Grade 11

Chapter 4
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.

Demonstration: place a zinc rod in an aqueous copper(II) solution

SQ1
Demonstration: place a copper strip in an aqueous zinc solution
SQ2
Demonstration: show the displacement reactions of halogens and halides
SQ3, 4, 5, 6
Equations of the displacement reactions of halogens: X2 + 2Y 2X + Y2
SQ7
Half reaction: A reaction showing gain or loss of electrons.
SQ8
Oxidation: is a half reaction in which electrons are lost (or gain of oxygen)
SQ9, 11
Reduction: is a half reaction in which electrons are gained (or loss of oxygen)
SQ10
An oxidation reduction reaction: is the sum of the two half reaction, it must not show any electrons.
SQ14
158. Reducing agent: species that gets oxidized.
159. Oxidizing agend: species that gets reduced.
SQ32
160. Draw an electrochemical cell.
161. An electrochemical cell consists of: two half cells, each containing a metal rod in its solution. The
two half cells are connected internally by a salt bridge and externally by metal wires and a voltmeter. SQ12
162. Salt bridge: is a glass tube containing an aqueous soluble electrolyte that does not interfere in the
reaction. Its function is to furnish an electric path to complete the circuit.
163. Anode: the electrode at which oxidation occurs, it is the negative terminal of the cell (the more
reactive metal)
SQ15
164. Cathode: the electrode at which reduction occurs, it is the positive terminal of the cell (the less
reactive metal)
SQ16
165. Electrons flow in the wires from the anode to the cathode
SQ17
166. Current flows in the wires from the cathode to the anode
167. Ions flow in the salt bridge to maintain electrical neutrality: Cations travel towards the cathode and
anions towards the anode.
SQ21
168. In an electrochemical cell the voltage eventually drops to zero after a long time
SQ22
169. Cu-Ag cell: reactions
SQ19
170. Cu-Ag cell: anode and cathode
SQ20
171. Perform calculations involving electrochemical cells
SQ13
172. Redox reactions can be identified by an increase in the number of O-atoms BQ1
173. Spontaneous reactions can be predicted: using a list of equations in decreasing tendency to lose
electrons
BQ2
174. Voltmeter is used to measure the energy released by a cell W = QV BQ3
175. Standard hydrogen electrode: a rod of mossy platinum with gaseous hydrogen being bubbled onto it,
immersed in a 1M acid solution
SQ23, 24
176. Standard conditions: All aqueous solutions have a concentration of 1.0M, all gases have pressure of
1.00 atm and a temperature of 25C.
177. Standard electromotive force of a cell, Enet: is the energy released throughout the circuit when a
coulomb of electrons passes through any one point in the main circuit. It is the voltage of the cell when each
electrode is placed in 1M solution of its ions, at 25C and 1 atmosphere
SQ25, 26
178. An electrochemical cell can be represented using the line notation
SQ27
179. If a reaction is the sum of two other reactions, then its Enet is the sum of their Enet SQ28
180. Standard half cell potential: the electromotive force E of the cell formed between this half cell and
a standard hydrogen half cell
SQ29

Grade 11

181. We can predict the effect of a change on E of the cell using LCP
SQ30, BQ7
182. Ecell = Eox + Ered
BQ5, 6, 8
183. If Ecell > 0, the reaction is spontaneous, if Ecell < 0, the reverse reaction is spontaneous, if Ecell =
0, the reaction is at equilibrium. SQ30, BQ4, 7
184. Enet allows us to predict the spontaneity of reactions but tells us nothing about their rates. SQ31
185. Sometimes Enet of a cell > 0 , but the reactions doesnt take place because of:
kinetic factors, ie. a high activation energy
Reaction run under non-standard conditions
186. Know the rules for assigning oxidation numbers for atoms in elements, compounds, ions
BQ9,SQ33,SQ34
187. Balance redox reactions: in acidic medium
BQ10a
188. Balance redox reactions: in basic medium BQ10b
189. Redox reactions are not acid base reactions.
190. Hydrogen ions oxidize metals below them in the standard electrode potential series. SQ36
191. Know that copper can react with sulfuric and nitric acid but not with hydrochloric acid
SQ37, 38, 39
192. Electrolysis: is the process whereby an electric current is used to force a non-spontaneous reaction to
take place
SQ40
193. In electrolysis: the anode is the positive terminal at which oxidation takes place.
194. In electrolysis: the cathode is the negative terminal at which reduction takes place.
195. In electrolysis of a molten salt: the metal is produced at the cathode and the non-metallic element at
the anode.
BQ12
196. Many metals such as sodium, calcium and aluminium are extracted from their ores by
electrolysis of their molten salts.
197. Identify products of the electrolysis of molten and aqueous salts
BQ11, 13, 14
198. Electroplating: using electricity to cover an object with a thin layer of metal.
SQ41
199. Know that Cu/Ag are called reacting electrodes and C/Pt are considered inert electrodes
200. Know the apparatus needed to electroplate an object with Cu or Ag or Ni
BQ15, 16
201. Application of electrolysis: purification of copper.

202. Faradays laws: =

Where:
I = current in amperes
t = time in seconds
F = Faradays constant (96500 C)
n = number of moles of electrons per mole of gas
M = molar mass

203. Know that a Faraday is a mole of electrons which is

204.

Faradays laws: =
=
Where:
I = current in amperes
t = time in seconds
F = Faradays constant (96500 C)
n = number of moles of electrons per mole of gas

205.
206.

Batteries: dry cell

Batteries: fuel cell

SQ43, 44

BQ17