GAS TURBINE COMPONENTS

The temperature and loads experienced

by different components vary throughout
the turbine

BCADES
~ I/'

:0"8U5T'ON
C'NS

The materials used for the components

reflect their unique operating conditions

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TURB'NE
ROTOR

L ~rJl

TH'RMAl
OARR"RS

,~

lOW
OBSERve,BU

~_..'

LIBURDI

THE GAS TURBINE CYCLE

COMBUS nON

D'f C.
'\)00 ""'"

'XHAUST

to\,.

"oo
'OGO ""'"

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"'"

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e,<

LIBURDI

THE GAS TURBINE CYCLE

~
"'\~\ ~::f
~

A comparison

between the working cycle of a piston engine and a turbo-jet engine

LIBURDI

COMPRESSOR COMPONENTS
Compressor components (blades, vanes and
discs) operate at relatively low temperature,
particularly at front stages
The rotating parts (especially disks) have high
centrifugal loads, so high tensile strength and
strength to weight ratios are desirable
Since all the components are subject to
aerodynamic impulses, high cycle fatigue
strength is a consideration
Corrosion and erosion resistance area also
important since the components will frequently
be exposed to wet or dusty conditions
Materials: Alloy steels, 400 series stainless
steels, PH stainless steels, Ti Alloys and Ni-Fe
base superalloys (high compression ratios)
4

LIBURDI

TURBINE DISKS

.
.
.

Turbine disks are subject to high loads in the

hub and in the blade attachments (fir tree)
Temperatures are moderately low in the hub
but can be high in the rim depending on the
blade and cooling design
Disks are also subject to high cycle fatigue
loads from blade vibration and low cycle
fatigue loads from start/stop cycles

A combination of high tensile strength and

fatigue resistance, combined, In some
designs, moderate creep resistance is
required

Materials: high strength steels, 12Cr stainless

steels and Fe-Ni base superalloys

LIBURDI

COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF DISK ALLOYS
'"

IN-718

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',',~70~' ;,

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.',
T,mpm'u,"fo,;;o~~oo
h,., ,~~o-""
'_m_L
T(20+ log 'I' 10
",-m'-------

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STRESS RUPTURE LIFE

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TENSILE STRENGTH
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LIBURDI

COMBUSTION HARDWARE
REVERSE-FLOW

COMBUSTION SYSTEM

Retractable
Spark Plug

Compressor

nloC"i1I"~t

AI;

TYPICAL COMBUSTION SYSTEM

(
J

LIBURDI

COMBUSTION COMPONENTS
.

Combustion components operate at high temperatures with low to

moderate loads

Thus creep, thermal fatigue and oxidation resistance are all

important
The geometry of combustor parts is complex, so the alloys must be
readily formed, machined and fabricated
Materials: Lower strength and high ductility Ni-Fe and Co-base
superalloy sheet materials

.
.

LIBURDI

TURBINE VANES

Temperature distribution of typical combustor transition outlet

LIBURDI

TURBINE VANES (NOZZLES)

PIN FINS

.~

NOZZLE COOLING FEATURES

10

LIBURDI

TURBINE VANES
.

First stage turbine vanes have the

most severe temperature
exposure in the engine

Alloys must be able to withstand

thermal fatigue loading and
oxidation

.
.
.

Higher creep strength is required

to withstand gas bending loads on
cantilevered latter stage vanes
Complex geometries require good
castability
Materials: Cast Co or Ni-based
superalloys

11

LIBURDI

TURBINE BLADES

.
.
.
.
.

Blades are subject to high

centrifugal loads at high
temperatures
Cooled designs also have high
thermal stresses
Creep strength is of primary
importance
Alloys must be able to withstand
thermal and high cycle fatigue
loading and oxidation
Materials: Precipitation-hardened
Ni based superalloys
,r

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12

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LIBURDI

TURBINE BLADES (VS. BUCKETS)

NoeL

Buckets are driven by impulse

(change in momentum) derived
from turning the gas flow
. Blades derive their work
reaction forces due to the
acceleration of the gas flow
. In practice most turbine
"blades" use a combination of
these mechanisms

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A
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Typical reaction/impulse
gas turbine blade design

13

Typical impulse type

steam turbine design

LIBURDI

FORCES ACTING ON A TURBINE

BLADE

14

LIBURDI

AERODYNAMIC EXCITATION OF
BLADING
500
450

MO7

400

N
c' I.
>'-.1)-

,,'-.J
"",--

350

MOd:!:

~
300
:::J

g- 250
at
200

150
2
::L.....J
3600.0

MOd7

100
0.0

1000.0
Rotor Speed (RPM)

15

LIBURDI

TURBINE BLADE COOLING SYSTEM

Intern.1:
>elpenlille p"SSJU"S Wllh
IlIIblll.II">.
leadillu ed'I" 1I1Ii"IIU"II,elll
ilnd lIilillllU "due P"SSil\J" Wllh 1'"1 11115
SlIcllonside
film with shaped
holes

Trailing-edge
pressure-side

16

cooling
slots

wilh

LIBURDI

TRENDS IN TURBINE INLET

TEMPERATURES
Temperature

Coatad
TurlJinG

(K)

Domonsttstor
Technology

2100
:~:ooled -;;:;:~...

1900

Tuob'n.
Blad..

TurbinG
Blado.

Production

1700

000

Tochnology

~(~

1500
<>

1300

---~:==::f-~~-~

--:~:-~-~c
~

SC Cast

IIlloys

os Cdst IIlloys

1100 1o---::o---===-l-(:.o-tAII;y~'
---

Wrought IIlIoys
t

900
1940

>

1960

1980
Year

2000

17

2020

LIBURDI

TRENDS IN TURBINE BLADE

COOLING DESIGN

2000

fE1'"

m",c>

I~

]800

1600
]400

1200

UNCOOLED

BLADF

]000

IN SERVice

1960

18

]970

]~8(1

l'iSi!

YEAR

2000

LIBURDI

TRENDS IN TURBINE BLADE

ALLOYS
2100
PWA
1492

2000
PW31484

G::'

E
'"
0-

PAWI4S8

..

. .PWAI487
CMSX4

N5
. .N4
8R142

1900

'"

C>
1800
'"\5
a:;
0-

E
~

ro
0;
:;;;

1700

. Equiax

1600

. Single Crystal

. Poolycrystal

1500
1950

1970

1960

1980

2000

1990

ApproximateYearof Introduction
19

LIBURCI

ROLLS ROYCE AVON AERO-DERIVATIVE

GAS GENERATOR (MARK 1535)

Inlet T - 1684F (918C)

Exhaust T -1168F
20

(631C) (Base Load - Natural Gas)

LIBURCI

ROLLS ROYCE AVON

GAS GENERATOR
DESIGN FEATURES
Compressor

Compressor

Type: Axia!
No. Stages. 17
Pressure Ratio 9 to 1
Air Flow: 76 kg per sec ,c
Design Speed 7550 rpm
Combustor
Type' Cannuiar
No. Combustors 8
ignition High energy igniters
No. Igniters: 2
No. Fue! Nozzles 8
MATERIALS

.~.

Dimensions
liJOOkg
x'l x 1 flI

Storler

OF CONSTRUCTION

. --

Control System
Supplied by pockoOGf

Bearings
Journol RoHer cwc1
Thlust Boil

Combustor

Compressor
Froni
Alclu"'lJrn
l1eor
COfhon s!eel
J(Jes Staae 00
Jiloni"", c
Stage 315
liIan:um
0.2
O!ioy
Slater Vones
OD
Cr stee!
-12% Cr steel
Stoqe b.15
. 0.4
Aluminum alloy
Discs
Ferr:k
slee
..-

Turbine

Stoges' 3
Cooling 1sl 2nd
hlocJes

-.

CompressOI

Turbine

. --".._--

21

LIBURDI

AVON MK. 1535 TURBINE COOLINGAIR

~
:;:~\

HP N.G.V
material
X40
H P rotor 1)!,,(le
materral INCO 738

22

G 7275/1

LIBURDI

ROLLS ROYCE RB211 AERODERIVATIVE GAS GENERATOR

Inlet T - 221 OaF (1160C)

Exhaust T - 1322F (717C) (Base Load - Natural Gas)
23

LIBURCI

ROLLS ROYCE RB211

GAS GENERATOR
DESIGN FEATURES
Starte,

Conhol

System

Dimensions

HP CQmp'essar

Combusto,

24

LIBURCI

GENERAL ELECTRIC LM 6000

GAS TURBINE

Inlet T - 2300F (1200C)

Exhaust T - 950F (500C) (Base Load - Natural Gas)
25

LIBURCI

GENERAL ELECTRIC LM 6000

GAS TURBINE
'"'
NO,

["9<C' CeW" Sy",m

',',CCSC,x,",ec'"",
1SD
~cc

.'<e ?Cewe 280 Ib/cec

""'9C
hP 10,

Dlm,n"',"'

MATERIALS

OF CONSTRUCTION

--------

HP Tu,bice

'rd2

Combu$1o1
Une,
.. H5188
0"'C9

.",'ng$

26

"'cenel

M50

713

--------

LIBURCI

GENERAL ELECTRIC MS3002J

GAS TURBINE

Inlet T - 1730F (943C)

Exhaust T - 979F (526C) (Base Load - Natural Gas)
27

LIBURDI

GENERAL ELECTRIC MS3002J

GAS TURBINE
DESIGN FEATURES

Compressor
A"o,

Turbine

Power Turbine Beorings

SIarler

Conlrol

HP Rolor Bearings

Syslem

Dimensions

Power Turbine

Compressor

Turbine
Exhousl

----------------------

28

LIBURDI

GENERAL ELECTRIC MS7001 E

GAS TURBINE

Inlet T - 2020F (1104C)

Exhaust T

1000F (537C) (Base Load - Natural Gas)

29

LIBURDI

GENERAL ELECTRIC MS7001 E

GAS TURBINE
General Electric MS7001E Gas Turbine
DESIGN FEATURES
Tuebine

Dimecoion,

Combustoe

Slodee

Tmbin.

Combu,loe
"ne'
I
Tcon""'"
"haust
- --

30

LIBURDI

GENERAL ELECTRIC FRAME 7FA

GAS TURBINE

Inlet T - 2420F (1327C)

Exhaust T -1093F (589C) (Base Load - Natural Gas)
31

LIBURCI

GENERAL ELECTRIC FRAME 7FA

GAS TURBINE

Turbine Output, MW
Heat Rate, LHV
BTUlkWh (kJ/kWh)
Firing Temperature,
Pressure

Ratio

Compressor

Stages

Turbine Stages
Combustion
System
32

150

159

167.8

171.7

9880 (10420)

9500 (10020)

9380 (9894)

9360 (9873)

2350 (1287)

2400 (1316)

2420 (1327)

13.5:1,

15:1

15:1

15.5:1

18

18

18

18

F (C) 2300 (1260)

3
Can-Annular

Can-Annular

Can-Annular

Can-Annular

LIBURCI

GENERAL ELECTRIC FRAME 7FA

GAS TURBINE
MATERIALS:
.

Compressor (Blades and Vanes):

Custom 450 and 403

Combustion Components:

Hastelloy X, Nimonic 263!TBC

Nozzle:

FSX414, GTD222/ TBC

Buckets:

GTD111, GTD111DS,
GTD444 DS,N5,
TBC/GT33/Chramide

Disks:

Fe-Ni Superalloy

Casing:

Cast Iran

33

LIBURDI

WESTINGHOUSE 501 G
GAS TURBINE

Inlet T - 2583F (1417C)

~
34

Exhaust

T - 11OooF (593C)

LIBURDI

WESTINGHOUSE 501 G
GAS TURBINE
Siemens Westinghouse W501G Industrial Gas Turbine
DESIGN

FEATURES

Compressor
Type Axia! Fiow.
No.
17

Turbine

No
Siages
Peessure RaM
192:1
M Flow 1170 Iblsec
Des>g"
Sp""d

Sp""d.

Type

Single Shaft
1 IGV

1.3

Blade

1.3

Cooling

Bearings
Journal
2
Theus! 1 I

3600

MATERIALS

Axial flow

NQ Stages: 4
Vane Cooling
Stages
Stages

Pad

OF CONSTRUCTION
Turbine

Compressor
Casings
CarbQnl~,lIoy
Blades
403 Sta,nless

Steels
cnated

Vanes. 403 Stainless

DIScs N,CrMoV Steel
, Combustor
ombustor
Trans,tlon

'1&2,

TBC CO ated

Inconel

--~.._--

35

LIBURDI

STEAM TURBINES
. Steam turbines are primarily used for power generation using steam
from fossil fuel fired boilers, nuclear reactors and increasingly in
combined cycle with gas turbines
Fuel Gas In

Electrical ~
Generator

36