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A PROJECT REPORT ON
Experiment to find refractive index of liquid using
Convex lens and plane mirror
Submitted to:
Mr.Praveen Arya
Submitted by: Ayush
Kumar Sharma
Preface
Introduction
Experiment
1)Objective
2)Apparatus
3)Theory
4)Procedure
5)Observations and calculations
6)Precautions and Sources Of Error
Bibliography
PREFACE
In this article, we are trying to help CBSE board class
12th student with their CBSE board 12th project. In
this project, Students are required to establish project
of To find Refractive index of liquids using convex
lens and plane mirror and make CBSE board class
12th physics school project work.
Introduction:
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium
where its speed is different. The refraction of light when it
passes from a fast medium to a slow medium bends the light ray
toward the normal to the boundary between the two media. The
amount of bending depends on the indices of refraction of the
two media and is described quantitatively by Snell's Law.
Refraction is
responsible for
image formation
by lenses and
the eye.
As the speed of light is reduced in the slower medium, the wavelength is
shortened proportionately. The frequency is unchanged; it is a
characteristic of the source of the light and unaffected by medium
changes.
Index of Refraction
The index of refraction is defined as the speed of light in vacuum
divided by the speed of light in the medium.
Material
Vacuum
1.000
Ethyl alcohol
1.362
Air
1.000277
Glycerine
1.473
Water
4/3
Ice
1.31
Carbon disulfide
1.63
Polystyrene
1.59
Methylene iodide
1.74
Diamond
2.417
Snell's Law
Snell's Law relates the indices of refraction n of the two media to the
directions of propagation in terms of the angles to the normal. Snell's
law can be derived from Fermat's Principle or from the Fresnel
Equations.
If the incident medium has the larger index of refraction, then the angle
with the normal is increased by refraction. The larger index medium is
commonly called the "internal" medium, since air with n=1 is usually
the surrounding or "external" medium. You can calculate the condition
for total internal reflection by setting the refracted angle = 90 and
calculating the incident angle. Since you can't refract the light by more
than 90, all of it will reflect for angles of incidence greater than the
angle which gives refraction at 90.
1
1
1
=
+
1 2
---(1)
From lens makers formula:
1
1
1
= ( 1)[ ]
2
1 2
measuring from this point to the lens, its focal length (f1)
is found.
Diagram:
Observation Table:
Arrangement
Distance Of
needle tip
Focal
Length (x)
From lens
From mirror
mean
Without
liquid
(Only Convex
Lens )
19.9cm
20cm
19.95cm
f1=19.95cm
With Liquid
(Convex Lens
+Liquid Lens)
29.7cm
30.1cm
29.9cm
f=29.9cm
Calculations
Refractive Index
1
1 1
=
2 1
Therefore f2=59.94cm (By substituting values from
observation table)
=1+
2
20.03
=1+
Therefore, n
59.94
=1.334
Precautions:
1. The liquid taken should be transparent.
2. Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its
layer is not thick
3. The parallax should be removed tip to tip.
Sources of Error:
1.Liquid may not be quite transparent.
2.tha parallax may not be fully removed.
Bibliography:
1)http://www.physicspages.com/2014/09/16/
2)
http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/127037/canyou-explain-fermats-principle-to-me
3) http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase