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Conservation_____________________________________________________________
WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
EFFORTS IN INDIA
INTERNAL AASESMENT
In
GEOGRAPHY
By
2016
2017
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reface
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ontents
Conservation An Introduction
Wildlife in India Flora
Fauna
Major Dangers to Wildlife
Recent Extinctions
Wildlife Conservation efforts in India Policies and Legislations
Conventions related to Wildlife Consevation
Project Tiger
Project Elephant
Project Vultures
Project Gharial
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Conservation
The Indian leopard is found across the Indian subcontinent.
Poaching for its skin is a serious threat to the leopard.
The need for conservation of wildlife in India is often questioned
because of the apparently incorrect priority in the face of direct
poverty of the people. However, Article 48 of the Constitution of
India specifies that, "The state shall endeavor to protect and
improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife
of the country" and Article 51-A states that "it shall be the duty of
every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural
environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife and to
have compassion for living creatures." The committee in the
Indian Board for Wildlife, in their report, defines wildlife as "the
entire natural uncultivated flora and fauna of the country" while
the Wildlife (protection) Act 1972 defines it as "any animal, bees,
butterflies, crustacea, fish, moths and aquatic or land vegetation
which forms part of any habitat."
Despite the various environmental issues faced, the country still
has a rich and varied wildlife compared to Europe. [12] Large and
charismatic mammals are important for wildlife tourism in India,
and several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries cater to these
needs. Project Tiger, started in 1972, is a major effort to conserve
the tiger and its habitats. At the turn of the 20th century, one
estimate of the tiger population in India placed the figure at
40,000, yet an Indian tiger census conducted in 2008 revealed the
existence of only 1,411 tigers. 2010 tiger census revealed that
there are 1700 tigers left in India. As per the latest tiger census
(2015), there are around 2226 tigers in India. By far, there is an
overall 30% increase in tiger population. Various pressures in the
later part of the 20th century led to the progressive decline
of wilderness resulting in the disturbance of viable tiger habitats.
At the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and
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Wildlife in India
The wildlife in India comprises a mix of species of different types
of organisms. Apart from a handful of the major farm animals such
as cows, buffaloes, goats, poultry, and camels, India has an
amazingly wide variety of animals native to the country. It is home
to Bengal tigers, Indian lions, deer, pythons, wolves, foxes, bears,
crocodiles, wild dogs, monkeys, snakes, antelope species,
varieties of bison and the Asian elephant. The region's rich and
diverse wildlife is preserved in 120+ national parks, 18 Bioreserves and 500+ wildlife sanctuaries across the country. India
has some of the most biodiverse regions of the world and hosts
three of the worlds 35 biodiversity hotspots or treasure-houses
that is the Western Ghats, the Eastern Himalayas and IndoBurma. Since India is home to a number of rare and threatened
animal species, wildlife management in the country is essential to
preserve these species. India is one of the seventeen
megadiverse countries. According to one study, India along with
other 16 mega diverse countries is home to about 60-70% of the
world's biodiversity. India, lying within the Indomalaya ecozone, is
home to about 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% of avian, 6.2% of
reptilian, and 6.0% of flowering plant species.
Many Indian species are descendants of taxa originating in
Gondwana, to which India originally belonged. Peninsular India's
subsequent movement towards, and collision with, the Laurasian
landmass set off a mass exchange of species. However,
volcanism and climatic change 20 million years ago caused the
extinction of many endemic Indian forms. Soon thereafter,
mammals entered India from Asia through two zoogeographical
passes on either side of the emerging Himalaya. As a result,
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Flora:
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Indian mammals are: ungulates such as the rare wild Asian water
buffalo, common domestic Asian water buffalo, gail, gaur, and
several species of deer and antelope. Some members of the dog
family, such as the Indian wolf, Bengal fox and golden jackal, and
the dhole or wild dogs are also widely distributed. However, the
dhole, also known as the whistling hunter, is the most endangered
top Indian carnivore, and the Himalayan wolf is now a critically
endangered species endemic to India. It is also home to the
striped hyena, macaques, langur and mongoose species.
Fauna:
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Unregulated
hunting and poaching causes a major threat to wildlife. Along with
this, mismanagement of forest department and forest guards
triggers this problem.
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Pollution:
Deforestation:
Population:
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Recent extinctions
The exploitation of land and forest resources by humans along
with hunting and trapping for food and sport has led to the
extinction of many species in India in recent times. These species
include mammals such as the Indian/Asiatic cheetah, wild
zebu, Indian Javan rhinoceros, and Northern Sumatran
rhinoceros. While some of these large mammal species are
confirmed extinct, there have been many smaller animal and plant
species whose status is harder to determine. Many species have
not been seen since their description.
Adult male Indian lion at Gir Forest. (Gir forest in India has the only surviving population
of Asiatic lions in the world.)
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(iv)
(v)
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CONVENTIONS
RELATED
WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
TO
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ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
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ii.
iii.
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iv.
Habitat improvement
Alternate sources of energy
Infrastructure building/roads, etc., and
Small welfare measures.
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(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
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ii.
iii.
Protecting Gharials: It was reported in 2008 that since midDecember 2007 dozens of the rare Indian crocodile, known as the
gharial, are turning up dead on the banks of the Chambal River.
They have perished, apparently as a result of a mysterious live
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Non-government involvement
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onclusion
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ibliography
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Links:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India
https://www.goodreads.com/shelf/show/wildlife-conservation
Books:
National Geographic Animal Encyclopedia
Half-Earth: Our Planet's Fight for Life by Edward O Wilson