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, M. / Quiambao, T. / Rojo, K.
LAW IN GENERAL:
Law
-
1.
2.
3.
the
Theas lecture:
Rule is a general norm mandating or guiding a
conduct or action in a given time of situation it
prescribes what activity should or should not
be carried out in a specified way. (normative)
* Law contains rules: POWER- CONFERRING
RULES
WHICH
ENABLES
CERTAIN
ACTIVITIES TO BE CARRIED OUT WITH SOME
FORM
OF
LEGAL
BACKING
AND
PROTECTION. Ex. Law of contracts.
-A System of Rules is not sufficient by itself to
be an an accurate or adequate account of law.
Law
- is a rule that defines that can or can not be
done.(normative). As opposed to what
does happen (factual).
- Law is a system of rules, which defines
what can or cant be done.
Ex can marry at the age of 18 with consent
(civil law) and if 17 yrs. Old even with
consent cant.
NORMATIVE CULTURE
-
ROUSSEAU
-
THEAS LECTURE:
LAW JOBS THEORY
every social group has certain basic
needs, w/c are catered for by the social
institution of law by helping ensure that
the group survives as such by
providing for the prevention of
disruptive disputes within the group.
should disputes arise among the members
of the law must provide means of resolving
them.
Primary rule
basic law
impose duties, obligations on
individuals
- are substantive rules that give you rights
and duties
1. criminal, civil, laws of contract, real
property, and torts
Secondary rule
- procedural which sets rules and methods
employed to obtain ones right, in
particular, how the courts are conducted
- supports the primary rule in developed and
complex societies
- PROCEDURAL
1. rule of recognition( who is the proper
authority)
to remedy the problem that there will
be no settled procedure for resolving
doubts as to the nature and authority of
an apparently legal rule. ( ex.
Constitution)
2.rule of change
to remedy the problem that there
will be no means of changing the
rules in accordance with changes
in the circumstances of the social
group. (ex. Ammendments and
repeals)
3. rule of adjudication
- provides for officials (judges) to decide
disputes authoritatively.
- To remedy the problem that the primary
rules will be inefficiently administered
because their enforcement will be through
diffuse social pressures within the group.
(ex. Rules of court MTC, RTC)
- Hart: a law can not be considered a law forever
RONALD DWORKIN
inheritance
DURA LEX SED LEX ; VERBA LEGIS
HOLMES
The life of the law has not been logic; it
has been experience... The law embodies the
story of a nation's development through many
centuries, and it cannot be dealt with as if it
contained only the axioms and corollaries of a
book of mathematics.
- The law itself may not change but its
interpretation has
- The law is not very clear
MAX WEBER
3 types of authority/ identification of
authority:
1.
2.
3.
-
EMILE DURKHEIM
-
identical
interests of the whole; same jobs
and goals you either conform or
get out; use repressive law;
Gemeinschaft - give a little take
a little
Personal
characteristics
2.
Advanced
societies
use
compensatory laws (object is not
to punish but to solve grievances
by trying to restore the aggrieved
person to the position he or she
was in prior to the dispute);
different jobs not towards the
same
goal;
maybe
interdependent; winner takes it all
attitude or compromise.
gesellschaft- winner take all
Function of law: dispute settlement 1.
Gemeinschaft and gesellschaft
Bureaucratic/rational-legal
PARSONS
consensus view of society
society is a system that maintains social
stability and order
FERNANDEZ
+ fear of punishment
+ belief that the expected action is the
proper one
+ acceptance of authority
-Under ARTICLE 3 OF THE CIVIL CODE:
IGNORANCE OF THE LAW EXCUSES NO ONE
FROM COMPLIANCE THEREWITH- a society
can survive
LAW AND MORALITY
- a societys code of morality
MORALITY
- early philosophers believed that human
law was derived from divine law
- since gods law constituted the absolute
criterion of good and evil, human law was
then beyond criticism ex 10
commandments
- morality is relatve
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
-
FULLER
FULLERS PROCEDURAL RULES:
1. Rules are in place
2. Rules known to all affected
3. No retroactive effect
4. Understandable
5. Consistent
6. Not impossible
7. Not changed frequently
8. Coincides with administration
Procedural need to comply with procedures
(notice to the parties)
- prior notice, hearing, and documentation
DUE PROCESS; you can be deprived but not
without due process. (Fernandez)
Substantive: they tell you what you need to comply
with.
- comply with simple rules
FINNIS
(they are not good because they are taught
morally good)
JOEL FEINBERG
RONALD DWORKIN
- moral convictions may be enforced by
CRIMINAL LAW.
- (it most be so offensive that we can get
into a consensus; ex. MURDER)
- not liking it will not make it illegal
- MORALITY IS RELATIVE:
depends on society according to
your society (ex. Divorce: legal in
US; illegal in the Phils.)
changes overtime- ex. 2015:
divorce is legal in other states;
LGBT can marry US)
RPC Art. 333 Adultery and Art. 334
Concubinage
Adultery married woman; has an affair with
sexual intercourse
Concubinage man brings mistress in conjugal
dwelling; sexual intercourse scandalous
circumstance; cohabitate elsewhere
When a female gets pregnant, do you know the
mother? YES.
REASON FOR A HARSHER LAW FOR
ADULTERY: female gets pregnant: mother =
knows who the father is; while in the case of the
father = cannot determine whether it is his.
- Also, to protect the family unit.
Some cases:
-Conjoined twins: Murder with intent although
doctors have the duty to save Jody, they must also
respect the life of Mary.
(The case went to the high court which ordered
that the separation should go ahead, and then
quickly on to the court of appeal, where judges
said they had been faced with an agonising
decision.
GAME THEORY:
- Science of strategy; It attempts to determine
mathematically and logically the actions that
players should take to secure the best outcomes
for themselves in a wide array of games. The
games it studies range from chess to child rearing
and from tennis to takeovers. But the games all
share the common feature of interdependence.
That is, the outcome for each participant depends
on the choices (strategies) of all. In so-called zerosum games the interests of the players conflict
totally, so that one persons gain always is
anothers loss. More typical are games with the
potential for either mutual gain (positive sum) or
mutual harm (negative sum), as well as some
conflict.
- surpasses intuition, just as science
surpasses common sense.
COASE THEOREM:
- A legal and economic theory that affirms that
where there are complete competitive markets
with no transactions costs, an efficient set of
inputs and outputs to and from production-optimal
distribution will be selected, regardless of how
property rights are divided. - Coase theorem
asserts that when property rights are involved,
parties naturally gravitate toward the most efficient
and mutually beneficial outcome.
analysis suggest that the intervention of law and
the allocation of legal duties and rights to
compensation would not affect the final outcome.
Consider a factory, whose smoke causes
damage to the laundry hung outdoors by 5
residents:
Eliminate problem: 1. Smoke screen = 150
2. electric dryer = 50 each resident on their
own
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CLASSICAL PERIOD
- The imperial government became more
autocratic
- JURISTS became official advisers
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- The time, the country was divided; king has setup his different courts to settle disputes
- Out of the many diverging customs, the kings
judges build a uniform system of law enforced
throughout the kingdom COMMON LAW
- As common law is rigid and formal in order to
grant relief, resorted to equity.
- Equity found itself establishing jurisdiction over
matters where the common law failed.
Ex. Under Common Law, the only remedy
for breach of contract was damages, but under
equity, the remedies of injunction and specific
performance were found.
-The most famous maxim of Equity:
1. He who comes in equity must come with clean
hands;
2. Equity will not suffer a wrong to be without
remedy (for every wrong there is a way to make it
right);
3. Delay defeats Equity;
4. Equity looks to the intent rather than the form.
(laws on speedy trial)
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