CHAPTER 2

RELATED REVIEW LITERATURE

Many studies have shown how important concrete is in a construction. Concrete
mainly composed of fine and coarse aggregates, cement, and water and sometimes
admixture is added to serve as a catalyst. In a construction history, one of the reasons
why some concrete structures fails is because of the poor aggregates and paste used
that will affect the properties of concrete such as its density, compressive strength,
tensile strength and flexure strength.
In a concrete, the coarse aggregate is one of the main component of a concrete
mixture because it occupies around 45% of the total volume of concrete (Zahid Ahmad
Chat, 2015). And at the same time it is a vital contributor of the compressive strength of
the concrete. Coarse aggregate is an aggregate having a sieve passing of 3 and a
retained of 3/8 for pavements, and a sieve passing of 2 and a retained no. 8 for
structural concrete.The most common type of coarse aggregates that is used in a
construction nowadays was the crushed and rounded gravel. They used these kinds of
coarse aggregates depending on the availability of the product in a certain area.
Rounded gravel is produced by nature and can be found in riversides, lakes and other
areas, while the crushed gravel is produced man-made by means of quarrying big rocks
that are located in the mountain areas. Both crushed and rounded gravel are used in the
construction, but these coarse aggregates are still dependent on what type of
structure/project is to be constructed as long as it meets the required compressive
strength. The compressive strength of the concrete depends on mix ratio, size, texture of
coarse aggregates, method of compaction and curing period. Many studies show that the
crushed gravel produces high compressive strength rather than the rounded gravel (M.
Yaqub, August,2006).

In this study it has a different point of view and it was performed in a city of
Bangladesh by a group of researchers, the study was conducted for medium grade
concrete (concrete having cube compressive strength at 28 days between 6 Mpa to 50
Mpa). It was found out that the rounded aggregates need lower water cement ratio than
crushed aggregates and rounded aggregates cater higher strength in concrete of
medium grade, and rounded aggregates are cheaper than crushed aggregates in the
market of Bangladesh. So in this study concluded that rounded aggregates are
appropriate for medium grade concrete for both economy and strength(Rifath Sharmin,
2006).
In designing a concrete it is important to identify the grade of an aggregates that
influence its properties. Some of these properties are cohesion, water demand,
workability, durability and strength of concrete (Maharajpur, 2006) and there are also a
factors that can affect the behavior of the concrete. These are the particle size, the
surface texture and shape.
The Particle size of an aggregate can affect the behavior of a concrete mixture to
its economy, workability, and strength. According to M. Yaqub and Bukhari, the size of
the aggregate plays an important role in the development of a high strength concrete.
Smaller size of aggregates produces a high strength concrete because of its less server
concentration of stress around the particles which can cause a big difference between
the aggregates and cement, and their experiment shows that the compressive strength
increases as the size decreases. (M. Yaqub, August,2006)
Surface texture has a great significant influence in concrete strength (Nawy,
1997).This significant influence is due to the bond of the aggregates and the cement.
Rounded gravel has a smooth surface that can cause poor bond with the cement, while
the crushed gravel has a rough surface that can helpcreate a strong bond between the

aggregates and the cement. With regards to its shape, rounded gravel will have a less
amount cement rather than of the crushed gravel and it requires a higher workability.
In this study the type of the aggregate is considered namely quartzite, granite, and
river gravel were used and the fine aggregate is normal sand obtained from a borrow pit.
The study shows that the type has an effect on the compressive strength of a concrete.
And the result of the test using linear polynomial model as a function of the days at
curing is suitable to account for the variability in the compressive strength data, first is
the concrete with quartzite as coarse aggregates it has achieved the highest
compressive strength, second is concrete containing river gravel and the concrete
containing crushed granite shows the least strength development at all days (M, 2010).
In a construction project, both of these two types are used. These aggregates are
advised to be well washed because it produces a stronger bond by ASSHTO. The crushed
gravel on the other hand has an effect to the concrete stability because it reduces the
workability and placing while both of the gravel concrete consistency decreases if watercement ratio is increasing.