*SIMPLE, COMPOUND

and
COMPLEX SENTENCES

Simple Sentences
*A sentence which contains only one clause
*A sentence which contains only one predicate
I like milk.
Mary and I went to the concert together.
He is a good man but sometimes misbehaves.

Compound Sentences
A sentence which contains two or more than two
independent clauses joined by
*A semi-colon
My father is a doctor; my mother is a nurse.
*A colon
I dont want to go: its raining outside.
*A coordinating conjunction (coordinator) BOYFANS
He was a small boy, but he is very strong.
*A connecting adverb
He was a small boy; however, he is very strong.
*Correlative conjunctions
These headlines both mystified and infuriated him.
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Compound Sentences
Syntactic features of coordinating conjunctions
1. Restricted to clause-initial position
We bought the food, and they supplied the drink.
We won the game; our best hitter, however, broke
her wrist.
2. Sequentially fixed
Leslie went to Europe, but Marge sailed to Asia.
NOT But Marge sailed to Asia, Leslie went to Europe.

Compound Sentences
Syntactic features of coordinating conjunctions
3. Conjunctions preceding
And yet
But nor
And therefore
Or else

And so
But still
And thus
Or otherwise

And nor

He was unhappy about it, and yet he did as he was told.

4. Omission of S in clauses linked by coordinators
Its a long time since you bought them a drink or (you)
talked to them.
NOT He had a great desire to have a home of his own for
had always lived his grandmother.
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Complex Sentences
A sentence which contains one or more dependent
clauses in addition to its independent clause joined
by a subordinating conjunction (subordinator)
When it rained, we went inside.
If you cannot have what you like, you had better like
what you have.
Types of dependent clauses in complex sentences

*Nominal clauses (noun clauses)

*Adjectival clauses (adjective/ relative clauses)
*Adverbial clauses (adverb clauses)
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Nominal Clauses
*A dependent clause which functions like a noun or
noun phrase

*It functions as subject, object, or complement

I wanted to know how she got there all by herself.

*Two types of nominal clauses

1. Derived from statements that-clauses
That he is not the best choice goes without saying.
2. Derived from questions wh-clauses
The question is what we can do to solve the problem.
The question is whether we can do anything to solve
the problem.
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Nominal Clauses
Sequence of Tenses

*The verb tense in the independent clause

determines the verb tense in the dependent noun

clause

The president AGREES that solar power IS the

answer to the energy crisis.
The president AGREED that solar power WAS the
answer to the energy crisis.
He TOLD me that he truly LOVES her. ???

Nominal Clauses

Noun-Clause Subordinators

Embedded
Statements

Subordinator
that

who
whoever
what
whatever
Embedded Whwhere
questions
wherever
how much (many,
often, etc.)
Embedded Yes/No- whether (or not)
if
questions
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Meaning

whatever person
anything or
everything
anyplace

Nominal Clauses
Further Information Types of Nominal Clauses

*Exclamation clauses
I cant believe how quickly he learned the language.

*to-infinitive clauses
I like to get up early.

*ing-clauses
Driving too fast is something new drivers tend to do.

*Nominal relative clauses

Thats exactly what Ive been telling you all day.
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Nominal Clauses
Verbs normally used to introduce nominal thatclauses
1
V + thatclause
agree
answer
conclude
notice
realize
think
wish

2
V (+ to Noun) +
that-clause
admit
explain
mention
point out
reply

3
V + Noun +
that-clause
assure
convince
inform
notify
remind
tell
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4
V (+ Noun) +
that-clause
promise
show
teach
warn
write (to)

Adjectival Clauses
An adjectival clause is a clause that

*is also called a relative clause

*functions as an adjective
*is used to modify a noun or a pronoun to identify
people and things, or to give more information
about them

*is introduced by a relative pronoun or a relative

adverb
Have you ever spoken to the person who lives next
door?
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Adjectival Clauses
Two types of adjectival clauses

*Defining/ Restrictive/ Identifying

Ive talked to the woman who owns the hotel next
door.

*Non-Defining/ Non-Restrictive/ Non-Identifying

Ive talked to Ms. Jones, who owns the hotel next
door.

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Adjectival Clauses
*used to help identify/

define the person(s) or

thing(s) that the noun/
pronoun refers to

*not separated (from the

independent clause) by
commas in writing and by
pauses in speech
*cannot be omitted without
influencing the
grammaticality and
meaning of the whole
sentence

*used to add extra

information about the

person(s) or thing(s) that the
noun/ pronoun refers to

*separated by commas
*can be omitted

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Adjectival Clauses
1. When to use WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE,
WHERE, WHEN, WHY?
2. Is there any difference between WHICH and THAT,
between WHO/WHOM and THAT?
3. When can the relative pronoun/ adverb be
omitted?
4. When can/ cannot THAT be used to replace WHO,
WHOM, WHICH?
5. What is the difference between WHICH and
WHERE/WHEN?
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*This is the place ____ I was born.

*This is the place ____ Ive always
wanted to visit.

*WHERE/ WHEN = Prep + WHICH

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Adjectival Clauses
Relative pronouns in phrases of quantity and quality
* quantifier + of WHOM/ WHICH
SOME of WHOM/ WHICH
EACH of WHOM/ WHICH
ALL of WHOM/ WHICH
The members of the special commission on crime, SOME OF
WHOM were appointed by the mayor, meet weekly.

* the superlative form + of WHOM/ WHICH

the first of WHOM/ WHICH

the best of WHOM/ WHICH
the smallest of WHOM/ WHICH
She has five sports cars, THE MOST EXPENSIVE OF
WHICH is a Convertible.
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Adjectival Clauses
Reducing adjectival clauses
*When the relative pronoun is subject
*Using a present or past participle
Who is the girl WHO/THAT is dancing with your
brother?
Who is the girl dancing with your brother?
I found him sitting at a table WHICH/THAT was
covered with papers.
I found him sitting at a table covered with
papers.
Can a non-defining adjectival clause be reduced?
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*What is the difference between

nominal clauses and adjectival
clauses?

*I dont like the news that she gave

you.

*I dont like the news that shes got

promoted.

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Adverbial Clauses
*A dependent clause introduced by an adverbial
subordinator

*Used to modify the verb of the independent clause

functioning as an adverb

*Many types: time, place, manner, etc.

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Adverbial Clauses

TIME

after

following the time that

as

while when

as soon as

immediately at or instantly after the time that

before

earlier than the time when

since

from that time/moment

until

up to the time of

when

a point in time/short duration

whenever

at any time

while

longer duration of time

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Adverbial Clauses
Tense sequence with adverbial clauses of time

*To talk about past or present use the same

tense as in the independent clause

I normally look after the children while shes

practicing.
When she heard the result, she was overjoyed.

*To talk about future use present

Wait here until you are ready to go.

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Adverbial Clauses
Tense sequence with adverbial clauses of time
*To talk about an action completed before another
described in the independent clause use simple or
perfect verb forms
As soon as you see/ have seen her, come and tell me.
She wrote to me after she spoke/ had spoken to Kim.
COMPARE:
After I have written this book, Im having a holiday.
(rather than I WRITE WHY? )
Turn off the lights as you leave. (not YOU HAVE LEFT)
When I saw Jim, I asked him over for dinner.(not HAD
ASKED)
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Adverbial Clauses

PLACE
DISTANCE/
FREQUENCY
MANNER

anywhere
everywhere
wherever
where
as + adverb +
as
as
as if/ as though

any place
a definite place
make a comparison
in the way/manner that/like

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Adverbial Clauses
REASON

RESULT

PURPOSE

as
because
for the reason that
since
phrase + that
so + adj + that
so + adv + that with the result that
such a(n) (+adj)
+n
in order that
for the good of
so that
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Adverbial Clauses
CONCESSION/
CONTRAST
STRONG
CONTRAST

CONDITION

although
even though
though
whereas
while
as long as
if
provided/
providing
unless
whether

in spite of the fact that

direct opposition

under the condition that

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Adverbial Clauses
Reducing adverbial clauses

*Retain BEFORE

A student should consider some factors BEFORE choosing a major.

*Retain SINCE when it refers to time
SINCE moving to the U.S. three years ago, Carlos has not been back
home. (Since Carlos moved)s
Coming from a conservative family, Carlos was shocked at the U.S.
system of coed dormitories. (Since/As Carlos came)
*Delete AS when it refers to time
Getting used to the way of life here, he became less homesick.
*Delete all subordinators referring to reason
*Retain AFTER, WHEN and WHILE when the reduced form follows the
independent clause
WHILE preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with a family.
Preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with a family.
He lived with a family WHILE preparing for the TOEFL.
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