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Biomolecule
GistOfTheChapter

1.CarbohydratesTheseareopticallyactivepolyhydroxyaldehydesor
ketonesduetopresenceofchiral`Corthecompoundswhichproducethese
onhydrolysisexceptdihydroxyacetoneisnotopticallyactive.
2.Classification
(i)MonosaccharidesThosecarbohydrateswhichcannotgethydrolysed
e.g.glucose,fructose,galactoseetc.
(ii)OligosaccharidesThosecarbohydrateswhichgivetoormore
monosaccharidesonhydrolysise.g.sucroseonhydrolysisgivesglucoseand
fructose.Raffinoseonhydrolysisgivesglucose,fructoseandgalactose.

m
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.
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a
(iii)PolysaccharidesThosecarbohydrateswhichonhydrolysisgivelarge
d
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t
numberofmonosaccharideshydrolysis.egstarch,cellulose,glycogen.
s
e
i
3.Sugar
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s
(i)ReducingSugarsThosewhichreduceFehlingsorTollensreagent.They
.
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havefreealdehydicgroups,eg,glucose,fructose,galactose
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(ii)NonReducingSugarsThosewhichdonotreduceFehlingsorTollens
reagent.Theydonothavefreefunctionalgroup,e.g.,sucrose
4.GlucoseItisamonosaccharideswithmolecularformulaC 6 H 12 O 6
5.Preparation
(i)FromSucrose

C 12 H 22 O 11 +H 2 O>C 6 H 12O 6 +C 6 H 12 O 6 (Onlyfromsucrose)

(ii)FromStarch
(C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n +nH 2 O>C 12 H 22 0 11 +H 2 0>2C 6 H 12 O 6
6.Structure

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(i)Fischerstructure
CHO(CHOH) 4 CH 2 OH
(+)Glucosehas`Dconfigurationasshown

CHO
HOH
HOH

HOH
HOH

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o
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.
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`DmeansOHgrouponfirstchiral`Cfromthebottomisonrighthand
a
d
and+meansitisdextrorotator,i.e,itrotatesplanepolarizedlighttowards
o
t
s
right.
e
i
d
(ii)CyclicStructureOFGlucose:
thestraightchainisunabletoexplainthe
u
t
s
.
followingreactions.
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(a)Itdoesnotgivethe2,4DNPtest,SchiffsTestanddoesnotformthe
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hydrogensulphideproductwithNaHSO .
CH 2 OH

(b)ThepentacetateofglucosedoesnotreactwithNH 2 OH,indicatingthe
absenceoffreealdehydicgroup.
(iii)Glucoseexistin2differentcrystallineformsandforms.Thesearecalled
anomers.Theydifferinopticalrotation,theyalsodifferinmeltingpoint.
AnomersareisomerswhichhaveadifferentconfigurationacrossC1(first
chiralCatom).

7.GlycosidicLinkage:Thelinkagebetweentwomonosaccharideunits
throughoxygeniscalledtheglycosidiclinkage.
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8.Proteins:Thesearemicromoleculesmadeupofaminoacidsjoined
viaapeptidelink((CONH)isthepeptidelinkage).Theseare
requiredforgrowthanddevelopmentofthebody.
9.AminoAcids:Thesecontainanamino(NH2 )andanacidic(COOH)
groupandarethereforeamphotericinnature.Insolutiontheyexistin
theformofzwitterion.
10.Classification
FibrousProtein
(i)Polypeptidechainsrunparallel
orantiparallelandheldtogether
byhydrogenanddisulphidebonds.
(ii)Generallyinsolubleinwater.
e.g.Keratin,
collagen,myosin,fibroin.

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.s

GlobularProtein
(i)ChainsofPolypeptidecoil
aroundtogiveasphericalshape.

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(ii)Usuallysolubleinwater.e.g.,
.
y
insulin,thyroglobin,albumin,
a
d
haemoglobinandfibrinogengets
o
st

e
i
d

convertedintofibrousprotein
fibroinonclottingofblood.

11.StructureAndShapeofProtein
Primary
Secondary
TertiaryStructure Quaternary
Strutcure
Structure
Structure
Represents
Itis theshapein
Proteincanbe
Thespecific
overallfoldingof composedoftwo
whichthelong
sequenceof
polypeptidechain thepolypeptide ormore
aminoacidsin
thepolypeptide canexist.Itisoftwo chain.Itgivesrise polypeptide
chain.Changein types:helixand tothefibrousor chainscalledsub
globular
pleated.These
units.Thespatial
aminoacids
structuresarisedue molecularshapes. arrangementof
sequence
toregularfoldingof Forcesstabilizing thesesubunits
changesthe
thebackboneofthe the2oand3o
withrespectto
protein.They
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polypeptidechain Downloaded
eachother
havecovalent
structuresare

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bonds.

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duetoHbonding
betweentheC=o
andNHgroupsof
thepeptidebond.

hydrogenbonds, quaternary
structureofthe
disulphide
linkages,vander protein.
waalsand
electrostatic
forcesof
attraction.

12.DenaturaionofProtein:Theproteininnativestate,when
subjectedtoaphysicalchangeliketemperature,pHetcundergoes
uncoilingandloosesitsbiologicalactivity.The2oand3ostructuresare
destroyed,only1ostructureisretained.

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a
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RenaturationofProtein:

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Someproteinsregaintheirbiologicalactivitybyreversibleprocessitis
calledRenaturationofProteins.Insuchacases,whentemperaturein
pHofadenaturedproteinsisbroughtbacktoconditionsinwhichthe
nativeproteinisstable,secondaryandtertiarystructuresofproteins
arerestoredtowhichleadstorecoveryofbiologicalactivity.

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d
u
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s
.

13.Enzymes:Thesearebiocatalystandgenerallyglobularproteinse.g.,
invertase,zymase,phenyl,alaninehydroxylase,ureaseetc.
14.Vitamins:Theyareorganiccompoundsrequiredinthedietinsmall
amountstoperformspecificbiologicalfunctionsformaintenanceof
optimumgrowthandhealthoftheorganism.Theyareclassifiedas
follows
(i)FatSolubleVitamins:VitaminA,D,EandK.Theyarestoredinliver
andadiposetissues.
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(ii)WaterSolubleVitamins:BgroupvitaminsandvitaminC.Theyneed
tosuppliedregularlyindietastheyareexcretedinurineandcannotbe
stored(exceptvitaminB12 )inourbody.
Theirdeficiencycausesdiseases.
Biotin(VitH)ishoweverneitherfatnorwatersoluble.Itsdeficiency
leadstolossofhair.
15.NucleicAcids:Thesearebiomoleculeswhicharelongchain
polymersofnucleotides.Theyare:
(i)Deoxyribonucleicacid(DNA)

m
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.
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Theyareresponsibleforproteinsynthesisandtransferofgenetic
a
d
characteristicstooffsprings.
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16.CompositionofNucleicAcid:
d
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s
Theyaremadeupofpentosesugar(D2deoxyriboseinDNAandD
.
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riboseinRNA),phosphoricacidandanitrogencontainingheterocyclic
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compound(base).

(ii)Ribonucleicacid(RNA)

DNABasespresentareAdenine(A),Thymine(T),Guanine(G)and
Cytosine(C).
RNAcontainsAdenine(A),Guanine(G),Cytosine(C)andUracil(U).
17.Nucleoside:Theunitformedbytheattachmentofabaseton1
positionofsugar(Base+Sugar).
18.Nucleotide:Nucleosideandphosphoricacidat5position.
Nucleotidesarebondedbyphosphodiesterlinkagesbetween5and3
carbonatomsofpentosesugar(Base+Sugar+PhosphoricAcid).

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19.DNA:hasadoublehelicalstructurewithATandGClinkedtogether
through2and3hydrogenbondsrespectively.Itisresponsiblefor
transferofgeneticcharacteristics.
20.RNA:isofthreetypesmessengerRNA(mRNA),ribosomalRNA(r
RNA)andtransferRNA(tRNA).RNAhelpsinproteinsynthesis.
21.BiologicalFunctionsofNucleiAcid:DNAischemicalbasisof
hereditaryandhavethecodedmessageforproteinstobesynthesized
inthecell.RNAcarryouttheproteinsynthesisinthecell.

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ies

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.

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Biomolecules
VSATypeQuestions(1Mark)
Q1Whichfunctionalgroupsarepresentinmonosaccharides?
AnsOHandCHOorOHand>CO
Q2Nameanaldopentone,aldohexoneandketohexone.
AnsRibose,glucoseandfructoserespectively.
Q3Whatisanimalstarch?
AnsGlycogen.
Q4Whichtypesofbondsarepresentinaproteinmolecule?

m
o
c
.
Q5Whichhelixorhelixismorestable?
y
a
d
AnshelixisrighthandedandismorestableduetointermolecularHbonding
o
betweenfirstandfourthaminoacid. st
e
i
Q6ThesequenceofbasesinonestrandofDNAisTACGGACA.Whatisthesequenceof
d
u
basesofcomplementarystrandofDNA.
t
s
.
AnsATGCCTGT.
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Q7Nametheviw
taminwhosedeficiencycausesrickets?
AnsPeptidebonds,hydrogenbonds,sulphidebonds,ionicbondsetc.

AnsVitaminD.
Q8NamethepwinespresentinDNA.
AnsAdenineandguanine.
Q9Giveanexampleof
(a)watersoluble(b)fatsolubleis
Ans(a)VitaminC(b)VitaminD.

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Q10Nameaproteinwhichisinsolubleinwater.
AnsVeratin.

SAITypeQuestions
Q1Namepolysaccharidesthatmakeupstarchandwhatisthedifferencebetween
them.
AnsAmylosewhichislinearpolymerofglucoseandamytopectinwhichisbranched
polymerofglucose.Amyloseiswatersolublewhereasamylopectineiswater
insoluble.
Q2Whatareanomers?

m
o
c
.
Q3Wheredoesthewaterpresentintheegggoafterboilingtheegg?
y
a
d
AnsOnboilingduringdenaturationprocesswatergetsadsorbed/absorbedinthe
o
t
denaturedproteins.
s
e
i
d
Q4Writetwomainfunctionsofcarbohydratesinplan
ts.
u
t
s
Ans(i)structuralmaterial(ii)reservedfoodmateria
l.
.
w
Q5Whatdoyouunderstandbyglycosidiclinkage?
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AnsDuringcondensationoftwomonosaccharides,awatermoleculegivenoutand

AnsMonosaccharideswhichdifferonlyintheorientationoftheOHgroupatC1.e.g,
glucoseandglucose.

twomonosaccharidesgetlinkedtogetherbyanoxideorethereallinkage(O)called
asglycosidiclinkage.
Q6Whatareessentialandnonessentialaminoacid?Givetwoexamplesofeachtype.
AnsEssentialaminoacidsarethosewhicharenotproducedinour
body.e.g.,valine,leucine.
Nonessentialaminoacidsarethosewhichareproducedbyourbody.e.g.glycineand
alanine.
Q7Howdoyouexplaintheamphotericbehaviorofaminoacids?
AnsAminoacidshavebothacidicaswellasbasicgroupandtheyreactbothwithacids
aswellasbases,thereforetheyareamphotericinnature.

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Q8Whatisthedifferencebetweenanucleosideandanucleotide?
AnsNucleoside=sugar+base
Nucleotide=sugar+base+phosphoricacid
Q9Define(a)Enzymes(b)Antibody
Ans(a)Enzymestheyarebiologicalcatalystwhichcatalysebiochemical
reactions.e.g.,
C 12 H 22 0 11 +H 2 0>C 6 H 12 0 6 +C 6 H 12 0 6
sucroseglucosefructose

Thisreactioniscatalysedbytheenzymeinvestase.

m
o
c
.
y
a
d

(b)Antibodytheyarechemicalsubstanceswhichdestroyantigensthatcause
infections.e.g.,vaccinationfortyphoidproducesantibodiesinourbodytoprevent
typhoid.

o
t
s
e
AnsAnequimolaraqueoussolutionofglucoseandfructoseiscalledinvertsugar.
i
d
u
SAIITypeQuestions st
.
w
Q1GivethreedifferencesbetweenDNAandRNA.
w
w
Q10Whatisinvertsugar?

Ans

DNA

RNA

1.ithasdeoxyriboseassugar.

2.itcontainsthyminealongwith
adenine,cytosineandguanineas
bases.

3.itisresponsibleformaintaining
hereditytraitsfromgenerationto
generation.

1.itcontainsriboseassugar.

2.itcontainsuracilinplaceofthymine
withotherbases.

3.itisresponsibleforprotein
synthesis.

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Q2Differencebetweenglobularproteinandfibrousprotein.
Ans
GlobularProtein

FibrousProtein

1.theyformhelixstructure.

2.theyarewatersoluble.

3.theyinvolveHbonding.

1.theyhavepleatedstructure.

2.theyarewaterinsoluble.

3.theyhavestrongintermolecular
forcesofattraction.

m
o
c

.
y
a
Q3Givereactionswithsupportcyclicstructureofglucose.
d
o
t
Ans(a)Glucosedoesnotgive2,4DNPtest,Schiff`stestandsodiumhydrogensuphide
s
e
i
test.
d
u
t
(b)ThepentaacetateofglucosedoesnotreactwithNH
OHindicatingabsenceoffree
s
.
CHOgroup.
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(c)Glucoseexistsintwocry
w stallineformand.
2

Q4Definewithexample

(a)Isoelectricpoint(b)Mutarotation(c)Transcription
Ans
(a)IsoelctricpointthepHatwhichthereisnonetmigrationofanyiontowards
electrode.e.g,aminoacidshaveisoelectricpointatpH=5.56.3
(b)Mutarotationitisspontaneouschangeinopticalrotationwhenanopticallyactive
substanceisdissolvedinwater.e.g,glucosewhendissolvedinwaterchangesits
opticalrotationfrom111oto52.5o.
(c)TranscriptionitisprocessbywhichmRNAisgeneratedfromDNA.e.g,ifDNAhas
basesequenceATACAthenmRNAhasbasesequenceTATCGT.
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Q5Whathappenswhenglucosereactswith
(a)HI(b)HNO 3 (c)Br 2 water
Ans
(a) C 6 H 12 0 6 +HI>nhexaneC 6 H 14
(b) C 6 H 12 0 6 +HNO 3 >saccharicacid
(c) C 6 H 12 0 6 +Br 2 water>gluconicacid
Q6Differentiateprimary,secondaryandtertiarystructureofprotein.
AnsInprimarystructurespecificsequenceofaminoacidarepresentjoinedby
covalentbonds.

m
o
c
.
tertiarystructurerepresentsoverallfoldingofpolypeptidechainandgiverisetothe
y
a
fibrousorglobularmolecularshape.
d
o
t
Q7.Discussthespecificityandmechanismofenzymeaction.
s
e
i
Ans.Incaseofenzymaticreactiontheenzymeissobuiltthatitbindstothesubstrateina
d
u
t
specificmanner.Enzymaticreactioninvolvesfollowingsteps(LockandKeyModel)
s
.
w
Step(i):Bindingofsubstrate(S)toenzyme(E)toformcomplex
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E+S[ES](Enzymesubstratecomplex)

secondarystructureisresponsiblefortheshapeofaprotein.helixandpleatedin
whichpolypeptidechainshavepeptidebonds.

Step(ii):Productformationincomplex
[ES]EP(Enzymeproductcomplex)
Step(iii):Dissociationofenzymeproductcomplex,leavingenzymeunchanged
EPE+P
Thespecificityofenzymeisduetopresenceofsomespecificregionscalledactivesiteon
theirsurface.

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Q8.Mentionstructuraldifferencesbetweenamylopectinandcellulose.

Ans.

Amylopectin
1.Itislinearpolymerof
glucose.

2.Itconsistsofbranched
chainsofglucose.

Cellulose
1.Itislinearpolymerof
glucose.

2.Incellulose,thechainsare
arrangedtoformbundles
andheldtogetherby
hydrogenbondbetween
glucoseandadjacent
strands.

m
o
,B andKinhuman
Q9.WhatdeficiencydiseasesarecausedduetolackofvitaminsB
c
.
diet.
y
a
d
Ans.
o
t
s
e
Vitamins
DeficiencyDisease
i
d
B
Beriberi(lossofappetite)
u
t
B
Convulsions
s
.
K
Increasedbloodclottingtime
w

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Q10.GlucoseorSucrosearesolubleinwaterbutcyclohexaneandbenzeneareinsolublein

1
6

water.Explain.
Ans.GlucosecontainsfiveOHgroupsandSucrosecontainseightOHgroups,becauseofthis
theyformintermolecularhydrogenbonding,sotheyaresolubleinwater.Butbenzeneand
cyclohexanedoesnotcontainOHgroups,hencedoesnotformintermolecularhydrogen
bonding,sotheyarenotsolubleinwater.

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HOTSQuestions

VSA(1Mark)

Q1.Howmanyatomsarepresentintheringofpyranosestructureofglucose?
Ans.5CarbonatomsandoneOxygenatom.

Q2.WritetheformulaofZwitterionforGlycine.

m
o
c

RCHCOO
CH COO
.
y
a
|
|
d
o

NH
NH st
e
i

GeneralFormulaZwitterionofglycine
d
u
t
s
Q3.WhichproteinspossessHelixstructure?
.
w
Ans.KeratinandmyosinpossessHelixstructure.
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Ans.

Q4.Whatisthenativestateofprotein?
Ans.TheenergeticallymoststableshapeoftheproteinatnormalpHandtemperatureis
callednativestate.

Q5.FreshtomatoesareabettersourceofVitaminCthatwhichhavebeenstoredforsome
time.Explain.
Ans.VitaminCisdestroyedonprolongedexposuretoairduetoitsoxidation.
Q6.Whyarecarbohydratesgenerallyactive?
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Ans.ItisduetothepresenceofChiralCarbonatomsintheirmolecules.

Q7.WhattypeoflinkagesholdtogethermonomersinDNA?
Ans.MonomersinDNAarelinkedbyphosphatelinkages.
Q8.Whyiscellulosenotdigestedinhumanbody?
Ans.Itisduetothefactthathumanbeingsdonothaveenzymetodigestcellulose.
Q9.Nametheenzymethatisusedtodissolvebloodclots?
Ans.Streptokinase.
Q10.Nametwodiseasescausedduetodeficiencyofenzymes.

m
o
c
.
y
a
d

Ans.Albinismandphenylketonuria.

SATypeI(2Marks)

o
t
ies

Q1.Givereasonsforthefollowing

d
u
t
s
.

(i)Onelectrolysisinacidicsolutionaminoacidsmigratetowardscathode,whileinalkaline
solutionthesemigratetowardsanode.

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w
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(ii)ThemonoaminomonocarboxylicacidshavetwopK a values.
Ans.(i)Inacidicsolution,thecarboxylateanionacceptaprotonandgetsconvertedinto
carboxylicgroupresultingintheformationofpositiveion.

H3 N+CHCOO

+
H

H 3 NCHCOOH

(acid)

(Zwitterion)

(Positiveion)

InpresenceofabasetheN+H 3 ionchangestoNH 2 groupbylosingaprotonandthisgives

anegativeion.
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H 3 N+CHCOO OH

H 2 NCHCOO

Rbase

(Zwitterion)

+H 2 O

(Negativeion)

Thismeansthatinacidicmedium,theaminoacidmigratestowardsthecathodewhilein
alkalinesolutionitmigratestowardsanodeonelectrolysis.
(ii)Inaqueoussolution,monoaminomonocarboxylicaminoacidbehavelikesaltat
isoelectricpoint.AtapHlowerthanisoelectricpoint(i.e.inacidicmedium)itshowsonepKa
valuewhichcorrespondstostructure

m
o
c
.
y
a
d

o
t
ies

||
RCHCO
|
+NH 3

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d
u
t
s
.

andatapHhigherthanisoelectricpoint,itshowsapK a valuewhichcorrespondstoanother,

O
||
RCHCO
|
NH 2

Q2.Whichforcesareresponsibleforthestabilityofhelix?Whyisitnamedas3.6 13 helix?
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Ans.HydorgenbondsbetweenNHandC=Ogroupsofpeptidebondsgivestabilityto
thestructure.
Itisknownas3.6 13 helix,sinceeachturnofhelixhasapproximately3.6aminoacidresidue
anda13memberringisformedbyhydrogenbonding.
Q3.Writeaboutthefollowingproteinsynthesis
(i)Namethelocationwheretheproteinsynthesisoccurs?
Ans.Proteinsynthesisoccursattheribosomeincytoplasm.
(ii)Howdo64codonescodeforonly20aminoacids?
Ans.The64codonesfor20aminoacids;morethanonecodoncancodeforsameamino
acids,e.g.,CUUandCUUbothcancodeleucine.ProlineisencodedbyCCU,CCA,CCG,and
CCC.

m
o
c
.
y
Ans.ReplicationofDNA:TheprocessbywhichaDNAmoleculeproducestwoidentical
a
d
copiesofitselfiscalledreplicationofDNA.IntheDNAdoublehelixthesequenceofbasesin
o
t
onechainisincomplemantytothesequenceintheotherchain,thereforeonecontrolsthe
s
e
i
other.DuringalldivisionthetwostrandsoftheDNAdoublehelixpartlyunwindandeach
d
servesasthetemplateforthesynthesisofanewDNAmolecule.DNAreplicationfollowsthe
u
t
s
basepairingrulesbywhichApairswithTandGpairswithC.Therefore,eachdaughter
.
w
moleculeisanexactreplicationoftheparentmolecule.DNAreplicationissemiconservative
w
i.e.onlyhalfoftheparentalDNAisconservedandonlyonestrandissynthesised.DNA
w
replicationtakesplaceonlyin53direction.

Q4.DescribethemechanismofreplicationofDNA.

Q5.Answerthefollowingqueriesaboutproteins
(i)Howareproteinsrelatedtoaminoacids?
Ans.Proteinsconsistoflargenumberofaminoacidslinkedtoeachotherbypeptidelinkage,
having3dimensionalstructure.Thus,proteinsarebiopolymersofaminoacids.

(ii)Whenisproteinsaidtobedenatured?
Ans.Whennatureproteinsaresubjectedtotheactionofheat,acidsoralkalies,theyare
coagulatedorprecipitated.Theproteininthisstateissaidtobedenatured.During
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denaturationprocessthewatersolubleformofglobularproteinchangetowaterinsoluble
fibrousprotein.

SA(II)

3Marks

Q6.DrawsimpleFishchaprojectionsofDandLglucose.Aretheseenantiomers?

CHOCHO
HOHHOH
HOHHOH
HOHHOH

m
o
c
.
y
CH OHCH
OH
a
d
DGlucoseLGlucose
o
t
s
Yesthesetwofischerprojectionsarecalledenatiomers.
e
i
d
u
Q7.Atripeptideoncompletehydolysisgivesglycine,alanineandphynylalanineusingthree
t
s
.
lettersymbolswritedownthepossiblesequenceoftripeptide.
w
w
Ans.EachaminoacidmaybepresentattheNterminalaswellasCterminal.
w
HOHHOH
2

(i)GlyAlaGly

(ii)GlyPheAla
(iii)AlaGlyPhe
(iv)AlaPheGly
(v)PheAlaGly
(vi)PheGlyAla
Q8.GlycineexistsasaZwitterionbut0andpaminobenzoicacidsdonot.Explain.
Ans.ThelonepairofNatominOandpaminobenzoicacidisinvolvedinresonance.The
lonepairofNatomintransferredtowardsbenzenering.Thisdecreasestheacidiccharacter
+
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fromgroup.ThereforethesegroupsdonottransferandacceptH
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ofNH
ions,respectively.
2

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Q9.Writeshortnoteson
(i)Coenzymes
(ii)Prostheticgroups
Ans.(i)Coenzymes:Theseareusuallyderivedfromvitaminssuchasthaimine,riboflamin,
niacinetc.Theyarelooselyheldtotheproteinandcanbeeasilyseparatedbydialysis.
(ii)Prostheticgroups:Theyarealsoderivedfromvitaminssuchasbiotinbutaretightlyheld
totheproteinmoleculebycovalentbonds.Theycanbeseparatedonlybycareful
hydrolysis.

Q10.Themeltingpointsandsolubilityinwaterofaminoacidsaregenerallyhigherthanthat
ofthecorrespondinghaloacids.Explain.

m
o
c
.
y
a
d

Ans.Theaminoacidsexistsaszwitterion(H3 NCHRCOO).Theyhavesaltlikestructure.
Therearestrongdipoledipoleandelectrostaticattractions.Therefore,aminoacidshave
highmeltingpoints.Aminoacidsstronglyinteractwithwatermoleculesandaresolubleinit.
Thehaloacidsdonothavesaltlikestructureandhavelowmeltingpoints.Haloacidsdonot
interactasstronglywithwatermoleculesasdoaminoacids.Therefore,solubilityofamino
acidsinwaterismorethanthoseofhaloacids.

o
t
ies

w
w
w

d
u
t
s
.

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m
o
c
.
y
a
d

o
t
ies

w
w
w

d
u
t
s
.

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