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CHAPTER 2
MATRIX CONVERTER (MC)
2.1
INTRODUCTION
The main advantage of matrix converter is elimination of dc link
filter. Zero switching loss devices can transfer input power to output power
without any power loss. But practically it does not exist. The switching
frequency of the device decides the THD of the converter. Maximum power
transfer to the load is decided by nature of the control algorithm. Matrix
converter has a maximum input output voltage transfer ratio limited to 87 %
for sinusoidal input and output waveforms, which can be improved. Further,
matrix converter requires more semiconductor devices than a conventional
AC-AC indirect power frequency converter. Since monolithic bi-directional
switches are available they are used for switching purpose.
Matrix converter is particularly sensitive to the disturbances of the
input voltage to the system (Alesina and Venturini 1989), (Casadei et al
1993). This can be attenuated by intelligent control technique and the fuzzy
controller has a least effect due to input side disturbance (Domenico Casadei
et al 2005). In this chapter simulation of single phase matrix converter and
three phase matrix converter is obtained from a simplified simulation model.
Here single phase matrix converter, types of switching patterns, and
simulation model of the matrix converter are described.
16
2.2
converter which utilizes a dc link between the two ac systems and converter
that provides direct conversion. This converter consists of two converter
stages and energy storage element, which convert input ac to dc and then
reconverting dc back to output ac with variable amplitude and
frequency (Hornkamp 2001).
The operation of this converter stages is decoupled on an
instantaneous basis by the energy storage elements and controlled
independently, so long as the average energy flow is equal. Figure 2.1 shows
the single phase matrix converter switching arrangement.
S1a
AC
INPUT
S1b
S2a
S2b
Load
S3b
S3a
Figure 2.1
S4a
S4b
Figures 2.2 to 2.5 show the operation of the single matrix converter
in four modes of operation. Figure 2.6 shows that generation of pulse width
modulation gate signal using MATLAB. This may be implemented using
17
logic gates. In this research on the matrix converter the pulse generation is
obtained by logic gates. In Figure 2.6 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B are gate drive pulse
to the single phase matrix converter.
S2b
S1b
S1a
S2a
AC INPUT
LOAD
S3b
S4b
S4a
S3a
Figure 2.2
S2b
S1b
S1a
S2a
AC INPUT
LOAD
S3b
S4b
S3a
Figure 2.3
S4a
18
S1b
S2b
S2a
S1a
AC INPUT
LOAD
S4b
S3b
S3a
Figure 2.4
S4a
S1b
S2b
S2a
S1a
AC INPUT
LOAD
S4b
S3b
S3a
Figure 2.5
S4a
19
Modulation index
0.7
1A
NOT
2A
1B
NOT
2B
20
2.3
power
output. The difference between the input and output power must be absorbed
or delivered by an energy storage element within the converter.
The matrix converter replaces the multiple conversion stages and
the intermediate energy storage element by a single power conversion stage,
and uses a matrix of semiconductor bidirectional switches connecting input
and output terminals. With this general arrangement of switches, the power
flow through the converter can reverse. Because of the absence of any energy
storage element, the instantaneous power input must be equal to the power
output, assuming idealized zero-loss switches.
However, the reactive power input does not have to equal power
output. It can be said again that the phase angle between the voltages and
currents at the input can be controlled and does not have to be the same as at
the output.
Three phase matrix converter consists of nine bidirectional
switches. It has been arranged into three groups of three switches. Each group
is connected to each phase of the output. These arrangements of switches can
connect any input phase. In the Figure 2.7 filled circle shows a closed switch.
These 3X3 arrangements can have 512 switching states. Among them only 27
switching states are permitted to operate this converter. For safe operation, it
should follow the given rules.
21
Do not disconnect
circuited)
Figures 2.7 to 2.9 are showing different operating states of matrix
converter. Here A, B and C are input phase voltage connected to the output
phase. Figure 2.7 shows synchronous operating state vectors of three matrix
converter. It shows that the converter switches are switched on rotational
basis. In this case no two switches in a leg are switched on simultaneously.
These states will not generate gate pulse when one phase of the supply is
switched off.
ABC
BCA
CAB
ACB
BAC
CBA
22
Figure 2.9 shows zero vector of the matrix converter. Here all the
output phases are connected in a single input line. It leads to damage to the
device. Because three phase loads are directly connected to the single phase line.
23
2.4
variable voltage and variable frequency source. The important task of SVPWM for
the matrix converters is to generate the required output voltages while controlling
the input currents or the power factor as required. One limitation of the matrix
converter is that the maximum output voltage available is limited to 86.6 % of the
input voltage in the linear modulation range.
There are basically three PWM schemes for matrix converter control. These
include carrier based PWM, space vector PWM and selective harmonics elimination
PWM methods (Nguyen Van Nho et al 2010). In case of inverter the carrier based
PWM methods can be advantageously utilized in: 1) controlling common mode
voltage and 2) controlling complicated inverter topologies like multi level inverter.
The space vector modulation method presents a good tool for a balanced three phase
input. However, its algorithm for implementation is rather difficult, particularly if
common mode control is applied to improve PWM performance. The switching
frequency of the matrix converter was derived from the two switching functions
obtained from the PWM converter and the inverter modulation. While many
calculations are required, this method has the advantage that the well established
space vector PWM method of VSI can be applied to the matrix converter
modulation (Wenxi Yao et al 2008). Input power factor control, maximum voltage
utilization and the modulation under unbalanced input voltage have been possible in
carrier based PWM. The SVPWM has flexibility and many good points as a
common industrial practice. But, it needs more calculations and tables for switching
pattern in accordance with the input current and output voltage sectors.
Implementation is unintuitive because the gating signals are made from the duty
cycles of the effective space vectors which are calculated by the equations (Young
Doo Yoon and Seung Ki Sul 2008).
24
25
26
SVPWM is the most popular one due to its simplicity both in hardware and
software, and its relatively good performance at low modulation ratio. But the
SVPWM becomes very difficult to achieve when the levels of the converter
increase. Generally, carrier - based PWM of multilevel inverter can only select four
switching states at most, but SVPWM can select more. In general, selection of
switching states has more freedom in the Space Vector PWM than the carrier based
PWM. Generally, in carrier-based PWM mode the modulated output voltage is
smooth and it contains distortion. This carrier- based PWM technique can be
advantageous if there are a large number of levels and the levels are taken care of in
multilevel inverters. In case of matrix converter which has fixed number of switches
Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation is preferred. The carrier based PWM method
with the smallest common mode voltage presents a preferable PWM solution for
high power and high number level inverters. Then these SVPWM switches should
be selected in a proper manner. The matrix converter is a nonlinear controller
because it uses nonlinear components. Fuzzy controller is an approach to overcome
the waveform quality problem.
The poor power quality can degrade or damage the matrix converter.
Improving power quality may be achieved using a three phase series active filter.
The active filter may correct the voltage unbalances and regulate it to the desired
level. The fuzzy logic controller is used to correct and regulate the unbalance
voltage in three phase system matrix converter.
The application of fuzzy logic control seems to be very well suited for
controlling such a system. Fuzzy logic deals with problems where the relationship
between the inputs and the outputs of the system cannot be expressed
mathematically in an easy way but it can be expressed by means of linguistic terms.
IfThen rules are used to represent fuzzy inference. The set of IfThen rules defines
a process of mapping from a given input voltage to an output voltage using fuzzy
logic. This inputoutput transformation can be represented as an inference table or
matrix. Processing an IfThen rule involves evaluating the antecedent, which
involves applying fuzzy operators and applying the results to the output. Finally,
27
aggregation of all outputs is needed to form a single fuzzy set. This is done by a
process called composition. The most common composition method is the maximum
composition, which consists of taking the maximum value of all output fuzzy sets.
This fuzzy logic controller finds the rule that depends upon the error signal.
For induction motor application, the fuzzy logic controller decides the new space
vector voltage angle that gives the best stator flux and torque response according the
voltage vector components. It is possible to reduce the switching frequency in the
inverter or matrix converter and diminish the harmonic contents of the stator current
signal. It is possible to improve the dynamic response of the stator flux but the
torque response has no significant difference. The purpose is to decrease the speed
and torque fluctuations of the control system and improve the voltage of the system.
Thus it can provide better waveform quality to the operate induction motor.
2.5
means that load current freewheel to throw antiparallel diode during the dead
time period. In case of the matrix converter dead time commutation method is
useless. It results in the open circuit at the load side. Then forced spike occurs
across the switches. To avoid this snubber clamping devices are provided.
28
This is a path to the load current during the dead time and hence the design of
snubber circuit is difficult.
2.5.2
reliable in current commutation and obey the basic rules. It can be able to
control the direction of the current. This strategy is essential in case of
controlled current flow. This commutation technique relies on knowledge of
the output current direction. This current direction can be difficult to reliably
determine and allow current levels in high power drives. To avoid this
problem a technique of using the voltage across the bi-directional switch to
determine the current direction has been developed. This technique provides
reliable current commutation using an intelligent gate drive circuit which
controls the firing of the IGBTs and detects the direction of current flow
within the bidirectional switch cell. The current direction information
calculated by the active gate drive is passed to all the other gate drivers on the
same output leg. In this way all the gate drivers contribute to operate a safe
commutation. In matrix converter commutation issue is taken care by matlab
simulation. Forced commutation is a employed throughout the process.
2.6
WITH R LOAD
Three phase matrix converter system is shown in Figure 2.12. The
resistive (R) load is connected in the load side. For an analysis VA, VB and VC
are input phase voltages. Vm is a peak voltage and i is the angular frequency.
Vi = (
(2.1)
29
Vi =
(2.2)
V0 =
where,
(2.3)
3 Phase
Input
Bidirectional
Switch
R Load
30
VUVW
VA
N VB
VC
3PH
voltage source
VA
VU
VB
VV
VC
VW
W
Vabc
Pulses
Vabc pulses
VUVW
Iabc
Peak 2rms
I/P
measurements
R load
Pulse
generator
Matrix
converter
U Y
IUVW
O/P
measurements
Signal THD
THD load
side
31
Vu
VA
VC
VB
3
D
G1p
G2p
G1n
G3p
S1
G3n
G2n
S2
S3
Vv
2
Pulses
D
G4p
D
S
G4n
G5p
S4
G6p
G6n
G5n
S6
S5
Vw
D
G7p
G7n
S8
S7
D
S
G8p
G8n
G9p
G9n
S9
32
Talpha_Tbeta
5_Pulses
TIME
T_alpha
Vienv
Vabc
Vabc*
P1
P2
P3
P2
P3
P4
P5
P4
P5
PS
Tb
Vienv
ARC
Vabc*
SECTOR
ARC
Detector
Sector
Detector
Vabc
Vienv
Generator
P1
Ta
Vienv
T_beta
Plz_Section
PS
ARC
SECTOR
Pulses
Pulse
Table
33
3 Phase
Input
Bidirectional
Switch
RL Load
VUVW
VA
N VB
VC
3PH
voltage source
Vabc
VA
VU
VB
VV
VC
VW
Vabc pulses
Iabc
I/P
measurements
Peak 2rms
Pulse
generator
Pulses
Matrix
converter
VUVW
RL
load
U Y
IUVW
O/P
measurements
Signal THD
THD load
side
34
2.8
Figures 2.18 and 2.19. Figure 2.17 is theoretical view of matrix converter fed
motor load. Rating of the induction motor is 3HP. This induction motor is
operated at 60 Hz frequency.
3 Phase
Input
Bidirectional
Switch
Motor load
35
Output current
VA
N VB
VC
3PH
voltage source
VUVW
VA
VU
VB
VV
VC
VW
W
Vabc
Pulses
Vabc pulses
VUVW
Iabc
Peak 2rms
I/P
measurements
Motor
Load
Pulse
generator
Matrix
converter
U Y
IUVW
O/P
measurements
Signal THD
THD load
side
CONCLUSION
Working of matrix converter technology has been presented here.
The matrix converter switches are made of silicon and they are feasible to
construct. It requires an input filter to reduce the switching frequency
harmonics. The size of the matrix converter gets increased if this input filter is
not properly designed and that is a disadvantage. Some features of the Matrix
Converter have been listed here.
36
Direct
Converter
Number of
Switches
Required
DC Link
Filter
4
Quadrant
Operation
Input Current
Voltage Source
Inverter
12
Yes
Yes
Need filter
circuit to get
good sines
Matrix
Converter
18
No
Yes
Good Sine