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Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology

Pohang University of Science and Technology

Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology


Pohang University of Science and Technology
166-5 Jigok-Dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, 790-390, Korea
Tel: 82 54 279 9201~11 / Fax: 82 54 279 9299

CONTENTS
4

Welcome from the Dean

GIFT Academic Program

GIFT Courses

How to apply
Application process
Required application documents
Financial Aid and other support

10 GIFT Faculty
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14
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24
26
28
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Research Areas
Alternative Technology Laboratory
Control and Automation Laboratory
Computationl Metallurgy Laboratory
Clean Steel Laboratory
Environmental Metallurgy Laboratory
Microstructure Control Laboratory
Materials Design Laboratory
Material Mechanics Laboratory
Surface Engineering Laboratory

32 How to get to GFT at POSTECH


34 Campus Map

A New Initiative for the Ever-evolving


Material that is Steel

Steel is the backbone material of the society. Our everyday life is closely embraced by steel. Virtually everything
around us contains steel, if not fully made of it. To take
the fair role as a major contributor to the development
of the society, it is imperative that science and technology of ferrous materials continue to be advanced to create steel that nurtures an affluent eco-friendly society
and to contribute to the sustainable development of
modern society.
It was with this in mind that POSTECH, a leading
research oriented university in Korea, initiated a proactive program in which graduate students are inspired
Hae-Geon Lee
into a deeper understanding of ferrous metallurgy
Dean, GIFT, POSTECH
through appropriate teaching and research. This is the
program which led to the foundation of the Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology
(GIFT) in 2005, a further prodigious expansion of the original goal outlined in 1995.
GIFT has a mission to act as a rich source of highly trained young scientists and technologists, not only to feed the ever growing demands of the steel and steel-related
industries, but also to nurture creativity in this most fascinating materials. GIFT has
an international perspective, with both staff and students welcomed anywhere in the
world, and with no boundaries of research collaborations. The working language of all
staff and students is English.
The institute is not only located in one of the best University environments in the
world, but also benefits from its close proximity to some of the major steel producers
in Korea, including of course POSCO, who has generously funded GIFT in perpetuity.
GIFT develops links with steel producers and users, on a global basis. The interaction
can happen via many mechanisms, including collaborative projects, workshops, participation in teaching, employment of highly-trained graduates, secondments from
industry to conduct research at GIFT, group sponsored projects etc. Such interactions
are considered vital in the two-way transfer of knowledge, ideas and direction.
GIFT will continue to devote to accomplishing its mission: To nurture the best manpower in steel technology as the Steel Academy of Excellence, and to be the custodian of world steel research.

POSTEH

GIFT

GIFT Academic Program

GIFT Courses

The GIFT Academic Program includes two graduate programs:


- The GIFT Program leading to the degree of Master of Science (MS)
- The GIFT Program leading to the degree of Philosophical Doctor (PhD)
The MS degree is a two year program of study, which includes a thesis research project. The PhD program is a three to four year program with a strong emphasis on
original research.

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Aug

Sep

Summer
session

1st semester

0yr

Jul

1yr

Oct

Nov

Dec

3yr

Feb

Winter
session

2st semester

2yr

Jan

4yr

5yr

6yr
extention

BS diploma
Courses

MS diploma
Research

Masters Program

Qualitying Exam

Courses

PhD diploma
Research

Doctoral Program

In the course of both programs, MS and PhD students go through a rigorous scientific
and technical training in materials research, with a strong emphasis on the science
and technology of steel and ferrous alloys.

The academic curriculum program emphasizes an interdisciplinary approach to the


field of steel technology by combining all relevant aspects of the following engineering disciplines: Materials Science, Metallurgy, Mechanics, Chemistry, Solid State
Physics, Manufacturing Technology, Process Control, and Computer Science. The
graduate-level courses are all taught in English by full time GIFT faculty, who,
through their own research achievements, are recognized experts in the subjects they
are teaching.
The individual course programs of study are planned in consultation with the faculty
members. The programs may be directed toward fundamental science, engineering or
a combination of these, depending on the preference, capabilities, and professi-9onal
career goals of the individual graduate student.
GIFT students may also take courses for credit in other POSTECH departments or
other institutions of higher learning if they and their academic advisor consider it will
enhance their research potential. This opportunity provides GIFT students with a high
degree of academic freedom.
GIFT has a specialized expertise in steel-related education, and it is continuously
developing and improving an already exceptional curriculum consisting of courses
covering all the areas of steel research and technology. The rich GIFT curriculum
offers courses in both traditional subjects and advanced ferrous materials science topics. In all cases the courses have been newly designed by academic and industry
experts who are leaders in their field of research.
More detailed information on GIFT courses can be found in a GIFT Academic
Guidebook

Research and education at GIFT is focused on ferrous alloys fundamentals, industryrelated technologies, and innovation in steel products design, application and processing. Teaching and graduate research at GIFT have a unique focus on steel and ferrous technology. The research, development and innovation are driven by strong
industry-university interactions.
GIFT provides basic research, on a long term basis, for strategic domains within ferrous technology. The strong focus on both ferrous materials science fundamentals
and advanced technologies enables GIFT to set a global agenda for future steel product and technology development.

POSTEH

GIFT

How to

How to apply
A year-round rolling application process

Financial Aid and Other Support

GIFT reviews application on a continuous year-round basis. Applicants are encouraged to submit their applications as soon as possible because of this rolling admission
process. Applications are accepted throughout the year, and applications are
reviewed individually in the order in which they are received.
Semester

Application Deadline

Spring (First)

Fall (Second)

International

Domestic

International

Domestic

November

Early December

Early June

End of June

Orientation Session

In February

In August

Registration Period

In February

In August

Required application documents


Application form
Official university transcripts in English
Certificate of degree in English
Personal statement (Primarily describing applicant's study plan)
Curriculum Vitae (CV) including academic and work experience
Verification of English proficiency (TOEFL score or Equivalent)
- TOEFL: 550(PBT), 213(CBT), 79(IBT)
- IELTS: above 6.0
- TEPS: 680 or higher
Two Recommendation Letters
- From your supervisors or academic advisors
- For MS program: International Applicants Only
- For PhD program: Both international and domestics applicants must submit
recommendation letters
- Student who graduated from GIFT MS Program and wishes to enter the PhD
program: One recommendation letter written by academic advisor
- Enclose the reference form with recommendation letter

Scholarship for all students


Program

Masters (2yr)

Tuition
Living Expense Assistance

Doctoral (4yr)
Exempted

KRW 12,000,000/yr

KRW 18,000,000/yr

Accommodation
- All GIFT students are eligible to apply for POSTECH dormitory housing and GIFT
may reserve accommodation on campus for all GIFT students.
- Single student dormitory fee is KRW 350,000/semester but it will be reimbursed
as a stipend.
- Married graduate student housing fee is KRW 220,000/month.
Overseas Exchange Program
All GIFT students are encouraged to participate in the overseas exchange program
(up to 6 months for MS and 1 year for PhD).
Opportunity of Practical Experience (Internship Program)
All GIFT students are allowed to apply for Internship Program to obtain practical
experience in steel production and processing.
Employment Opportunity
GIFT students of 3rd semester of MS program who completed their military service
are eligible for POSCO special recruiting.
* The official language at GIFT is English

For PhD program, the following additional documents are also required
- Certificate of MS degree or Certificate of enrollment
- Certificate of academic records of MS program
- Abstract of MS thesis
- List of publications, if available
You can download the application documents required for admission process from
the GIFT website: www.postech.ac.kr/gift

POSTEH

GIFT

Faculty

GIFT Faculty

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13

14

15

16

17

18

19

10

11

20

21

22

23

Directors
1

LEE, Hae-Geon (Dean)

University of Washington, USA - Ph.D., 1983


[LAB] Clean Steel

BARLAT, Frederic

Institute National Polytechnique Grenoble, France


- Ph.D., 1984
[LAB] Materials Mechanics

BHADESHIA, Harry K.D.H. (chair-professor)

KOO, Yang Mo

Northwestern University, USA - Ph.D., 1986


[LAB] Alternative Technology

SASAKI, Yasushi

University of Tokyo, Japan - Ph.D., 1977


[LAB] Environmental Metallurgy

WON, Sang Chul

University of Iowa, USA - Ph.D., 1985


[LAB] Control and Automation

University of Cambridge, U.K. - Ph.D., 1979


[LAB] Computational Metallurgy

DE COOMAN, Bruno C.

Cornell University, USA, - Ph.D., 1987


[LAB] Materials Design

KIM, Kyoo Young

University of Connecticut, USA - Ph.D., 1981


[LAB] Surface Engineering

KIM, Nack Joon

University of California, Berkeley, USA - Ph.D., 1981


[LAB] Microstructure Control

Associate Professors
12

POSTECH, Korea - Ph.D., 1998


[LAB] Clean Steel

13

10

LEE, Jong Bong

Osaka University, Japan - Ph.D., 1990


[LAB] Alternative Technology

11

QIN, Rong Shan

Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang, China


- Ph.D., 1996
[LAB] Computational Metallurgy

KIM, Sang Jun

KAIST, Korea - Ph.D., 2003


[LAB] Clean Steel

14

LEE, Jae Sang

Seoul National University, Korea - Ph.D., 1998


[LAB] Alternative Technology

15

Professors

JUNG, Sung Mo

PARK, Jong Myung

Lehigh University, USA - Ph.D., 1990


[LAB] Surface Engineering

Assistant Professors
16

KIM, Han Soo

POSTECH, Korea - Ph.D., 2002


[LAB] Materials Design

17

KIM, In Gee

Inha University, Incheon, Korea - Ph.D., 2003


[LAB] Computational Metallurgy

10

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18

KWON, Se Kyun

POSTECH, Korea - Ph.D., 2001


[LAB] Alternative Technology

Adjunct Professors
19

BLANPAIN, Bart

Adjunct / Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium


Cornell University, USA - Ph.D., 1990

20

BLECK, Wolfgang

Adjunct / RWTH Aachen, Germany


Clausthal University of Technology, Germany
- Ph.D., 1979

21

CHAKRABORTI, Nirupam

Adjunct / IIT Kharagpur, India


University of Washington, USA - Ph.D., 1983

22

DEARDO, Anthony J.

Adjunct / University of Pittsburgh, USA


Carnegie-Mellon University, USA - Ph.D., 1970

23

ESTRIN, Yuri

Adjunct / University and CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia


Institute of Crystallography, Academy of Sciences of
USSR, Soviet Union - Ph.D., 1975

GIFT

11

GIFT Faculty

24

28

32

Research Areas

25

29

HINO, Mitsutaka

Adjunct / Tohoku University, Japan


Tohoku University, Japan - Ph.D., 1978

25

KANG, Chang-Oh

Adjunct / POSCO, Korea


Seoul National University, Korea - B.S., 1971

26

KUWABARA, Toshihiko

Adjunct / Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,


Japan
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan - Ph.D., 1987

27

MISRA, Raja Devesh Kumar

Adjunct / University of Louisiana, USA


University of Cambridge, USA - Ph.D., 1984

28

PELTRON, Arthur Daniel

Adjunct / Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal, Canada


University of Toronto, Canada - Ph.D., 1970

29

RIVERA Diaz del Castillo, Pedr

Adjunct / Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands


University of Cambridge, U.K. - Ph.D., 2002

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30

33

Adjunct Professors
24

26

34

30

27

31

35

GIFT, in principle, tries to cover all the aspects of steel science and technologies encompassing from the extractive metallurgy to the final steel products. We have a systematic
plan to implement 11 Research Laboratories, each focusing on a particular aspect of
steel metallurgy, that are staffed by a full professor, three research professors, three
post-doctoral researchers, and two technicians (and five graduate students per annum).
The core funding of GIFT covers all this activity and other projects will be sought on an
ad hoc basis. When fully established, this will be by far the most intensive steel activity
in the world, led by eleven full professors working in an interdisciplinary environment.
Five research laboratories have already been initiated at its foundation in 2005: covering Clean Steel (Professors Henri Gaye and Hae-Geon Lee), Materials Design (Professor
Bruno De Cooman), Computational Metallurgy (Professor Harry Bhadeshia), Control and
Automation (Professor Sang-Chul Won), and Surface Engineering (Professor Kyoo
Young Kim). Additional four laboratories have been established over the three years to
cover Alternative Technology (Professor Yang Mo Koo), Materials Mechanics (Professor
Frederic Barlat), Environmental Metallurgy (Professor Yasushi SASAKI), and
Microstructure Control (Professor Nack Joon Kim). The subject areas for the remaining
two groups will be identified in the future.
In addition to those who lead the various research areas, the institute has appointed a
number of adjunct professors from all over the world, who will contribute in its development.

SPEER, John G.

Adjunct / Colorado School of Mines, USA


University of Oxford, U.K. - Ph.D., 1983

31

THOMAS, Brian G.

Adjunct / University Illinois, Urbana- Champaign, USA


University of British Columbia, USA - Ph.D., 1985

32

VAN OOIJ, Wim J.

Adjunct / University of Cincinnati, USA


Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
- Ph.D., 1971

33

WAGONER, Robert H.

Adjunct / Ohio State University, USA


Ohio State University, USA - Ph.D., 1976

34

WANG, Xinhua

Adjunct / USTB, China


University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
- Ph.D., 1986

35

YANG, Jer-Ren

Adjunct / National Taiwan University, Taiwanese


University of Cambridge, U.K. - Ph.D., 1987

GIFT

13

Alternative Technology Laboratory

ATL

Global climate change and exhaustion of natural resources set limits on all parts of human
activities. Steel industry is also demanded to meet higher international standards in efficiency for manufacturing process and its products. Alternative Technology Laboratory
(ATL) goes to innovation of steel production technology under the concepts of consilience
from science and engineering disciplines. Four faculty members and one visiting professor
work together synergistically with their expertise from various education and research
backgrounds. But most of all, it should be emphasized that fresh-minded students and
young researchers are always in the center of ATLs activities.

results in property anisotropy of the material. For example, asymmetric rolling gives rise to
shear deformation textures and grain refinement through the thickness of sheets. Here, a
study is being made of optimization of thermomechanical processing to improve deep
drawing capability of interstitial free steel sheets by enhancing the plastic strain ratio
through controlling their textures. Asymmetric rolling process is also being tested to obtain
the Goss orientation of electric steel sheets, which might potentially reduce manufacturing
cost drastically.

ATLs current research encompasses following areas, but not restricted:

Oscillation Mark Free Continuous Casting

Continuous casting related metallurgy


- Solidification of high Mn steel
- Modification of mold flux
- High temperature properties of crack sensitive low alloy steel.
Structural characterization of steel
- Twin and dislocation structure analysis of high Mn steel
- Recrystallization and grain growth mechanism in high Mn steel
- Texture control via rolling and recrystallization process
Ideas and realization for steel production processes and facilities
- Asymmetric rolling
- Tundish design from new concepts
- Oscillation mark free continuous casting
- Machine design for continuous casting
- Optimization of welding processes and consumables

The quality of steel sheet produced through the final process


is greatly affected by the presence of oscillation marks on
the surface of continuously casted steel slabs. Oscillation
marks can cause defects such as slivers and pencil-pipe blisters during subsequent rolling processes. Therefore, the
entire slab surface must be subjected to grinding in advance
to remove the oscillation marks. Oscillation marks are transverse depressions running around the strand perimeter
formed during each vertical oscillation of the mold to prevent sticking of the solidifying shell to the mold walls. To
minimize the oscillation marks, it is necessary to optimize
oscillation conditions and mold flux supply without sacrifice
of casting speed. The goal of this investigation is to find the
ways to minimize detrimental effects in real processes.
In final, ATL members are eager to contribute the development of steel science and techology within warm and active environment of GIFT under excellent support from POSCO. ATL
is open to all the ideas in steel.

Texture Control via Rolling and Recrystallization Process

Texture or preferred orientation is a fundamental phenomenon resulting from the


microstructure evolution that takes place during various processes including casting and
thermo-mechanical processing of materials. A strong texture development in a material

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GIFT

15

Control & Automation Laboratory


Ultimate Goals
The Ultimate goals of the Control and Automation lab (CAL) are
1) To develop the leading edge control technology for the highest quality and the lowest cost
steel products.
2) To develop the full automation technology for implementation of unmanned steel factory.
To accomplish these goals, the CAL has been closely collaborated with the Poslab, the
Steel Process automation Research Center (SPARC), and Electrical Engineering
Department, Postech.

Research Areas
Computer Control System
- Research on interface for man-machine and inter-machine
- Research on the computer control system technology for controlling and monitoring
overall system

CAL
effect are tested and controlled. The model is programmed in high performance computer
system, and real PLC (programmable logic controller) is connected with the system to test
control algorithm. The simulator can be used to verify the stability and efficiency of PLC
which will be applied to real plant.
Development of an offline tool for defect inspection
In this project, we develop a real-time surface inspection technique for fast moving steel
product based on vision system. The digital image processing is completed in a short time
frame so that the production line is not interrupted by the inspection. The developing
detection algorithm is accurate and versatile to detect various surface defects.
Furthermore, the inspection system is robust for parameter variation in presence of noise
and non-uniform surface brightness.

Process Automation
- Research on full automation of system process for unmanned factory
Control Theory & Applications
- Research on making mathematical model of steel making processes, such as reactions,
transmissions and mechanical phenomena of process and on construction of simulation
system.
- Research on development of intelligent control theory and its application.
Measurement
- Research on signal processing and data acquisition to monitor system states.
- Research on safety interlocking system.

Current Research Project


Development of 2-stand hardware-in-the-loop rolling simulator
Based on the mathematical model of
two stand hot rolling mill process, software process simulator is developed.
Then various advanced control algorithms are implemented on the real
hardware and the resulting controller is
included in the control loop to form a
hybrid type of hot rolling mill process
simulator. Using this hardware-in-theloop simulator, all control elements
strip tension, roll force, strip gauge,
strip width, temperature and time delay

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Development of Looper Tension Control Hardware Simulator


To develop a new hot rolling tension
control technique, we design a hardware looper tension control simulator.
Various tension control algorithms are
applied on the simulator, and tested to
find the most suitable technique. The
hardware looper system simulates the
real system more closely than the software simulator so that the newly
developed tension control algorithms
are well verified.

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CML

Computational Metallurgy Laboratory


There is much to be gained by creating theory appropriate for materials science, in particular that which is experimentally verifiable and which does not compromise with the complexity of technology. Modelling as a subject has become as much a part of steel metallurgy as experimental characterisation for two reasons. Firstly, to compete, industry must
achieve solutions using minimal resources. Secondly, scientists are excited by the quantitative expression of multivariate problems.
Our goal is to create and apply theory which leads in the near future to novel steels and
associated technologies. It is rare that mathematical models alone influence an outcome.
We appreciate that it is more often the case that models are a part of a process which
includes insight and experimental observations. About half our work involves experimental
validation, but we always begin with calculations.
The subject is necessarily interdisciplinary so our group consists of metallurgists, chemical,
mechanical and electrical engineers, physicists and computer scientists. Our science
includes ab initio calculations based on electron theory, thermodynamics, irreversible thermodynamics (steady-state phenomena), kinetics including overall formulations, phase field
estimates, crystallographic manipulations, neural networks, genetic algorithms and coarse
grained analysis methods.
Since 2005, our work has led to
the creation of first-principles
data for the solution of silicon in
cementite; we have gone on to
implement these data into thermodynamic sets, and to calculate
paraequilibrium phase diagrams
where we force silicon into the
carbide. This leads naturally to
kinetic theory where we are able
to calculate the thermal stability
of the austenite that pervades
Fig. 1: dramatic changes in phase diagrams as a function of
TRIP-assisted steels. The next
the state of equilibrium. The show the coexistence of
stage will be to implement the
austenite and cementite, based on thermodynamic data
combination of models to optigenerated using electron theory
mise the use of cementite retarding elements in such steels. Fig. 1
illustrates the incredible contrast between the equilibrium and paraequilibrium ternary
phase diagrams; these go a long way towards explaining the consequences of silicon additions.

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In phase field theory, we have for the


first time, discovered a way of implementing rigorously the anisotropy of surface energy. Previous analysis were
based on ad hoc equations. The work
surprisingly revealed that it is only necessary to know, in the case of cubic and
hexagonal metals, the values of surface
energies at three surface orientations to
determine the entire g-plot (Fig. 2). This
dramatically reduces the need for expensive first principles calculations of surface
energies at many different orientations,
as has been the practice to date.

Fig. 2: Calculated orientation dependence of interface energy and comparison with embedded atom
estimates

In addition to the development of existing methods, we


are developing novel science; information computing is one
example where we have been able to obtain important
microstructural insight with little computing power (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3: Development of different crystallographic


variants of martensite using the new concept of
information computing.

The above examples represent the scientific advances needed to deal with the complexity
of steels. But they do not deal directly with technological advances. We are in the
advanced stages of commercialising two concepts for large scale production; watch this
space!
Apart from research, our ambition is to create and publish a comprehensive and freely
available set of teaching materials on the principles behind the mathematical modelling of
steels.
We hope that this brief article gives an impression of the type of work done in the computational metallurgy laboratory; more information on http://cml.postech.ac.kr

GIFT

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CSL

Clean Steel Laboratory


The word, cleanliness is a vitally important keyword in materials science and technology,
as cleaning is the first and essential step in making the most of unique properties of a
material of interest. It is imperative that the steel must be in the best state of 'cleanliness'
when steel is to be developed, innovated or created for a particular objective. The control
of steel cleanliness requires in-depth knowledge in thermodynamics, reaction kinetics and
fluid dynamics.
The mission of CSL, the Clean Steel Laboratory, is to develop process technologies which
enable to meet requirements for innovating steels in use and for creating new steels for
the future. It focuses mainly on high temperature physico-chemical interactions occurring
at various steps of steel production.
CSL provides its MS and PhD students with a rigorous
scientific and technical training through hands-on
experience and intensive discussion. They are led to
developing a sense of innovation and creation.
CSL has expertise in steel production technologies,
both practical processing and process simulation,
with a special emphasis on steelmaking, refining and
casting.
The following summarizes research emphasis of CSL:

Fluid Dynamics
In steelmaking, refining and subsequent solidification(casting) processes, materials are
treated mostly in mixed fluid states which
involve liquid-gas, liquid-liquid and/or liquidsolid multiphases. In the above processes,
flow may occur naturally during the course,
or may be induced to occur for a purpose.
Flow or mixing may render beneficial
effects like homogenizing concentration and
temperature, and enhancing the mass and
thermal transport. They may exert an adverse
influence on the cleanliness, if not properly
controlled, by bringing unwanted impurities
into the aiming materials.
CSL focuses on a deep understanding on the combined effect of the fluid flow and chemical reactions in complex reactor and/or flow systems. This offers a clue to new approaches
to improving and innovating reactors in steel production processes including furnaces,
ladles, tundishes and casting molds. CSL utilizes a number of computational fluid dynamic
(CFD) software and also develops its own models, whenever necessary.

High Temperature Thermochemistry


Most of steel production processes involve high temperature (e.g., 1,600oC), multi-components (e.g., Fe, C, Si, Mn, P, S, Al, Ti, Cr, O, N, ), and multi-phases (e.g., metal, slag,
flux, refractories, inclusions, precipitates, ). All these are under complex chemical interaction. Precision control of these interactions is vital to achieving the level of cleanliness
required for a steel product. Themochemistry, i.e., thermodynamics and reaction kinetics,
relevant to the steel production is then the essential science and technology.
CSL endeavors to develop thermodynamic and kinetic models which can correctly represent
heterogeneous interfacial reactions, components partition between phases, and evolution
of inclusions and precipitates. Much of the effort is also directed to beneficial utilization of
inclusions and precipitates for improving
microstructure of steel products. Determination
of physicochemical properties of materials with
complex compositions like metals, oxides, sulfides is another important part of activity of
CSL. Transport phenomena in a phase and
across phases are strongly influenced by
physicochemical properties like interfacial tension, viscosity, density, and conductivity(thermal and electrical).

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Solidification and Casting


Liquid steel with satisfactory cleanliness
eventually need to be solidified. Solidification
involves growth of the solid phase into the
liquid phase. As the solidification front
moves, a number of transport phenomena
occurs, which critically influence the quality
of cast products. These include micro- and
macro-segregation of elements due to
uneven distribution between liquid and solid,
and also dendritic growth of the solid front,
formation and evolution of inclusions and
precipitates, and push/engulfing of inclusions
at the solidification front. The surface quality
of the cast is also strongly influenced by the mold flux, an essential ingredient for continuous casting.
CSL focuses on dendritic growth, subsequent micro- and macro-segregation, inclusions formation and behavior, effect of surface active elements, and mold flux design.

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EML

Environmental Metallurgy Laboratory


Environmental metallurgy laboratory (EML) directed by Prof. Y. SASAKI has started from
September 2008. Currently (June 2009) it is comprised of 1 professor, 2 Postdoctoral fellows, 9 students in M. S. program and 1 student in Ph.D. program.
Our mission is the development of innovative technologies to meet the demand of environmental issues (CO2 issues, energy issues and resource issues) in iron- and steelmaking
processes. Our research subjects are the development of environmental-conscious process
for iron-steel production, waste treatment and new resource development with the minimum energy have divided into four divisions: (1) Energy and CO2 technology for iron-and
steelmaking processes, (2) Advancements of technology in conventional processes such as
BF process, (3) Development of gas alloying technology to meet the depletion of alloying
elements, and (4) Alternative ironmaking and H2 production process based on carbide
technology.
To develop the new processes, experiments as well as computational simulation are critically important, especially for their feasibility evaluation.
Thus, in EML, not only experiments but also
multi-scale modelling simulations by using DEM
and SPH are also carried out.
Discrete Element Methods (DEM) modeling coupled with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is
applied for the study of the breakout process of
coke, and the charging process in BF. Smoothed
Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is capable of dealing with problems with free surface, deformable
boundary, moving interface as well as extremely
large deformation. Thus, it can be used to study
the meltdown and agglomeration process of CCA
and cohesive zone phenomena in BF.
Along with the simulations, in-situ observation methods such as confocal scanning laser
microscopy (CSLM), high temperature X-ray diffraction analysis and X-ray computed
tomography are widely applied.

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Research Activities in EML


1. Breakthrough energy and CO2 technologies for iron- and steelmaking processes
One of EMLs main concerns is how to decrease CO2 emission and energy consumption in
ironmaking process. Despite of much effort in steel industries, there are very few areas are
remained to decrease CO2 emission or energy consumption since the iron- and steelmaking
process is already thermodynamically highly optimized. One of a few possible areas able to
improve is slag processing. Molten slags contain huge amount of sensible heat, and high
CaO content that are not used currently. Thus, several research projects such as (1) mineral CO2 sequestration process by slag carbonation, (2) reactive communition process of
slags for the development of the effective use of slags to capture CO2 and improve energy
efficiency of the process are in progress now.
2. Advancements in conventional technologies for iron- and steelmaking processes
Along with the development of innovative technologies, the improvement of conventional
system is also very important. For the further advancement of BF process, the improvement of physical and chemical properties of coke and sinter ore as well as the control of
their distributions during charge process is essential. For the improvement of coke properties, DEM simulation of raw materials charging process as well as coke breakage are in
progress now. The structural chemistry of calcium ferrite is also one of our main concerns
to enhance the reactivity of sinter ore.
3. Development of gas alloying technology
To meet the depletion of alloying elements such as
Ni, Co and W, the effective use of carbon and
nitrogen to produce highly functioned steels such
as sandwich structure steel with fine grained surface by surface reaction treatment, and enhancement of nitriding rate for the mass production
process austenitic stainless steel from ferritic stainless steel are investigated.

Image of grain distribution in sandwich


structure steel

4. Alternative ironmaking and H2 production process based on carbide technology


Iron carbide (Fe3C) offers the potential for the development of new iron and steel-making
technologies. Fe3C has several potential benefits: (a) larger concentration of carbon of 6.7
mass% possibly used as an energy source, (b) relatively
low energy consumption to produce Fe3C due to lower
operational temperature of about less than 650C.
Thus, Fe3C seems to be a suitable virgin iron charge for
the scrap melting processes.
Carbides have various unique characteristics, e.g., Mn3C
reacts with H2O and produce H2O at relatively low temperature. The effective use of the carbides is also investigated in EML to meet the environmental issues.
Manganese cycle for H2 production

GIFT

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Microstructure Control Laboratory


Meeting the Needs for Advanced Ferritic Alloys
In recent years, there have been ever increasing demands for energy conservation and
environmental protection. Such demands place a great burden for materials scientists to
develop high performance structural materials which have better mechanical properties
than conventional materials. One obstacle is that the improvement in one property (e.g.,
strength) often results in the degradation of other properties (e.g., ductility, toughness).
Understanding how the microstructure evolves during synthesis is of utmost importance for
the development of high performance structural materials needed for various applications.
MCL aims to develop and study novel tailor-made steels with superior properties and
functions by the control of microstructure, which, besides new knowledge, can ultimately
lead to applications as new types of engineering materials. A concept for microstructure
design is based on the combination of phase variables and scale variables. The recent
development enables us to utilize phase variables such as interfacial property,
thermal/mechanical stability, and morphology for design of structural materials. Combining
the phase variables with the scale variables such as nano- or micro-scale will enable us to
develop novel tailor-made steels with enhanced properties.

Research Programs

MCL
Deformation behavior of multiphase steels: Microstructure of the most advanced steels
consists of multiphase with various constituent phases, which respond to deformation in
much different ways. This program is to understand the deformation behavior of multiphase steels under various conditions including the effect of temperature and strain rate.

Phase Transformation Behavior: This includes the studies on phase transformation behavior of conventional steels as well as the non-equilibrium steels such as bulk amorphous
steels, which possess excellent combination of strength and corrosion resistance.
Processing: Conventional metal working processes such as hot/warm rolling are the subjects of this program. Fabrication of advanced steels by Twin-Roll Casting, our proprietary
process, is also the focus of this program.

All the research programs at MCL require the detailed characterization of microstructure by
advanced characterization techniques such as HREM, EBSD, etc. MCLs current research
programs as follows;

Development of linepipe steels for cryogenic application: Line pipe steels require the optimum combinations of various properties such as strength, low temperature toughness,
yield ratio, weldability, etc. The ultimate goal of this program is to develop linepipe steels
which can be used at temperatures much lower than the ones conventional steels are currently being used at.

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GIFT

25

MDL

Materials Design Laboratory


Designing Advanced Steels
MDL, the Materials Design Laboratory is one of the
divisions of GIFT. The focus of the MDL research is
physical materials-science and -technology of steel
products. Within GIFT, MDL plays a research leadership role in the areas of advanced Automotive Steels,
Galvanized products, Electrical Steels, Stainless steels
and Steel grades related to Power Transportation and
Generation. MDL also has considerable expertise in
the areas of steel products technologies, processing and process simulation, with a special
emphasis on hot rolling, cold rolling, continuous annealing and galvanizing. In addition,
materials testing, physical properties determination, and steel micro-characterization using
advanced techniques are also active research domains of MDL. By emphasizing technical
innovation for steel products, MDL aims to set the agenda for future steel product development. In this manner, the research carried out within MDL is well positioned to be complementary to the research activities of the other world class materials research institutes.

A Unique Approach to Steel Research


Research within MDL has a pronounced focus on technology and technical innovations through steel
research. Whereas most materials engineering
research tends to be midway between the fundamental and the purely technical, true innovation, with the
potential for a large impact on future development, is
generated when the research emphasizes either the
fundamentals or the advanced technologies. The MDL
approach to steel products research, development and
innovation therefore is driven by a strong industry-MDL interaction with clear medium term
aims, and MDL also provides basic research support, on a long term basis, for strategic
steel product domains.

Graduate Studies and Research with a Difference


MDL seeks to give its MS and PhD students a rigorous
scientific and technical training in materials research,
coupled to a sense for innovation and originality in
steel products design. As the research within MDL is
focused on innovation in steel products, the MS and
PhD thesis completed by MDL students is always technology-oriented, with an emphasis on core industry
research interests. Study and graduate research at
GIFT have a clear focus: steel and ferrous technology.
The MDL research, development and innovation are often driven by a strong industry inter-

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action. MDL provides basic research, on a long term basis, for strategic domains within ferrous technology. In MDL, both MS and PhD thesis research is clearly technology-oriented,
with an emphasis on industrial research interests. MDL has chosen for a very strong focus
on steels materials science. By emphasizing scientific progress and technical innovation,
MDL aims to educate future leaders with a global view on future steel products and technology developments.

Teamwork in Research
For graduate students, MDL is a unique place to do
research in that it offers more than just a place to
work on an advanced engineering diploma. The development of effective communication, organizational,
and international team working skills is very important
and given a lot of attention within MDL. This is
achieved through the preparation of project progress
meetings, the participation to international conferences, the writing of reports and journal publications.
During their graduate studies MDL students develop
other crucial professional skills such as learning to do
research work with constraints related to deadlines,
means and clear deliverables.

The Research Program


MDL has a variety of research programs in the following areas:
Automotive steels: the focus of the current MDL automotive steels
program is on advanced high strength steels for automotive applications. This group of steels includes Dual Phase steels,
Transformation-Induced Plasticity steels, Twinning Induced
Plasticity steels, and Martensitic steels. The research deals with
steel design concepts, processing issues and application-specific
materials performance testing.
Electrical steels: the program focus is on Grain-oriented Silicon
steels, Non-oriented Silicon steels. The MDL research analyses the
fundamental properties of these two key materials in energy transport and generation, with a special emphasis on domain engineering and magnetic loss control
Stainless steels: the aim of the Ferritic stainless steels program is
develop new highly formable ferritic grades by advanced microplasticity analysis of their mechanical properties

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27

Materials Mechanics Laboratory


The Materials Mechanics Laboratory (MML) aims at bringing long term values to both academia and industry. It will advance the field of Materials Mechanics and contribute to the
development of innovative forming process and products. In addition, the technology
developed in MML will be applied to specific issues bringing short term business value to
industry. MML will collaborate with academia, research institutions and industry worldwide
to explore innovations in forming technologies. MML will focus its research on advanced
high strength steels (AHSS), stainless steels and other steels of interest.
Compared to traditional drawing quality steels, advanced high strength steels (AHSS) are
stronger but more difficult to form into useful shapes for engineered products. The empirical rules that have been used to develop processes and products with traditional steels are
no longer valid with AHSS. In the sheet forming area, critical challenges for AHSS are the
wrinkling tendency and springback, which both affect geometrical accuracy, lower achievable stretching strains and reduced drawing depths. Moreover, many products such as fuel
cell separators made of stainless steel require tighter dimensional tolerances. Therefore, it
is necessary to develop new numerical and experimental tools in order to successfully
design innovative forming operations and products.

Numerical simulation of automotive inner


hood panel using finite element technology

Today, with advanced computer hardware and


software, it is possible to model material processing, product manufacturing, product performance in service, and failure. Although the finetuning of a product manufacturing and performance is empirical, modeling is an efficient tool
to guide and optimize design, to evaluate material attributes, and to predict life time and failure. Forming simulations are conducted using
commercial finite element codes. One of the
main inputs to the simulations is the so-called
constitutive description, the mathematical equations representing the material behavior. The

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Predicted thinning distribution in automotive


inner hood panel

Pole figure for an AHSS steel sample representing the distribution of crystal orientations

MML
goal of this numerical approach is to design new process and steel products in a short time
by taking advantage of simulation technologies combined with new accurate and efficient
material descriptions.
The challenge of this research is to develop
accurate constitutive models for plastic deformation tailored to new steel generations, yet
simple enough to allow time efficient numerical
simulations. Another challenge is to develop
advanced mechanical testing, characterization
and analysis in order to identify the constitutive
parameters. In these tests, it is necessary to
develop multi-axial and non-proportional loading modes, which are occurring in real forming
operations.

Yield surface concept representing the


plastic behavior of polycrystalline materials

The validation of forming simulation results with


laboratory scale experiments is necessary. This
activity is closely linked to the experimental
product and process design approach described
below.
In the forming industry, the newer technology
of digital servo-presses will expand and replace
the conventional mechanical presses in the
future. It is clear that innovations in forming
processes will emerge through this newer technology. Therefore, MML anticipates that it will Bulge tester for biaxial testing
lead to innovation in forming processes for
advanced steels in the future. Digital servo-presses are similar to the standard mechanical
presses currently available in most press-shops worldwide. However, the slide displacement and velocity can be modulated with servo-motors. As a result, it is possible to produce parts with higher forming depth and greater geometrical accuracy compared to parts
produced with traditional mechanical presses. MML will be equipped with an advanced version of this concept, a direct drive digital servo-press. In this press, each of the two slides
is driven by four columns controlled by independent servo-motors. One of the merits of
this technology is that, unlike standard equipment, this press is capable of maintaining
maximum force during the entire stroke of the slide. Therefore, this press is very effective
for deep-drawing processes of high strength steel sheets, which requires higher power
compared to traditional steels. In addition, this press can function like a hydraulic press
with lower slide velocity and higher accuracy. It is perfectly suitable for research, prototyping and small production trials. The challenge in this technology is to determine the optimum processing paths in a seemingly boundless realm of possibilities. This optimization
will require a synergistic interaction with numerical modeling activities.

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29

Surface Engineering Laboratory


The steel is the most fascinating material in the world because of its good properties. But,
the steel have a crucial defect, corrosion. For the results of the corrosion, the metal loses
its own properties. The problem of metallic corrosion is one of significant proportions; in
economic terms, and it has been estimated that approximately 6% of an industrialized
nations income is spent on corrosion prevention and the maintenance or replacement of
products lost or contaminated as a result of corrosion reaction. To control the corrosion of
the metal perfectly, Surface Engineering Laboratory was established in GIFT at POSTECH.

Our Research Plan for 2009~2012


Corrosion resistant Steels
- Hydrogen induced cracking and sulfide stress cracking of API grade steel
- Development of metallic bipolar plate for PEMFC
- Development of metallic interconnect for SOFC
Protective metallic coatings (galvanizing)
- Corrosion mechanism for GI- ACE coating
- Surface oxide analysis on TRIP steel for galvanizing
- To define cut-edge corrosion mechanism for galvanizing steel sheet
Organic coatings
- Self- healing protective coatings using corrosion inhibitive nano-capsule
- Cr- free UV- curable coating
- Next generation pre-sealed coating for automotive steel sheet
- UV-Dual cure system for automotive topcoat application
Conversion Coatings
- Non- phosphate conversion coatings
To give a brief introduction of ongoing projects in SEL there is short information of each
topic studied by our students.

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SEL
elements (REs) such as Crofer22APU and ZMG232 have been developed for SOFC interconnects. The current study in SEL focuses on the investigation of the effect of REs such as Y,
La, Si and Ti on the oxidation behavior and scale properties of stainless steel.
Development of Metallic Bipolar Plate for PEMFC
The main function of bipolar plate is to provide electrical connection between the individual
cells and to supply reactant gases separately. The basic requirements for the bipolar plate
material include high electrical conductivity, good mechanical strength, and good corrosion
resistance. Stainless steel is modified with alloy elements and by surface treatment to
improve the stability of the passive film in an acidic environment as well as to reduce the
contact resistance. The purpose of present research is to provide a direction and some
guidelines in future material design of SOFC and PEMFC interconnect.
Next generation composite coatings for Automotive steel sheet
The welding capability of organic coatings is
of great importance for the automotive
industry as much as the anticorrosive ability. Nowadays SEL is developing the next
generation of weldable primers which has
improved corrosion resistance and weldability with less amount of zinc. To achieve this
objective, we are researching about the
effect of metal particle on the corrosion
resistance and welding capability. This project will be later extended to the development of
eco-friendly coating technologies such as waterborne and UV-curing. We are also investigating advanced composite coating systems which are suitable to be employed at high
temperature processing environment.

Hydrogen Induced Cracking and Sulfide Stress Cracking of API Grade Steel
Oil and natural gas with wet H2S are very aggressive to the high strength low alloy (HSLA)
steel used for digging and transporting the products. In the SEL, the main objectives about
this research field are to understand the mechanism and to find out prevention method of
hydrogen related problems such as hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) or sulfide stress
cracking (SSC) for especially HSLA steels.

Self- healing protective coatings using corrosion inhibitive nano-capsule


While conventional anticorrosion coatings are just passive barriers that prevent the interaction of corrosive species with a metal, future nanotechnology based protective coatings will
be smart, i.e. they will provide several functionalities that will in effect result in self-healing capabilities. Among the various methods of developing a smart coating, we are currently working on the design of self-healing anti-corrosive coating materials by incorporating
polymeric nanocapsules containing organic corrosion inhibitors inside.

Development of Metallic Interconnect for SOFC


Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is the most efficient way
to generate electricity from a variety of fuels such as
hydrogen, methane, or even natural gases owing to
their high operating temperatures typically in the range
800C~1000C. Ferritic stainless steel has become a
promising material for metallic interconnects for SOFC
operating in an intermediate temperature range (650C
~800 C). Ferritic stainless steels containing reactive

To define Cut-edge corrosion Mechanism for Galvanizing steel sheet


Zinc coated steels have been widely used as a high corrosion-resistive steels for vehicle
body panel, steel house, etc. Coating layer of zinc and zinc alloys can enough protect the
substrate steel. The steel part is, however, exposed directly to atmosphere at cut edge surface. Since the cut edge comprises a galvanic couple between the coating zinc layer and
the steel, the anodic part of corrosion reaction concentrates to the coated zinc layer, and
the cathodic reaction preferentially takes place at the cut-edge steel part uncoated by zinc
layer. Thus metallic corrosion at exposed cut edges is a potential failure mechanism that
must be assessed when evaluating the potential performance of new coating technologies.

POSTEH

GIFT

31

How to get to GIFT at POSTECH


Pohang, located approximately 200 miles southeast of Seoul, Korea, can be easily
reached by plane, bus or train.
ASIANA and KOREAN Airlines provide flight services between Seoul and Pohang daily.
Flight time is around 50 minutes.
The Korean National Railroad system provides Korea Train Express (KTX) service that
allows passengers to go to any destination in the country within three hours. From
Seoul, you may take the KTX to Dong-Daegu and take a connecting commuter rail to
Pohang. Direct trains (Saemaeul) take approximately 5 hours between Seoul and
Pohang, and reservations are required to guarantee seats on all trains.
The express buses run every 10 to 30 minutes between Pohang and all major cities in
Korea.

The POSTECH campus stretches over 378 acres and is surrounded by forest-covered
hills. POSTECH is a private residential university, with student and faculty housing
conveniently on or near the campus. The GIFT campus environment is fully bilingual
(Korean and English). As Many as 300 international students and researchers study
and carry out their research program on campus. As GIFT aims to be an institution
with an international reputation, it has adopted English as the official language of
instruction.

<Contact Us>
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology (GIFT),
Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH),
166-5 Jigok-Dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, 790-390, Korea
Tel: +82 54 279 9201~9211
Fax: +82 54 279 9299
Email: gift-home@postech.ac.kr
http://gift.postech.ac.kr

Hyung san riveer

SOUTH KOREA

Pohang
Station

East Sea
MBC

Pohang City

ANG UNIVER
S
POH

SCIENCE
A
TECHNOLOGY
ND

OF
ITY

POSTECH

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KBS

Pohang
Airport

Gyeong-ju

Seoul

SOUTH KOREA

POSCO

GIFT

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Campus Map

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1. Administration Building
2. Science Building I
3. Mathematical Science Building
4. Hogil Kim Memorial Hall
5. Auditorium
6. Science Building II
7. Science Building III
8. Science Building IV
9. Science Building V
10. Student Union Building
11. Sports Field
12. Main Gate
13. PIRL and GSIT
14. LG Cooperative Electronics Engineering
15. School of Environmental Engineering
16. Jigok Community Center
17. Student Dormitories
18. Gymnasium
19. Indoor Tennis Courts
20. Graduate Student Apartments
21. Chemistry Building
22. Life Science Building

23. Industrial Engineering Laboratories Building


24. Machine Shop
25. Chemical Engineering Laboratories Building
26. Mechanical Engineering Laboratories Building
27. Wind Tunnels
28. Pohang Accelerator Laboratory
29. Faculty Apartments
30. RIST Administration Building
31. RIST Research Building I
32. RIST Research Building II
33. RIST Research Building III
34. RIST Research Building IV
35. East Gate
36. Tae-Joon Park Digital Library
37. POSTECH Biotech Center
38. Pohang Institute of Intelligent Robotics
39. POSCO International Center
40. Nakwon Apartments
41. National Center for Nanomaterials Technology
42. Jigok Research Building
43. Pohang Institute of Metal Industry Advancement
44. Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology (GIFT)

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