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- 1973
Indian Standard
( Reaffirmed 1995 )
Reprint
UDC
DECEMBER
1993 )
6278 : 62413132
0 Copyright 1973
BUREAU
MANAK
INDIAN
OF
BHAVAN,
BAHADUR
NBW DELHI
Gr
STANDARDS
SHAH
ZAFAR
MARO
110002
October 1973
IS t 6955- 1973
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION
FOR EARTH AND ROCKFILL DAMS
Subsurface Exploration
Sectional Committee,
BDC 49
Representing
Chairman
!&RI V. S. KRISHNASWAHY
Mem hers
CRIEB ENQINEER
Calcutta )
SHRI K. R. DATYE
SHRI R. C. DESAI
Mansion,
SHRI V. R. DEWSEAR
First
OF
INDIAN
STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyri& & (XIV of 1957) and
reproduction in whole br in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher &all be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
IS:6955-1973
(Continwdfrom
jags 1 )
Represcn ting
Members
SREI B. K. PANTHAKY
SBRI M. S. DIWAN ( Altcrnote )
SERI C. GOIJALASWA~~YRao
REPBESENTATIVE
REPRESENTATIVE
SERI R. K. SABEARWAL
SHRI S. S. SAHI
SARI M. M. ANAND ( Alternate)
SRRI S. SATAPATHI
SECRETARY
DEPUTY SECRETARY ( Alternate )
SHRI H. D. SHARMA
SERI P. S. YOo
SHRI D. ASITEA SIMEA,
Director ( Civ Engg )
Hindustan Construction
Co Ltd, Bombay
Uttar
Secretary
SHRI G. RAGMAN
Deputy Director ( Civ Engg),
Subsurface
Exploration
For
Earth
and
Rockiill
BIS
Convener
SHRI P. s. Yoo
Irrigation
Department,
Pradesh
Government
of Uttar
Members
Beas Design Organization, Nangal Township
SHRI B. S. BHALLA
&RI M. L. KAUSHAL ( Alternate)
Irrigation Research Institute, Roorkee
SHRI D. N. BHAR~AVA
Central Water & Power Commission, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( E & RDD )
EXEOUTIVE ENUINEER, CHENAB
INVESTIGATION CIRCLE ( Alternate )
Central Water & Power Commission, New Delhi
DIRECTOR ( E & RDD )
SUPE~INTENDXNCJ
ENRINEER,
CHENAR
INVESTIQATION
CIRCLE ( Alternate )
SHRI M. S. JAIN
Geological Survey of India, Lucknow
SHRI B. N. HUKKU (Alternate)
SERI S. K. SHO~~E( Alternate )
..
I
I
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICEFOR
SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION
FOR EARTH AND ROCKFILL DAMS
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution
on 3 April 1973, after the draft finalized by the Subsurface Exploration
Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division
Council.
0.2 Earth dams have been constructed since the earliest of times. The
dams built in olden days, were generally of low to medium heights. With
increasing heights of dams and faster rates of construction there is greater
need for proper investigations and design based on the latest developments
in the fields of soil and rock mechanics. An important requisite for proper
design is adequate investigation. Subsurface explorations form an important part of these rnvestigations.
0.3 In the forruulation of this standard due weightage has been given to
international co-ordination among lhe standards and practices prevailing in
different countries in addition to relating it to the practices in the field in
this country.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard gives guidance on the type, extent and details of
subsurface explorations needed -in connection with earth and rockfill dams.
It is not possible to lay down the required extent of exploration to cover
all types of cases. The standard provides guidelines for planning the
exploratory work through various stages. of the project development. These
recommendations may have to be modified for individual projects depending upon the site conditions and other conditions peculiar to each project
such as height and importance of the dam and the heterogeneity of
foundation formations.
1.2 The term subsurface exploration as used herein covers all types of
exploration connected with determination of the nature and extent of soil
andlor rock below the natural ground surface at/or near the dam site.
3
:4:..
,,
... ,:,
IS : 6955 - 1973
1.3 This code does not however cover the types and methods of exploration for materials of construction
for earth and rockfill dams such as soil
and rock and material for riprap protection.
These will be covered by a
separate code on subsurface exploration
for construction
materials.
2. GENERAL CONDITIONS
and/or rockfill
will be carried
should be able
the foundation
and physical
3. STAGES OF EXPLORATION
3.1 The extent of foundation
exploration
required
size varies greatly from site to site depending
on the
and cannot be adequately
visualized in advance. The
proceeds in stages, the details af each stage growing
It normally
follows a learn-as-you-go
procedure
in
4
IS f 6955- 1973
of the subsurface soils and conditions
detail as the exploration
proceeds.
3.2 Explorations
to 3.2.4.
can be generally
are developed
sub-divided
into
in progressively
four stages
greater.
as in 3.2.1
a>Exploration
Exploration
b)
4 Exploration
4
f)
methods;
by drilling
using coring and non-coring
methods or
by other boring methods;
Determination
of the depth to water table and evaluation
of field
permeability;
observation
of temperature,
pressure and discharge
of springs met at the surface or in exploratory
borings, trenches,
etc;
Field penetration
and field density tests in overburden;
and
Laboratory
tests on representative
samples
and undisturbed
samples for the determination
of engineering
and index properties
of the overburden
material.
to 30 m height
holes would be
resistance would
and shafts may
-___-
--...--_
-._ ._~.____
~~_
._...
___
IS : 6955 - 1973
be required depending upon the geological complexity of the site. For
dams higher than 100 m geo-physical methods may be required in addition
to drifts and shafts.
3.2.2.3 Spacing - For portions of the dam less than 10 m in height
exploration by pits at a spacing of 250 to 300 m depending upon the
nature of the foundation material may be necessary. For lengths of the
dam where section is above 10 m the spacing may be l/lOth of the length
of the portion with particular attention being given for adequate coverage
to deeper sections. In between drill hole locations, trial pits or auger holes
would be sufficient.
3.2.2.4 Location - Exploratory holes, pits and auger holes may be
located along the axis of the dam for dam up to 100 m height. For dams
greater than 100 m, however, additional line of holes may be found
necessary depending on geological conditions.
3.2.2.5 Depth of exploration -In
general, the depth up to which
explorations should be made depends upon the following factors:
Depth of overburden, depth up to which
a>has
progressed.
Exploration should be
b)
3.2.3
At the preliminary investigation stage the depth would be generally guided by the permeability characteristics of the strata.
It
may be sufficient to explore up to a depth of i or 4 of the
hydraulic head at the location of the dam in groutable coreable
rock if found at shallow depths of less than $- to $ of the
hydraulic head.
If the depth to rock is larger than + to 4 the
hydraulic head, one or two drill holes may be taken down 5 to
10 m into the in situ rock.
Detailed ( Pre-construction ) Investigations Stage
1s : 6%%5- 1973
3.2.3.2
Investigations
comprise
the following:
a) Intensive
exploration
by additional
drilling and pitting ( trenches
and shafts where found necessary)
of the foundation
to determine
spatial
distribution
and characteristics
of different
types of
foundation
materials in relation to specific design features;
b) Use of geophysical methods to define in greater detail the subsurface conditions,
such as the depth to bed rock or depth to
water table in specific sections of the dam base. During this stage
use of bore hoie geophysical
methods, such as electric logging as
and when required may be found advantageous
to define particular
characteristics
of over burden and bed rock;
c) Defining
of geohydraIogica1
characteristics
of the foundatons
and its environments
through pumping
in or pumping
out tests
as dictated
by site conditions.
d) Ascertaining
the groutability
of foundations
through trial grouting
of specified reaches; and
e) Special field tests like blasting tests and field shear tests where
found necessary.
3.2.3.3
IS : 6955- 1973
The holes may be located to give information
at 13 to 30 m
In addition
drifts in abutments
may be required,
if
intervals.
special geological conditions warrant.
3.2.4 Conslruction Stage - Construction
stage exploration
should aim at
making available
data generally for the evaluation
of specific foundation
features and preparation
of foundation
grade maps to guide foundation
preparation
and treatment.
4. GENERAL OBSERVATION ON ADVANTAGES, LIMITATIONS
AND RELATIVE SUITABILITY OF VARIOUS METHODS OF
EXPLORATIONS
WITH REFERENCE TO SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
4.1 Use of Geophysical Methods for Determination of the Depth
of OverburdenResults of seismic refraction
studies can indicate the
depth of overburden
only if there exists a sharp contrast in the properties
of the overburden
and the rock.
It is necessary to ascertain
the validity
of the seismic refraction methods by drilling a few bore holes and comparing the results of core drilling and sampling with the results ,of seismic
refraction survey.
4.2 Determination iof Permeability and Porosity Characteristics
with Reference to Seepage Control
4.2.1 For design of seepage control measures it is often necessary
to
ascertain
the depth of an extensive impervious
stratum.
Depth of the
impervious
stratum
indicated
in a few bore holes could be misleading
unless the continuity
of the stratum is confirmed
by plotting the subsoil
profiles and existence of such a continuous
stratum can be justified by the
local geological conditions.
4.2.2 Grain size distribution
data are of extremely
limited value for
determination
of the in situ permeability.
The field permeability
is
determined
by the continuity
or otherwise of the more pervious lenses and
pockets rather than the average permeability
of samples collected from
various bore holes.
The in situ structure may have a radical influence on
the permeability
and the geological origin is also a very important
factor.
When lenses and Rockets are known to exist bore hole permeability
tests
shall supplement
grain size data and large scale pumping
tests are necessary to ascertain
the quantitative
significance
of extent of lenses of
pervious material
with regard to field permeability.
4.2.3 The existence of paths of preferential
(concentrated
) seepage,
such as faults, shear zones and solution channels or pockets of open gravel
is very important
for ascertaining
the extent of erosion hazard. Geological
factors influencing
the existence of such conditions
shall be studied carefully for planning
of explorations
and drilling.
Sampling
operations
and
core drnling
shall be directed
specifically
towards
detection
of such
IS : 6955 -
1973
features. Observations
on open trenches and pits is essentialwhen
previous
experience of the local conditions
is not sufficient to justify reliance on
interpretation
of data from hole sampling and field tests.
4.3 Determination
of the Compressibility
Characteristics
of
Sandy Strata and their Relative Density - The compressibility
and
relative density can best be judged
by conducting
static and dynamic
penetration
tests. The indication
of penetration
tests are influenced by the
overburden
pressure.
The presence of cohesive pockets can completely
It is? therefore,
vitiate
the interpretation
of the penetration
tests.
desirable to conduct static penetration
tests in conjunction
with sampling
operations.
Standard
penetration
test has the advantage
that it permits
representative
sampling
along with dynamic
testing.
It is extremely
difficult in practice
to determine
the void ratio in situ of sandy soils by
sampling as disturbance
always occurs in sampling of non-cohesive
soils.
4.4 Determination of Shear Strength and Consolidation Properties
of Cohesive Strata
4.4.1 In situ properties are very much influenced by the micro and macro
structure
of the clay, for example existence of fissures, metastable
grain
structure,
presence of varves.
The reliability
of sampling is dependent
on
the sCnsitivity
of the clay and sampling
technique.
Often it may be
desirable to determine
the in ~ifu strength by field tests, such as vane shear
strength.
Parameters
such as liquidity index provide valuable indications
of the strength characteristics
or compressibility.
4.4.2 An important
consideration
governing the consolidation
behaviour
of clay is the ratio of the horizontal
and vertical coefficients of consolidation. Sampling
from a few bore holes may fail to reveal the existence of
thin layers of sandy or silty material and their continuity.
Past experience
of investigations
of soils with similar depositional
history may be utiIized
for judging the ratio of vertical and horizontal coefficients of consolidation.
In the absence of past experience a large scale load test with piezometer
observations
may be essential. It may not be advisable
to rely exclusively
on the results of tests on bore hole samples, no matter how closely are the
bore holes located or how carefully sampling operation was carried out.
4.4.2.1 In residual soils the structure of the parent rock from which
the soil is derived may influence the strength, permeability
and consolidation characteristics
of the soil. It may, therefore, be necessary to study the
structure of the parent rock and to ascertain by observations
in trenches
and pits how far the original structure of rock is retained by the soil.
5. METHODS OF EXPLORATION
5.1 The following
categories
of methods
exploration
for earth and rockfill dams:
a) Geophysical,
b) Pits and trenches,
may
be
used
for
subsurface
IS : 6955 - 1973
4
4
OBSERVATIONS
IS t 6955 - 1973
point is thus determined.
This information
regarding nature and depth of underlying
enables deductions
formations.
to be drawn
BY PITS
steep
8.2 The profile exposed by these trenches may represent the entire depth
of significant strata in an abutment of a dam. However, their shallow
depth may limit explorations to the upper weathered zone of foundations.
8.2.1 Trenching permits visual inspection of the soil strata which
facilitates logging of the profile and selection of samples. It also aids in
obtaining large undisturbed samples for testing. Trenches in sloping
ground have the advantage of being self-draining.
8.3 The level of the water table and the level, location and the rate of
seepage if met with should be recorded date-wise.
8.4 The length and spacing will be determined
length of dam and geological complexities.
9. EXPLORATION
BY BORINGS
For Rocks
For Soils
i)
Percussion boring
(JCCIS: 1892-1962*).
ii) Rotary drilling ($8~ IS : 18921962*):
a) Mud-rotary drilling
b) Core drilling
( seeIS : 6926~1973t)
c) Short drilling
(see IS: 1892.1962*)
16 t 6933 - 1973
with IS : 6926-1973*
fS t 6955 - 1973
during drilling and the experience ot the drill crew. Largest practicable
diameter core should be obtained.
Recovery of core is much more
important than rapid progress in drilling the hole. When drilling in soft
materials, the water circulation should be reduced or stopped entirely and
the core recovered dry .
9.4.3 Detailed history of mechanical
operation of drilling including
observations on the loss of return water and its reappearance, difficulties
encountered and time taken in -these difficult areas and in areas of core
loss should be included in the drilling feport.
9.4.4 Percolation tests under speciied pressures should be done in drill
holes using packers, as the drilling progresses.
9.4.5 Completed holes should be capped to preserve them for use in
ground water level observations or as grout holes or for re-entry if it is
later found desirable to deepen the hole.
10.EXPLORATION
BY DRIFTS
10.1.1
They are also used for taking undisturbed samples of rock for
tests in the laboratory and for performing in S&J tests like the plate bearing
test and flat jack tests to determine the modules of elasticity and. deformation of rock formations and shear, etc, required to study the properties of
the rock.
10.2 Logging and sampling of exploratory drift should proceed concurrently with excavation operation. They should be mapped giving direction
of dip, fauh zones, shear zones and seams, etc, as detailed in IS : 44531967*.
10.3 Level, location and piezometric
should be recorded date-wise.
11. EXPLORATION
BY SHAFTS
11.1 Shafts ( see IS : 4453-1967* ) are vertical holes and are normally
employed to reach a particular point at a great depth, either to extend the
- .~.-____-.__.-.__..
*Code of practice for explorationby pits, trenches,drifts and shafts.
14
IS I 6955 - 1973
exploration below river bed by means of drifts for dam foundation or for
explorating locations of structures, such as gates, underground diversion
tunnels, penstocks, etc. They also provide a continuous exposures of the
ground along the direction of shaft.
12. FIELD TESTS
12.1 Field tests ( in situ ) are those in which the material is tested without
actual removal of the material from its existing position. Those applicable
to earth and rock-fill dams are the following:
a) Strength tests:
1) Deep penetration
2) Shear tests.
b) Measurement
c) Permeability
tests, and
d) Blasting tests.
12.1.1 The necessity and the number of each type of test to be conducted depend on the foundation material and its degree of variability.
12.2 Strength Tests
,12.2.1 Deep Penetration Tests
12.2.1.1 These tests [see IS:2131-1963*,
IS:4968
(Part I)-1968?,
IS : 4968 (Part
II)-1968f
and IS: 4968 (Part III )-I9715 ] consist of
measuring the resistance to penetration under static or dynamic loading of
different shaped tools. The tests are empirical and have been developed
from experience.
They should be performed carefully in the prescribed
manner.
12.2.1.2 Static and dynamic penetration tests in bore holes or direct
provide a simple means of comparing the results of different bore hoIes on
the same site and for obtaining an indication of the bearing value of the
soils, and of the state of densification of non-cohesive soils. Correlation
between number of blows obtained in standard ( dynamic) penetration
tests ( sea IS : 2131-l 963* ) and between penetration resistance in static
penetration test with bearing capacity and relative density of non-cohesive
soils are given in several publications ( see also IS: 6403-1971\\ ). While
*Methods for standard penetration test for soils.
tMethod
for subsurface
sounding
for soils : Part I Dynamic
method using 50 mm
cone without bentonite slurry.
SMethod for subsurface sounding for soils : Part II Dynamic
method using cone and
bentonite slurry.
Method for subsurface sounding for soils : Part k1 Method using static cone penetration test.
IjCode of practice
for determination
of allowable
bearing
pressure
on shallow
foundations.
15
IS t 6955 - 1973
these can be used as guides, a better method would be to do actual calibration of the apparatus, or at least use more than one method for comparison.
12.2.1.3 Where dams are to be founded on sandy deposits, these tests
are the only suitable methods for determining in situ densities at depth,
which information is very vital for assessment of settlements, and of potentialities of liquifaction under earthquakes.
12.2.1.4 The number of tests should be fairly large to cover the entire
critical foundation area.
12.2.2
Shear Tests
Tests
of Density
of Foundation
Material
16
IS : 6955- 1973
12.4.2 The sand density method is used to determine the in-place
density by excavating a hole from a horizontal surface, weighing the
material excavated and determining the volume of the hole by filling it
with calibrated
sand [see IS : 2720 ( Part XXVIII
)-1966*].
Other
methods for the determination of in situ density are the core cutter method
[ IS : 2720 (Part XXIX )-1966t ] and the rubber balloon method [ IS :
2720 (Part XXXIV)-1971$,].
The water content [see IS : 2720 (Part II)19695 ] of the soil at the place of determination of in situ density is needed
to calculate the dry density of the soil.
12.4.3 This test is applicable to very shallow depths only, or to the
depths of pits and trenches, where the tests are performed at their bottoms.
The density determination at depth should be made from undisturbed
samples obtained from depths, or by deep penetration tests in non-cohesive
soils. In cases of dams, surface tests have hardly any significance; hence
this may be performed in pits and trenches.
12.5 Blasting Test
12.5.1 Blasting test is often performed in foundations of saturated loose
non-cohesive soils mainly for assessment of the likely chances of liquifaction and settlement in the event of earthquake, and also as prototype test
for studying the efficacy of blasting as means of compaction of non-cohesive
soils, where compaction is considered necessary or desirable.
12.52 The test consists in blasting charges of different strength and at
different depths and measuring induced accelerations, pore pressure rise
and settlements or heave at different points. No standards can be laid
down for the detailed procedure and strengths and depths of charge, and
these factors have to be decided taking into consideration the past work
on the subject and characteristics of the particular site and the proposed
structure. This is a special investigation which may not be needed in all
cases.
13. SAMPLING
13.1 The methods employed for enabling collection of samples for visual
examination and for performance of laboratory tests thereon have already
been described in 8 to 12.
*Methods
of test for soils: Part XXVIII
Determination
of dry density of soils inplace by the sand replacement
method.
iMethods
of test for soils : Part XXIX Determination
of dry density of soils in-place
by the core cutter method.
3Methods
of test for soils : Part XXXIV
Determination
of density of soils in-place by
the rubber balloon method.
$Methods of test for soils : Part II Determination
of moisture content (jirst revision ).
17
IS : 69% - 1973
13.2 To take undisturbed
samples from bore
sampling
tools shall be used. These differ for
soils and for rocks. Special samplers like piston
ing or grouting
techniques
may have to be
samples
are to be collected
from cohcsionless
sampled by ordinary
equipment
and methods,
below ground water table.
holes, properly
designed:
cohesive and non-cohesive
samplers and/or the freezemployed
in cases where
sand which cannot
be
particuk~rly
those existing
13.3 Sufficient
quantity
of representative
undisturbed
samples
for
foundation
exploration
shail be collected for carrying out the necessary
tests.
13.4 While boring small diameter bore holes in foundation
area of dams,
the total material recovered as core should be collected and stored in core
boxes ( see IS : 4078-1967* ). Samples of soil and rock should be collected
and preserved in sealed pint jars to preserve their natural
water content.
Samples should be representative
of the material as it is found in the area.
13.5 In the exploration
of the materials
in foundations,
the excavation
from which are in substantial
quantities
and may be used in embankment
construction,
samples should be collected representative
of each stratum in
a volume sufficient to provide about 35 kg of material passing a 475-mm
IS Sieve. Material
smaller than 75 mm should not be removed
from this
sample.
13.6 Samples collected in the process of routine explorations
are not as a
rule satisfactory for determination
of properties of soii or rock enmasse in
its natural
condition.
For this purpose, samples should be collected
of
material
unaffected
by seasonal climatic influence
from large diameter
bore-holes
( 100 to 150 mm diameter
minimum ) or from the bottom of
open pits.
13.6.1 Bore hole samples should be 30 to 60 cm long and open pit
samples 25 to 30 cm cubes. Every effort should be made to preserve such
samples as nearly in their natural condition as possible.
14. EXAMINATION
AND TESTING
OF SAMPLES
14.1 The samples of soils and rocks collected as described in 12.1 to 12.5
should be examined
and tested in the laboratory
for determining
their
engineering
properties.
The various tests that are usually
necessary are
given in 14.2 to 14.5.
14.2 Tests for Soils
14.2.1 Visual and Manual Examination- This would give general
description
of the soil or rock in terms of colour,
consistency,
structure,
lithological
type, etc, to help in general classification
of the material.
Code of practice for indexing and.storage of drill cores.
18
IS t 6955-1973
14.2.2 JVatural Moisture Content -It
helps in assessment of
pore pressures [ ~68IS : 2720 ( Part II )-1969* 1.
foundation
14.2.3 Liquid and Plastic Limits - Liquid and plastic limits are semquantitative measures of water absorption qualities of clay. They give an
indication of the cohesiveness of the soils, and are also useful in soil classification [see IS : 2720 ( Part V)-1970t].
14.2.4 SjeciJc Gravily - Specific gravity indicates a basic characteristic
of the soil and is useful in calculating several of the soil parameters [ SM
IS : 2720 ( Part III )-19648 1.
14.2.5
is of use
such as
IS : 2720
14.2.6
stability.
Bulk Density -
14.2.7 PermeabiliQ -A
knowledge of permeability of different foundation strata is essential for estimating general seepage loss, piping danger
and grouting requirements.
It is also essential for the design of under
seepage control measures. Ratio of horizontal to vertical permeability can
indicate the degree of homogenuity and isotropy of the granular foundation
material.
14.2.8 Consolidation Characteristics - These are required for estimating
the magnitude and rate of settlement due to consolidation of soil and for
assessment of pore pressure development during construction. One dimensional consolidation test [see IS:2720
(Part XV)-1965111 is also used for
determining the additional consolidation which occurs. in a soil, placed
at a particular moisture content when it gets saturated.
A series of such
tests et different moisture contents helps determine the appropriate plactment moisture percentage.
Pore pressure development can be calculated
from data of one dimensional test, or directly by use of three dimensional
consolidation test.
14.2.9 Swelling Trsts -Swelling
tests are useful for clays particularly
those of montmorihonite family to assess likely pressures the clay would
*Methods
tMethods
re&hJ ) .
SMethods
$Methods
llblethods
19
ISt6955 - 1973
exert on saturation. These tests should be conducted
content that may be obtained in the field.
for comparison
with in situ
X-ray difraction
with low height
in
of
*Methods
of test for soils:
Part X Determination
of unconfined
compressive
strength.
tMethods
of test for soils : Part XIII Direct shear test (first reuision).
SMethods
of test for soils: Part VII Determination
of moisture
content-dry
density
relation using light compaction.
BMethods of test for soils : Part XIV Determination
of density index ( relative density . .)
of khesionless
soils.
j/Methods of test for soils : Part XXI Determination
of total soluble solidr.
TMethods
of test for soils : Part XXIII
Determination
of calcium carbonate.
**Methods
of tebt for soils : Part XXII Determination
of organic matter (Jirsi reuision).
TtMethod
for petrographical
examination
of natural building stones.
$$Method
for determination
of specific gravity and porosity of natural building
stones.
20
. IS : 6955- 1973
14.3.4 Water Absorption -This
test determines the capacity
absorbing water ( see IS : 1124-1957 *).
of rock for
14.4 Chemical
AnalysisChemical tests may be performed on one or
two typical rock samples to determine, soluble salt content, calcium
carbonate content and organic matter content.
14.5 Water Analysis - Chemical analysis of river water and ground
water including determination of PH value (see IS: 3025-1964t)
may be
done to assess the effects of water, such as corrosion, on underground, or
other hydromechanical installations and leaching of salts from the foundation strata or deposition of salts from the percolating water underground.
15. RECORDING
AND REPORTING
OF DATA
21
in the logs
152.5 Description of Rock Cores - The description of the rock core should
include its typical name followed by data on its lithologic and structural
features, physical conditions, and any special geologic, mineralogic, or
physical features pertinent to interpretation of the subsurface conditions
(seeIS :4464-1967-i_).
15.3 Subsurface
Sections - Sections
showing subsurface conditions
believed to exist should be prepared. The locations of the sections should
be selected in a manner such that the information is presented in the best
possible manner. With different information like type and nature of
subsurface material, natural moisture content, density, permeability, etc,
shown for different strata, the sections present very useful data for
design studies.
22
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