27-Oct-15

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10

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11

27-Oct-15

I.

12

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13

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14

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15

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16

27-Oct-15

1.
2.

n
k = 1 + 3.322 log 10 where k = number of classes (rounded to the next whole
number), n = the total number of observation.
3.

4.

5.

LCLi UCLi or LCBi UCBi

2
2
:
Mid point (mi) =
Where i = the ith class.

17

27-Oct-15

Example: - the number of calories per serving for selecting ready to eat cereals is
listed here. Construct a grouped frequency distribution for the data using seven
classes.
112,100,127, 120, 134, 118, 105, 110, 109, 112, 110, 118, 117, 116, 118, 122, 114,
114, 105, 109, 107, 112, 114, 115, 118, 117, 118, 122, 106, 110, 116, 108, 110, 121,
113, 120, 119, 111, 104, 111, 120, 113, 120, 117, 105, 110, 118, 112, 114, 114.
Solution 1.Given number of observation (n) = 50 then
K = 1 + 3.322
1. Class width( w) =
Class limits
LcF M.C.F

105-109
10 48

104.5-109.5

110-114
28
40

125-129
2
49
130-134
2
50

4 .9

=5
class boundaries mid point Frequency relative fre. Percentage
99.5-104.5

120-124
14
48

k is number of classes.

highestvalue lowestvalue
134 100

k
7

100-104
50

115-119
26 41

50
log 10
7 where

number of classes

109.5-114.5
114.5-119.5

102

0.04

107

112

18

117

4
0.16
0.36

13

2
16
36
0.26

22
119.5-124.5

122

0.14

0.02

9
124.5-129.5

127

2
129.5-134.5
1

132

2.3. Diagrammatic and graphical Presentation of Data

18

0.02

27-Oct-15

In last lesson we observed that the technique of frequency distribution helps us to

put unorganized collected data in an orderly form so that it is easily understood and
the needed information is, quickly located. However, the grouping of data or too
many figures in a table do not always appeal to a common many as too many
figures are generally confusing and fail to convey the definite pattern or trend of the
figures. Sometimes even an expert investigator does not get an accurate conception
of the shape of the frequency distribution from the grouped data. So we will discuss
another way of presenting the data, which is more appealing and effective.
Diagrammatic presentation of data
One of the most convincing and appealing ways in which data may be presented is
through charts. As the number and magnitude of figures increases, they become
more confusing and their analysis tends to be more tiring. A picture is said to be
worth 10,000 words, i.e., through pictorial presentation data can be presented in an
interesting form. Not only this, charts have greater memorizing effect as the
impressions created by them last much longer than those created by the figures.
1. Bar charts
a. Simple Bar charts
A simple bar diagram shows a width or column. It is used to represent only one
variable. Suppose we are interested to draw diagrammatically the number of
students for five departments in a year. This we can show as in the following figure:

19

27-Oct-15

Simple Bar Diagrams

It will be seen that each bar has an equal width but unequal length. The length
indicates the magnitude of production. All the same, it suffers from a major
limitation. Such a diagram can display only one classification or one category of
data.
b. Multiple Bar chart
When two or more interrelated series of data are depicted by a bar diagram, then
such a diagram is known as a multiple-bar diagram. Suppose the number of
students for five departments in a year. We can display by two bars close to each
other, one representing male while the other representing females figure shows such
a diagram based on hypothetical data.

20

27-Oct-15
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

male
female

physcis

maths

chemistry

biology

Multiple Bars
It should be noted that multiple bar diagrams are particularly suitable where some
comparison is involved.

c.

Component Bar chart

As the name of this diagram implies, it shows subdivisions of components in a

single bar. For example, a bar diagram may show the composition of revenue
expenditure of the Government of Ethiopia. The components of this bar could be
defense expenditure, interest payments, major subsidies, grants to State and Union
Territories and others. Such bar diagrams are shown in Fig. for two years.
700
600
500
400

female

300

male

200
100
0
physics

maths

chemistry

iology

Subdivided or Component Bar Diagram

21

27-Oct-15

d. Pie chart
Another type of diagram, which is more commonly used than the square diagrams,
is the circular or pie diagram. In fact, circles can conveniently display the data on
production of food grains presented in the preceding square diagrams.
Example:- 25 army inductees were given a blood test to determine their blood
type. The data set is
A

AB

AB

AB

AB

Construct a frequency distribution for the data

Class

frequency(f)

percent(%)

20

28

36

AB

16

Total

25

100

Where percent (%) =

f
n

*100, n = total number of frequency and

f = frequency of the class

We have first to calculate the degrees for each of the above mentioned items. These
calculations are shown below:
Blood type A = 5/25* 3600 = 720

Blood type AB = 4/25 * 3600 = 57.60

Blood type B =7/25 * 3600 = 100.80

blood type O = 9/25 * 3600 = 1290

The total of all these angles will be 3600.

22

27-Oct-15

The pie diagram is also known as an angular sector diagram though in common
usage the term pie diagram is used. It is advisable to adopt some logical
arrangement, pattern or sequence while laying out the sectors of a pie chart.
Usually, the largest sector is given at the top and others in a clock-wise sequence.
The pie chart should also provide identification for each sector with some kind of
explanatory or descriptive label.

persent(%)
A
AB; 16%

A; 20%

O
AB

O; 36%

B; 28%

Graphical Presentation of Data: Like diagrammatic presentation, graphical

presentation also gives a visual effect. Diagrammatic presentation is used to present
data classified according to categories and geographical aspects. On the other hand,
graphical presentation is used in situations when we observe some functional
relationship between the values of two variables. There are many forms of graphs;
the most commonly used type graph is frequency graphs.
Graphs:
a) Histogram: In histogram, we measure the size of the item in question, given
in terms of class intervals, on the axis of X while the corresponding
frequencies are shown on the axis of Y. Unlike the line graph, here the
frequencies are shown in the form of rectangles the base of which is the class
interval. Another feature of this graph is that the rectangles are adjacent to
each other without having any gap amongst them. It may be recalled that this
was not the case in the line graph where vertical frequency lines were separate
and unconnected with each other.
b) Frequency polygon: A frequency polygon like any polygon consists of many
angles. A histogram can be easily transformed into a frequency polygon by
joining the mid-points of the rectangles by straight lines
23

27-Oct-15

Frequency

Histogram
20
15

15
10

10
5

12

0
Class boundaries

24

27-Oct-15

25

27-Oct-15

fi 0

Frequency Polygon
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

20
15
10
5
0

Class mark

26

27-Oct-15

27

Cumulative Frequency

27-Oct-15

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
24.5
14.5
34.5

44.5

54.5

64.5

74.5

84.5

Class Boundaries

28

27-Oct-15

x 1 x 2 , , xn

x i

x
( i' s)

x i x i

i=1
x

x i

x1

x2

++ x n

x i

x 1 x 2 , , x6 x 1=2 x 2

x 3=

x4

x5

x6

xi

i=1
++ x 6

x1

x2

29

27-Oct-15

x 1 x 2 , , xn

x
30

27-Oct-15

x 2+ +x
x 1+
n

xi
i=1

X1+

X 2+ + X

Xi
i =1

i.

xi
i=1

46+54+ 21+ 35
4

156
4

ii.

xi
i=1

10.5+ 2.4+3.6+5.9+ 8.7

5

31.1
5

31

27-Oct-15

x1

x2

, , xk

f 1 f 2 , , f k

x 1 f 1 + x 2 f 2 ++ x k f k
f 1 +f 2 ++ f k

xi f i

i=1
k

fi
i=1

xi
i=1

50+ 42+48+ 60+58+54+50+ 42+50+ 42

10

496
10

50

32

27-Oct-15

x 1 f 1 + x 2 f 2 ++ x k f k
f 1 +f 2 ++ f k

xi f i

i=1
k

fi

i=1

496
10

42 x 3+48 x 1+50 x 3+54 x 1+58 x 1+60 x 1

3+ 1+ 3+1+ 1+ 1

50

126+ 48+150+54 +58+60

10

xi f i
x

i=1
k

fi

x 1 f 1+ x 2 f 2 ++ x k f k
f 1 + f 2 ++ f k

xi

i=1

f i

fi

i=1

33

27-Oct-15

xi f i
x

i=1
k

fi
i=1

xi
f i xi

34

27-Oct-15
6

fi

i=1

xi f i
x

i=1
k

fi

6558
100

i=1

~
x

~
x

n+1
2

th

~
x

th

n
n
( ) value+( +1) value
2
2
2

35

27-Oct-15

i.

~
x

th
10 t h 10
) +( +1)
2
2
2

5 t h +6t h 4+5
=
=4.5
2
2

ii.

36

27-Oct-15

Median L

w n

x
CF ~
f med 2

f med

CF

37

27-Oct-15

f med

~
x

^x
38

27-Oct-15

^x

^x

Mode L

1
w
1 2

1 f mod f 1

2 f mod f 2
f1

39

27-Oct-15

f2

Mode L

1
w
1 2

40

27-Oct-15

Q1 ,
Q2Q3
Q1

Q3

Q2

41

27-Oct-15

x1 , x 2 , , x n

Qi

Q 1=

1(n+ 1)
4

th

value

Q 2=

2( n+1)
4

th

value

Q 3=

3 (n+1)
4

th

) value

Qi L

w in

CF

f Qi 4

42

27-Oct-15

w 2n
CF
f Q2 4

w n
CF
f Q1 4

w 3n
CF
f Q3 4

D1 , D2, , D9

x1 , x 2 , , x n

D
( i)

43

27-Oct-15

D 1=

1( n+1)
10

9(n+1)
D 9=
10

th

value

value

D 2=

2( n+1)
10

th

) value

th

D i=L+

w
CF
f D 10
i

P1 , P2, , P99 .

x1 , x 2 , , x n

P
( i)

44

27-Oct-15

1( n+ 1)
P 1=
100

P99=

th

99(n+1)
100

value

2( n+1)
P2=
100

th

value

th

) value

Pi=L+

w
CF
f P 100
i

Qi

Q3
45

27-Oct-15

Di

D4

Pi

P60

Q1

D 4,

P90

46

27-Oct-15

~
x

n+1
2

219+ 1
2

Q 1=

1 ( n+1 )
4

th

value

1 ( 219+1 )
4

th

value

4 (n+1)
D4 =
10

th

) value

4 (219+1)
10

th

) value

P90=

90(n+1)
100

th

value

90(219+1)
100

th

) value

Q1 D4 P 7.

47

27-Oct-15

w n
CF
f Q1 4

5
( 12.512 )
15

w
f D4

( 410n CF )

5
( 2012 )
15

w 7n
CF
f P 7 100

48

5
( 3.50 )
4

27-Oct-15

49

27-Oct-15

R=LS

Relative Range(RR)=

20,35, 25, 30,15

Range=LS=3515=20

L=35,S=15

LS
35 15

0 .4
LS
35 15

RR

50

27-Oct-15

RR=

( Q3 )
( Q1 )

I nter Q uartile R ange( IQD )=Q3Q1

Quartile Deviation ( QD )=

Q3Q1
2

CQD=

Q 3Q 1
Q3 +Q1

51

27-Oct-15

Q1=

n+ 1
4

th

( )

Q3= 3

n+1
4

item=

th

( ) item

th

( )

7+1
4

item 3

7+1
4

th

2 item=18 marks

( ) item= 6

IQR=Q3Q1=2818=10
CQD=

nd

th

item=28 marks

QD=

Q3 Q1 2818
=
=5
2
2

Q3Q1 2818
=
=0.217
Q3 +Q1 28+18

( N4+1 )= 75+4 1=19

Q 1=

th

item=3

Q3=3

52

=57
( N4+1 )=3( 75+1
4 )

27-Oct-15

IQR=Q3Q1=73=4

CQD=

QD=

Q3 Q1 73
=
=2
2
2

Q3Q1 73
=
=0.4
Q3 +Q1 7+3

1.

)=
MD( X

|X i X |
n

|
f X X
)= i| i
MD( X

Xi

f i

fi
2.

~
~ | X i x|
MD( X)=
n

f i|X i~
x|

~
MD ( X ) =
n

53

27-Oct-15

~
X =6
X=5.5

|X i X
|

|X i ~x|

MD ( X ) =

| X i X |
n

14
=1.4
10

~
~ | X i x| 14
MD ( X ) =
= =1.4
n
10

54

27-Oct-15

MD( X)
CMD ( X )=

~
MD( X)
CMD (~
X )= ~
X

CMD ( X )=

MD ( X ) 1.4
=
=0.23
6
X

CMD ( ~
X )=

~
MD ( X ) 1.4
=
=0.25
~
5.5
X

55

27-Oct-15
N

( X i)2

2= i=1

1
N

X i2N 2
i=1

f i (X i )2 = 1 [ f
N

X i N

Xi

f i

fi

S




n

(x i x )2

S 2= i=1

n1

1
n1

x i2n x 2
i=1

xi

56

27-Oct-15

f i( xi x )2

S=
=
2

n1

S2

1
2
2
f i xi n x ]
[
n1

1 m
2
f i xi x

n 1 i 1

x i

fi


fi

2

= 2

S2
S= S2

57

27-Oct-15

2
f i=10, f i x i=49, f i x i =279

S=

1
[ f x 2n x 2 ]
n1 i i

1
49
1
27910( ) = ( 38.9 )=4.32,S= 4.32=2.08
9
10
9

1.

V ( xi k ) V ( xi )

V xi









yi

V x V y 2

58

27-Oct-15

1.

|k|

V ( kxi ) k 2V ( xi )

2.

Standard deviation
100
mean

100

S
100
x

S




x

59

27-Oct-15

S
100
x

25
100
85

S
100
x

12
100
65

60

27-Oct-15

Z=

X X
S

61

27-Oct-15

148
1.57
3.8173

Z=

X 6651 15
=
= =1.25

12
12

Z=

X 8072 8
=
= =0.5

16
16

62

27-Oct-15

M r=

X ir
n

r=0,1, 2,3,

M r=

f i X ir
n
Xi

Xi

fi

63

27-Oct-15

M 1= X

M 0=1

( X i X )
M=
'
r

)r
f i ( X i X

M=
'
r

fi

X i X i

n=n1

'

M 2=SD

A
r

( X i A )
M=
'
r

64

27-Oct-15

f i ( X i A ) r

M=
'
r

Xi

( X i X )

Xi

( X i X )

( X i X )

( X i X )

X =45

( X X )=0

45
X = =9
5

( X i9 ) 128
M =
=
=25.6
'
2

( X X )2=128

( X i9 )
M =
=0
'
1

( X i9 ) 486
M =
=
=97.2
'
3

( X i9 ) 7940
M =
=
=1588
'
4

( X X )3=486 ( X X )4=7940

65

27-Oct-15

66

27-Oct-15

1.

3=

MeanMode
Standard deviation

2.

67

27-Oct-15

Q
( 3Q2)(Q2Q1 )
Q 3Q 1
3=

Q 3 +Q12 Q2
Q3 Q 1

3.

3=

M '3
M'

3 /2
2

M '3
3

(xi x )r /n

i=1

3
3

68

27-Oct-15

69

27-Oct-15

M '4
M'

2
2

M '4

M ' M ' M '

M ' M '

3=

M '3

M'

3 /2
2

2.4
3/ 2
1.6

M '4
M'

2
2

5.8
1.6 2

70

27-Oct-15

i)

25.6

M'
97.2
3= 33/2 =

M '2

ii)

M '4
M'

2
2

1588
=2.42
2
25.6

71

27-Oct-15

72

27-Oct-15

73

27-Oct-15

74

27-Oct-15

n1 +n2

in n1 2

75

n2 3

27-Oct-15

n1 n 2 2 3 6

Pr

n!
for r 0, 1, 2, , n
(n r )!

Pn

n!
n!
n!
(n n)! 0!

Pr

n!
(n r )!

76

27-Oct-15

n!
n1 !.n 2 !. .n k !

n n1 n2 nk

n1=3, n2 =3 n3=1 n4 =2n5=1
10!
3!.3!.1!.2!1!

77

27-Oct-15

n
n!
Cr
r r!(n r )!

r 0,1,2, , n

78

27-Oct-15

n
n!
C r
r
r!(n r )!

7
7!
C 3
3
3!(7 3)!

P3

P3

P2

P2

79

27-Oct-15

80

27-Oct-15

Number of outc omes favorable

event A
Totalnumber of outcomes

n( A )
n(S )

k
n

81

27-Oct-15

82

27-Oct-15

80

N n( S )
10

50

30

*
10

n( A)
n( S)

30 50 80

*
/

10 0 10

n( A)
n( S)

30 50 80

*
/

4 6 10

30 50

*

4 6

83

30 50

*

0 10

27-Oct-15

n( A)
n( S)

30 50 80

*
/

0 10 10

Number of event A has occured

Total number of observations

k
n

Frequency of class A
Total frequency t h e distribution

84

27-Oct-15

P( A)

Ai

i=1

85

27-Oct-15

86

27-Oct-15

87

27-Oct-15

88

27-Oct-15

89

27-Oct-15

90

27-Oct-15

P ( Bi / A)

P ( Bi ) P ( A / Bi )

P( B ) P( A / B )
i

91

27-Oct-15

P ( A1 / D )

P ( A1 ) P ( D / A1 )
k

P( A ) P( D / A )
i

92

27-Oct-15

93

27-Oct-15

xi 0, 1, 2, 3

94

27-Oct-15

P( X x )
i 1

i)

95

27-Oct-15

i)

ii)

f ( x ) d x=1

96

27-Oct-15

1
8

3
8

3
8

1
8

f ( x)dx
a

1
1
x ,
4
2

1
1
1
1 1 5
1
x dx x 2 x 10
4
2
8
2
8 2 8
0

97

27-Oct-15

x P( x )
i 1

x f X (x ) dx

x f X (x) dx <

f X (x)

h( x ) P ( x )

98

i 1

27-Oct-15

h(x ) f X ( x ) dx

2
2
2
x =E ( X ) [ E ( X ) ]

2
E[ X E( X )]

x 2=

x
( i) P ( x i ) 2
2

i=1

99

27-Oct-15

x
x

( i)
2
( i x ) P

i=1

x 2= ( xx )2 f x (x ) dx

-
-

Var

i=1

i=1

( )

x i = Var (x i)

100

27-Oct-15

101

27-Oct-15

x2
9

3
x2
x4
1 x5
dx dx

9
9 5
9
0

2
x

x2
1 x4

x
dx

0 9
9 4

27
5

3
0

3
0

9
4

27 9

5 4

102

27-Oct-15

103

27-Oct-15

P ( (X =r ) )=

n!
r
nr
p (1 p)
r ! (n1)!

P ( (X =r ) )=

n!
r nr
p q
r ! (nr )!

1
2

P ( (X =2)) =

3!
1 2
( )
2! ( (32)! ) 2
104

27-Oct-15

i)




ii)

P ( ( X ) )=

e
x!

105

27-Oct-15

2 0.2

P ( (X =2)) =

(0.2) e
2!

=0.0164

P( x ) 1
i 0

106

27-Oct-15

- 1 x
f ( x)
exp

2
2
1

e ( x )

/ 2 2

, x & 0.

1.

2.

107

27-Oct-15

3.
X mean

4.

x x
S

108

27-Oct-15

E ( Z ) 0 and V(Z) 1

f ( z)

1 2
z
1
2
e
, z
2

P (0 Z z ) f ( z )dz
0

z 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, , 3.98,

P( Z 0) P( Z 0) 0.5

109

27-Oct-15

1 2
z 1 z
P (0 Z z )
e 2 dz
0 2

P ( a< X <b )=P(
P ( X <a ) =P(

a x b
<
<
)

x a
<
)

x
=Z

P( Z<

a
)

110

27-Oct-15

a)

P ( Z 1.72) P ( Z 0) P (0 Z 1.72)

0.5 0.4573 0.9573

P ( Z 0.88) P ( Z 0.88) 0.5 P (0 Z 0.88) 0.5 0.3106

0.1894

,
2

P ( a X b)

a X b

P( z1 Z z 2 ), say.

P ( a X b) P

111

27-Oct-15

P ( X b) P Z
P( Z z 2 )

P ( X a ) P Z
P ( Z z1 )

P( 3 X 3 )

P( X )

, 2

P ( 2 X 2 )

P ( a X b)

P ( X ) P

P ( 1 Z 1) 2 P (0 Z 1) 2(0.3413)

0.6828

2 P ( 0 Z 2)

P( 2 X 2 ) P( 2 Z 2)

P ( 3 X 3 ) P (3 Z 3)

2 P (0 Z 3)

112

27-Oct-15

a)
&

2 & 2

b)

3 & 3

c)

Z 0.01

Z 0.05

Z 0.01

Z 0.01 2.33

Z 0.05

113

27-Oct-15

Z 0.05 1.645

165

2 9

162 165
X 162

P Z

P( X 162) P

0.5 P(1 Z 0)

P ( Z 0) 0.5

P( Z 1)

0.5 P(0 Z 1)

0.5 0.3413 0.1587

2
i

114

27-Oct-15

n
( 1)
2

( 2)
2

f ( )=

e
1

2
2

n
2n/ 2 ( )
2

2 ,n

2 ,n

2 ,n

P( X 2 ,n ) .

115

27-Oct-15

2 ,

2

2

2

2

t=

X
S
n

X









116

27-Oct-15

t , n 1

t , n 1

117

27-Oct-15

t , n 1

t , n 1

t , n 1

a)

b)

t 0.05

t 0.975

t 0.10

t t 0.005

t 0.005

118

27-Oct-15

a)

X
S
n

t
2

a)

b)


119

27-Oct-15

c)

d)

t , n 1

X
S
n

16.4 12.0

2.1 / 16

120

t 0.05,15

27-Oct-15

121

27-Oct-15

122

27-Oct-15

N Cn

1
.
C
N
n

Nn

N n

123

27-Oct-15

124

27-Oct-15

125

27-Oct-15

126

27-Oct-15

N1 N 2 N k N

Ni

i th

127

27-Oct-15

i th

ni (i 1,2, , k )

n1 n2 nk n

a)

b)

128

27-Oct-15

i)

ik

iii)

129

27-Oct-15

n
N

130

27-Oct-15

Cn

xi

131

27-Oct-15

xi

xi

xi

fi (3)2

X i p ( )

(E( ))2
i

V X x2

2
n

14 / 3
2

V X x2

2
n

14 / 3
2

132

27-Oct-15

fi
f i

X i p ( )
X

V X x2

2
n

V (x)

2 N n

n N 1

N n

N 1

133

27-Oct-15

2
N ,
n

N 68 , 0.56

70 68
0.56

134

27-Oct-15

2
n

2
N ,
n

X
/ n

135

X
S/ n

27-Oct-15

N 151,225 / 64

/ n

154.75 151
15 / 8

X
136

27-Oct-15

8.00

8.00 7.5

/ n

/ n

3.4 / 150

X
S/ n

X
S/ n

137

27-Oct-15

138

27-Oct-15

/n X

X
/n

139

27-Oct-15

P ( Z / 2< Z <Z /2 ) =1

/ n

X /n

P Z /2 <

X
< Z /2 =1
/n

P ( Z / 2 / n< X < Z / 2 / n )=1

P ( Z / 2 / n X << X + Z / 2 / n )=1

P ( XZ
/ 2 / n< < X + Z / 2 / n )=1

+Z /2 / n
X Z /2 / n , X

140

27-Oct-15

/2
Z /2

a)

b)

141

27-Oct-15

1 0.95

a)

n 15, 0.27 ounce, x 9.87 ounce

P( Z 0.025 Z Z 0.025 ) 0.95

X
/ n

/ 2 0.025

Z / 2 Z 0.025 1.96

x Z / 2

x Z / 2
n
n

b)

142

27-Oct-15

2
n

X
S /n

X
/n

2
+Z /2 / n
X Z /2 / n , X

2
X Z /2 S / n , X + Z / 2 S / n

X =$ 357.60

X =$ 357.60

X Z / 2 S/ n , X + Z /2 S / n

143

27-Oct-15

357.601.96 ( 140.00 / 100 ) , 357.60+1.96(140.00/ 100)

(330.16, 385.04)

t=

X
0
S / n

S
S
X t / 2(n1)
, X +t /2 (n1 )
n
n

X =32

=0.025
2

,24

=2.064 table .

144

27-Oct-15

S
S
X t / 2(n1)
, X +t /2 (n1 )
n
n

2.064

4.2
25

145

27-Oct-15

146

27-Oct-15

147

27-Oct-15

( 0.05)

148

Z=

27-Oct-15

Z=

X
0

Z=

X
0
S
n

i)
Z=

X
0
S
n

ii)

t=

X
0
S
n

a)

X
o

b)

X
o
S
n

149

27-Oct-15

c)

X
o
S
n

X o

Z /2 Z / 2

150

27-Oct-15

Z
2

Rejection Region

Acceptance Region
151

27-Oct-15

H 0 : 0

Z / 2 Z C Z / 2

Z C Z / 2 or Z C Z / 2

Z C Z / 2

orZ C Z / 2
0

Z C Z

Z C Z

Z C Z

Z C Z

Z C Z

Z C Z

0.05

x 8 .4

3.2

152

27-Oct-15

H 0 : 10

Z Z 0.05 1.645

ZC

x 0

/ n

H A : 10

0.05

8.4 10
2
3.2 / 4

Z c 2 Z 1.645

n 100, x 3.4 min, s 2.8 min, 0.05

H 0 : 4

H A : 4

n 100

Zc

X 0
S/ n

3.4 4
2.14
2.8 / 10

Z / 2 Z 0.025 1.96

153

27-Oct-15

0.05.

0.05

t / 2,n 1 t 0.025, 15 2.131
tC

x 0
s/ n

H 0 : 50

0.05

H A : 50

/ 2 0.025

53.8 50 3.8

2.92.
5.2 / 16 1.3

tc 2.92 2.131, H 0

0.05.

154

27-Oct-15

^
^
Y ^ +
155

27-Oct-15

2
i

2
i

Y
2
( iY^ i )

Y^ i

^ +

2
^
i ^

xy nx y
x nx
2

n xi y i
i 1

x y x x y y

x x
n x x

i 1

i 1
2

i 1

^ Y X

^ ^
.

^
^
Y i ^ +

156

27-Oct-15

^
^
Y i ^ +

157

27-Oct-15

x2

xy

y2

158

27-Oct-15

748.4
3.596
208.1
^

xy nx y
x nx
2

7034 (10)(9.7)(64.8)

1149 (10)(9.7) 2

y12 29.92 3.596(12) 73.1.

( x x )( y y )
(x x ) ( y y)
2

159

27-Oct-15

xy nx y
x nx y
2

ny 2

2
2
x i=125, y i=100 , x i y i=520 x i =650 , y i

160

27-Oct-15

xy nx y
x nx y
2

ny

520 ( 25)(5)( 4)
650 25(5)(5) 436 (25)( 4)( 4)

161

27-Oct-15

rs

rs

rs 1

6 d 2

n(n 2 1)

rs

xs

y' s

162

27-Oct-15

rs

163

27-Oct-15

rs

20

6(20)
0.88
10(100 1)

d 0

rs

164

rs 1
rs

27-Oct-15

165

27-Oct-15

166



27-Oct-15

167

27-Oct-15

168

27-Oct-15

169

27-Oct-15

170