H
R(-SO ) Mg + 2Na+ R(-SO Na) + Mg2+
+ .....................................
2+ (2.39)
olved ions indecarbonator
rawter
3 Figure
2
3
2 +rawthe
.....................................

ions
(OH
OH-bed;
) ininto
the
Converting
ing the feedwater up
+ the
2+

NOH
As
shown
in
2.32,
cations
in
wa
R(-SO
are
exchanged
with
hydrogen
ions
(H
)+inMg
the
3)2Mg3 +
3H)2 ++Mg
R
a OH-bed.
vacuum
deaerator
system
+ 2H
OH
R(-SO
R
HCO
NHCO

ved ions in raw


R(-SO
)are
Mg
+ 2Na

R(-SO
Na)
Then,
the
anions
exchanged
with
hydroxide
3(2.40)

Reaksi pada brining

pH reduction is 3removed
in the decarbonator.
2
3
2

..................................... (2.41)

+
by using ion
ex- ter are and
.....................................
(2.31)

HNOH
exchanged
with
hydrogen
ions
(Hsystem
)by
inand
the
R-
decarbonator
into
aOH-bed.
vacuum
deaerator
NHCO
++OH

R3
carbon
dioxide
generated
R .....................................
- SO
+ Na+ + HCO3(2.40)
SO

3Na +3H
makes
it possible
to
remove
dissolved
oxygen
.....................................
(2.42)
y using ionThen,
ex- H-bed
.....................................
(2.31) R
ions
(OH
OH-bed;
) inthe
the
Converting
the
the
anions
are
exchanged
with
hydroxide
priate quality ofpH
+
+

H-bed
and
the
carbon
dioxide
generated
by
the
R
SO
Na
+
H

R
SO
H
Na+

2 (2.42)
reduction
is
removed
in
the
decarbonator.
.....................................
3
3

HCO

(2.41)

makes
it
possible
to
remove
dissolved
oxygen
and
.....................................
3 NOH)
riate quality
of

2+
carbon
dioxide
simultaneously.
R(
N)
SO
+
2OH

R(
+
SO

2
4
2
4
R
decarbonator
into
a
vacuum
deaerator
system
NHCO
+
OH

R
NOH
+
HCO
Ca

ions (OH )Scale


OH-bed;
in the
OH-bed.
Converting
the are
3
3
m. The removal
problems
within
hardness
components
Cl
pH reduction
is removed
thewith
decarbonator.
.....................................
(2.41)
Then,
the
anions
are exchanged
hydroxide

2+
2
. The removal
Scale
problems
with
hardness
components
are R(
CO2

Mg.....................................
4 (2.42)
carbon
simultaneously.
N)2SO3 4++OH
2OH

+ SO
The
electrical
conductivity
and
silica
content
of
.....................................
(2.43)
NHCO
2 NOH)

R(
makes
itdioxide
possible
to a
remove
dissolved
oxygen
and
HCl2(regenerant)
R
decarbonator
vacuum
deaerator
system

R
emineralization.
prevented
by
feeding
the
softened
water
to
boilSO
into

4 NOH + HCO3
+
Then,(OH
the anions
are
exchanged
with hydroxide
ions
) in the
OH-bed.
Converting
theto boil- OH-bed;
Na

mineralization.
prevented
by
feeding
the
softened
water

.....................................
2 (2.43)
demineralized
water
are
5
to
10
S/cm
and
0.05
R
NCl
+
OH

R
NOH
+
Cl
HSiO

The
electrical
conductivity
and
silica
content
of
3

carbon
R(
N)2SO
R( NOH)
ers. But
actually,
scale
problems
still
occur
bemagnesium makes
ionsdecarbonator

SO4 (2.42)
4 + 2OH
2 +
itdioxide
possible
to
remove
dissolved
oxygen
and
.....................................

NOH
into
a OH-bed.
vacuum
deaerator
system
NHCO
R
+ HCO
ions
(OH
OH-bed;
)simultaneously.
in
the
Converting
the

3 + OH etc.
3
ers.
But
actually,
scale
problems
still
occur be- R
gnesium ions
etc.

to
0.3
mg
SiO
respectively.
In deaerator
the
case
that
the
.....................................
(2.44)

2
tening.
cause
the
hardness
leakage
from
softeners

2/l
.....................................
HCO
demineralized
water
are
5 to
10
S/cm
and
0.05
R
NCl
+3 OH

R R
NOH
+
Cl

The
electrical
conductivity
and
silica
content
ofoften
.....................................

carbon
dioxide
simultaneously.
R(
N)
SO
+
2OH

R(
NOH)
+
makes
it
possible
to
remove
dissolved
oxygen
and
(2.42)
R
decarbonator
into
a
vacuum
system
NHCO
+
OH

NOH
+
HCO

2
4
2
43 (2.43)

3 SO
HCO3
ning.
cause the hardness leakage from softeners often

SO

4
happens
by
the
result
of
the
insufficient
opera
2
treated
water
is
used
as
the
feedwater
for
a
high
R
NHSiO
+
OH

R
NOH
+
HSiO

3 2OH
3(2.42)
NCl
NOH)
SO42
demineralized
water
are
5
to
10
S/cm
and
0.05
R
+
OH

R
NOH
+
Cl
toThe
0.3
mg
SiO
/l
respectively.
In
the
case
that
the
.....................................
(2.44)
carbon
dioxide
simultaneously.
R(
N)
SO
+

R(
+
SO

makes
it
possible
to
remove
dissolved
oxygen
and
.....................................

2
4
2
4
2
electrical
conductivity
and
silica
content
of
.....................................
(2.43)
+

happens by the result of the insufficient operaH


Cl
2+
+
tional
control.
Table
2.8
shows
the
causes
of
and Mg
)
causH

Cl

pressure
boiler,
the
water
is
additionally
treated
.....................................
(2.45)

NOH)
OH .....................................
+HSiO
The
electrical
conductivity
and
silica
content
of
(2.43)
dioxide
simultaneously.
R(
N)2SO
2OH

R(
SO4 HSiO
2+
to
0.3carbon
mg
SiO
respectively.
In
the
case
that
the
.....................................
NCl

4 3++
2+
2/l
treated
water
iswater
used
as the
feedwater
for
a high
R
NHSiO

R
NOH
H-Bed
demineralized
are
5
to
10
S/cm
and
0.05
+
OH

R
NOH
+
Cl
3 3 (2.44)
tional
control.
Table
2.8
shows
the
causes
of R
nd
Mg
)
caus

HSiO
3

troubles
and
the
countermeasures
in the
operaure boilersby
are

ademineralized
mixed
bed
demineralizer
(polisher).
water
are
5feedwater
to and
10 S/cm
and
0.05
+ OH
R
NOH
+ Cl + HSiOetc.

The
electrical
conductivity
content
of

NOH
treated
water
is type
used
as
the
for
ainhigh
R
NHSiO
R
NCl

3 + OH .....................................
3(2.43)
troubles
and
the
countermeasures
the
opera- R
re
are
etc.
pressure
boiler,
the
water
is
additionally
treated
.....................................
(2.45)
to
0.3 mg
SiO
respectively.
In thesilica
case
that
the
.....................................
(2.44)
CO2, H2CO
2/l
3
tion
of
softener.
byboilers
using cation

to
0.3
mg SiO
respectively.
In the
caseand
that
the
(2.44)
2/l
demineralized
water
are
to
10
S/cm
R
+ OH
R.....................................
NOH
+ Cl
The
typical
reactions
of
demineralization
are0.05
as
When
quality
demineralized
water
is de NCl the
of

pressure
boiler,
the
water
is5feedwater
additionally
treated
.....................................
(2.45)
tion
of
softener.
y using cation

NOH
by atreated
mixed
bed
type
demineralizer
(polisher).
treated
water
isDemineralization
used
as as
thethe
for
aahigh
R
NHSiO3++OH
OH

RNOH
+ HSiO

NHSiO

(b)

water
is
used
feedwater
forthat
high
R

R
+ HSiO

3
3
to
0.3
mg
SiO
/l
respectively.
In
the
case
the
.....................................
(2.44)
2
follows:
teriorated,
the
cause
should
be
surveyed
and
the
Fig.
2.32
Demineralization
treatment
(2-beds
and
1-degasifier
type)
(b)
Demineralization
byThe
a mixed
bed
type
demineralizer
(polisher).
Most
popular
demineralizer
is a two-beds
for the softenpressure
boiler,
the
water
is
additionally
treated
(2.45)
typical
reactions
ofas
demineralization
are
as and
When
the3 +quality
of.....................................
demineralized
is

.....................................
water
pressure
boiler,
the
water
is
additionally
treated
(2.45)

be
32 detreated
water
is
used
the
feedwater
for
a
high
R
NHSiO
OH

R
NOH
+
HSiO

3
countermeasures
must
applied
to
improve
the
Most
populartype.
is a two-beds
and When the quality of demineralized water is deor acidic
the softenThe
typical
reactions
ofdemineralizer
demineralization
are as
one-degasifier
This demineralizer
is comgly
cation
by
a by
mixed
bed
type
demineralizer
(polisher).
a mixed
bed
type
demineralizer
(polisher).
follows:
the Typical
cause
should
be surveyed
and
the
pressure
boiler,
the
water
is
additionally
treatedis com-teriorated,
.....................................
(2.45)
one-degasifier
type.
This
demineralizer
y acidic
H-bed;
water quality.
causesbeofsurveyed
the water
quality
posed
of
a
cation
column
filled
with
the
H-form
of
water
is cation
passed
follows:
teriorated,
the
cause
should
and
the
The
typical
reactions
of
demineralization
are
as
When
the
quality
of
demineralized
water
is
deThe
typical
reactions
of
demineralization
are
as
When
the
quality
of
demineralized
water
is
deby
a
mixed
bed
type
demineralizer
(polisher).
must
be applied to improve the
+
posed
of2+aacidic
cation
column
H-forma ofcountermeasures
ter is the
passed
R(-SO
deterioration
are as
follows:

R(-SO
Cafilled
+ 2Hwith
3H)
2 + Ca
3)2exchange
strongly
cation
resinthe
(H-bed),
resin,
hardcountermeasures
must
be be
applied
to
improve
the
follows:
teriorated,
the
cause
surveyed
and
the
Thestrongly
typical reactions
of demineralization
are
as
When
the
quality
ofshould
demineralized
water
isand
de- the
follows:
teriorated,
the
cause
should
be
H-bed;
water
quality.
Typical
causes
ofsurveyed
the
water
quality
acidic
cation
exchange
resin
(H-bed),
a
esin,
the
hard.....................................
(2.32)
1 Deterioration
of be
raw
water
quality,
degasifier and
an anion column filled with
the OH- countermeasures
) in the rawH-bed;
wamust
applied
improve
the
water
quality.
Typical
causes
ofto
the
water
quality
follows:
teriorated,
the
cause
should
be
surveyed
and
the
2+
+
countermeasures
must
be
applied
to
improve
the
2+and
+
degasifier
anbasic
anion
column
filled
with
OH-deterioration
in the
R(-SO
are asintake
follows:
H)
+ Mg
Castrongly
R(-SO
Ca
+ 2H
3)
form
resinthe
(OHons
ofraw
thewaion
R(-SO
)2Ca
2H
2 Excess
over
thewater
capacity
of
dem2+ R(-SO
+
33H)
22 + of
3anion
2Mg exchange
H-bed;
water
quality. water
Typical
causes
of the
quality
R(-SO
deterioration
are
as follows:
Castrongly
R(-SO
++
2H
countermeasures
must
be
applied
improve
the
3H)
2 + of
3)2anion
water
quality.
Typical
causes
of to
the
water quality
form
basic
exchange
resin
(OHns
of theisH-bed;
ion
2+ .....................................
+
bed).
ed water
ob- R(-SO
(2.32)
1
Deterioration
of
raw
water
quality,
ineralizer,
(2.33)
deterioration
are
as
follows:
H)
+
Ca

R(-SO
)
Ca
+
2H
3
2
3
2
H-bed;
water
quality. Typical
causes
of thequality,
water quality
.....................................
(2.32)
1 Deterioration
of
raw water
2+
+
bed).
water
is obR(-SO
deterioration
are as
follows:
++Na
Ca
R(-SO
+ 2+
3H)
3)2)Ca
2.28),
(2.29)
and
2+
.....................................
(2.32)
1
raw water
R(-SO
Mg
R(-SO
Mg
+ 2H
2H+++
2
Excess
water
intake
over quality,
theofcapacity
capacity
of demdemR
- SO
H 2+2 H)

RRaw
-R(-SO
SO
H++ 2H
3 Deterioration
Insufficient
regeneration
ion exchange
water
3H)
3 32+
3Na
2+
R(-SO
deterioration
are
asof
follows:

R(-SO
)Mg
+
2H
2 + Ca
2Ca +
R(-SO

)
2
Excess
water
intake
over
the
of
3H)23 + Mg
3
2
28), (2.29) and
+ (2.32)
.....................................
1
Deterioration
ofraw
raw
water
quality,of demRaw
water

2+
R(-SO3H)2 + Mg2+
.....................................
R(-SO
2
Excess
water intake
over
thequality,
capacity
3)2Mg + 2H
HCO
resin,
.....................................
(2.34)
Ca
ineralizer,
(2.33)
3
(2.32)
1
Deterioration
of
water
ineralizer,
.....................................
(2.33)
2+
+
2+

HCO
Ca2+
.....................................
R(-SO
Mg
2
Excess
waterintake
intake
over
the
of demCl
2+
3 3)2 Mg++ 2H
3H)2 H)
+ Mg
4 ineralizer,
Deterioration
or contamination
resin,
R(-SO
+

R(-SO
Mg
+ 2H+ (2.33)
2
Excess
water
over
the
capacity
dem2 +
2H
R -- SO
SO
H ++3 +Na
Na
+
RMg
-R(-SO
SO
Na
+3)H
3
Insufficient
regeneration
ofcapacity
ionofof
exchange
+
3H
32Na
R

R
SO
+
3
Insufficient
regeneration
of
ion
exchange
+
NaCl
(regenerant)
3
3
Cl
SO
4
2+ - SO
R - SO3H + Na
R
Na
+
H
3
Insufficient
regeneration
of
ion
exchange
3
ineralizer,
.....................................
(2.33)
Mg
+ ..................................... (2.33)
OH-bed;
5 ineralizer,
Mechanical troubles of demineralizer.
Na
NaCl (regenerant)
resin,
.....................................
(2.34)
SO432
HSiO
a + 2Na+
resin,
.....................................
(2.34)
.....................................
+

+ R
water (2.34)
R
Na

- +R
SO
+H
3 resin,
Insufficient
regeneration
exchange
Na
R 3- H
SO+
++Na

-etc.
SO
+3 +H
Insufficient
regeneration
of of
ionion
exchange
- SO

3 Na
3Na
Softened
3H
R
NOH
+
HCO

R
NHCO
+
OH
etc.
HSiO

3
3
+................
2Na+
(2.28)
4 Deterioration or contamination of resin,

NaOH

OH-Bed

16

11/11/16

Skema Pelunakan dan Pengisian Kembali

33

Slow rinse
menghilangkan brine dari bejana resin
mengapa lambat?

sebab sebisa mungkin waktu kontak brine


dengan resin diperlama

Bejana
resin

Air garam
Air slow
rinse
Air
pengencer

34

17

11/11/16

Fast rinse
menghilangkan sisa brine dan ion yang tak diinginkan ke saluran
pembuangan
pembilasan dilakukan dengan air bersih yang mengalir dari atas ke
bawah

Flow rate:
1-1.5
gpm/ft3
35

Pengotoran resin
Resin ion exchange secara berkala diregenerasi
Namun, resinnya perlahan dikotori dengan besi hidroksida
Pengotoran resin menyebabkan

Kemampuan pertukaran ion menurun


Softened water yang dihasilkan berkurang
Regenerasi perlu dilakukan semakin sering
Zat kimia yang digunakan untuk meregenerasi diperlukan semakin banyak

36

18

11/11/16

Zat pembersih dan cara pembersihan


Asam klorida menunjukkan efek
pembersihan terbaik

Namun, asam klorida korosif


terhadap pipa softener dan
membutuhkan netralisasi
37

Untuk itu digunakan zat pembersih yang


bersifat netral dan reduktif
70-80% besi
hilang dari
resin

Zat
Zatpembersih
pembersih
2-3%
10-20%
Zat kimia
untuk
regenerasi

Resin

38

19

11/11/16

Keunggulan Ion Exchange


1.

Mengurangi / menghilangkan unsur inorganik dengan baik.

2.

Bisa diregenarikan kembali.

3.

Dapat digunakan untuk flowrate / debit yang berfluktuasi.

4. Jenis resin yang bervariasi, setiap jenis resin dapat digunakan


untuk menghilangkan unsur/kontaminan tertentu.
5. Untuk kualitas air baku dengan TDS < 500 ppm merupakan pilihan
dan operasi lebih murah.
39

Kekurangan Ion Exchange


1.

Semakin tinggi TDS semakin tinggi biaya operasional.

2.

Tidak menghilangkan partikel, bakteri dan pyrogen.

3.

Diperlukan pretreatment untuk hampir setiap bahan baku.

4. Sensitif terhadap keberadaan unsur lain dengan polaritas yang


hampir sama.
5.

Media resin berpotensi menjadi tempat berkembang biak bakteri.

40

20

11/11/16

Keuntungan Softening
1. Memperpanjang usia penggunaan alat alat yang berhubungan
dengan air: Pemanas air, boiler dan pipa.
2. Menghemat penggunaan bahan pembersih: detergen, sabun,
shampo dll
3. Biaya menjadi lebih rendah

41

Simpulan
1. Ion exchange water softening adalah cara yang efektif untuk
mengurangi kesadahan (hardness) dan ion pengganggu lain dalam
air proses
2. Biaya termasuk murah bila dibandingkan dengan keuntungan yang
didapat

42

21

11/11/16

Slide tambahan

43

FIG. 12.1 Model of a cation exchanger, showing negatively charged


exchange sites on the skeleton holding sodium ions like grapes on a vine.

FIG. 12.2 Typical commercial exchangers are of two general structures, gel type (left) and macroporous type (right). These are magnifications.

There are two major types of resins: macroreticular and gel


resins. Macrorecticular resins are solid beads and retain their
size when they are dried out because they have a great deal of
crosslinking. Gel-type resins contain lots of water and resemble
fish scales when they are dried out.

44

22

Functional Group

acid cation (WAC), (3) strong-base anion (SBA), and (4) weak-base anion
(WBA). The distinctions are based on the pK values of the functional
groups as summarized in Table 10-7.
The general exchange and regeneration reactions for these functional
groups can be written as
n[R ]A + Bn ! [nR ]Bn + nA
[nR ]Bn + nA ! n[R ]A + Bn

(exchange reaction)

B+ X-

Resin
lattice

B+ X-

B+ X-

Charged functional
groups on resin lattice

Aqueous-phase
ion

B+ X-

A+ XA+

A+

A+

(10-12)

(regeneration reaction) (10-13)

Aqueous-phase ions
to be exchanged
Pore
space

11/11/16

A+

A+

A+ X-

A+

A+

B+ X-

B+ X-

B+ X-

B+

A+ X-

B+
A+ X-

A+

A+

A+ X-

A+

A+
A+

B+

B+

B+ X-

Resin-phase
ion

A+ X-

A+ X-

Exchanged
resin-phase ion

Charged functional
groups on resin lattice
(a)

A+ X-

B+

B+

(b)

45
Figure 10-5
+
Schematic framework of a cation exchange resin: (a) resin with A presaturant ions initially immersed in an aqueous solution
containing B+ cations and X anions and (b) cation exchange resin in equilibrium with the aqueous solution of B+ cations and
X anions.

Permasalahan lain yang diakibatkan


pengotoran resin
Kebocoran kesadahan sebab channeling
Keretakan dan kerusakan resin

46

23

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