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E=
x(t )
dt .
(12.1)
P = lim
x(t )
dt .
(12.2)
If 0 < E < , then the signal x(t ) is called an energy signal. However, there are
signals where this condition is not satisfied. For such signals we consider the
power. If 0 < P < , then the signal is called a power signal. Note that the power
for an energy signal is zero (P = 0) and that the energy for a power signal is
infinite (E = ) . Some signals are neither energy nor power signals.
Let us consider a periodic signal x(t ) with period T0 . The signal energy in
one period is
259
T0
2
E1 =
x(t )
dt
T
0
2
E n = nE1 = n
T0
2
x(t )
dt .
T
0
2
nE1 1
1
=
E1 =
n nT0
T0
T0
P = lim
T0
2
x(t )
dt .
(12.3)
T
0
2
If the signal energy over one period is larger than zero but finite, then the total
energy is infinite and the signal power is finite. Therefore, the signal is a power
signal.
If the signal energy in one period is infinite, then both the power and the total
energy are infinite. Consequently, the signal is neither an energy signal nor a
power signal.
Consider a current signal i (t ) flowing through a transmission line represented
by resistance R. The energy loss in the line is
ER =
R(i(t )) dt = RE
2
Pav =
1
T0
T0
2
R(i(t )) dt = RP
2
T
0
2
260
In the special case in which R = 1 the energy loss in the line is the same as
the signal energy in i (t ) and the power loss is the same as the power of the
periodic signal i (t ) .
Example 12.1
E=
e u (t )
t
dt = e
2t
1
dt = e 2t
2
=
0
1
.
2
The signal x(t ) is an energy signal. Since E is finite the signal power P = 0 .
Example 12.2
P=
1
T0
T0
2
T
0
2
2
Ae j 0 t dt
1
T0
T0
2
A dt = A
2
T
0
2
261
E=
x (t ) dt =
2
x (t ) x (t ) dt = x (t )F
1
= x (t )
2
1
= x (t )
2
-1
(X
( j ) d t =
X ( j ) e d dt = x (t )
2
X ( j ) e j t d d t
jt
X ( j ) e jt d dt =
E=
=
1
2
1
2
1
X ( j ) x(t ) e jt dt d =
X ( j ) X ( j ) d =
X ( j )
d .
x(t )
1
2
dt =
X ( j ) d
2
(12.4)
signal x(t ) .
262
x(n)
E=
(12.5)
n =
(12.6)
A discrete-time energy signal is defined as one for which 0 < E < and a
discrete-time power signal is defined as one for which 0 < P < . It is possible
for a discrete-time signal to be neither an energy signal nor a power signal.
Example 12.3
Compute the signal energy and signal power for the discrete-time signal
n
1
x(n ) = u (n ) .
4
We apply relationship (12.5)
E=
x(n)
n =
1
4
n =0
n 2
1
= .
n = 0 16
The expression on the right hand side is a geometric series; hence, we have
E=
1
1
1
16
16
.
15
Compute the signal power and signal energy for the discrete-time signal
x(n ) = e10 jn u (n ) .
263
We apply equation (12.6)
N
N
1
1
N +1 1
2
P = lim
x(n ) = lim
1n2 = lim
= .
N 2 N + 1 n = N
N 2 N + 1 n = 0
N 2 N + 1
2
Since 0 < P < , the signal x(n ) is a power signal and its energy is infinite.
( )
Let x(n ) be a discrete-time signal and X e j its DTFT. Then, the equation
~
x(n ) =
2
n =
1
2
X (e )
j~
~
d
(12.7)
holds.
Expression (12.7) is known as Parsevals relation for a discrete-time signal. This
result is similar to (12.4) and can be derived in a similar manner. Parsevals
relation states that the discrete-time signal energy can be determined either using
~
1
(12.5) or integrating
X e j over a full 2 interval. Similarly as in the
2
continuous-time case,
x(n ) .
( )
X (e ) is called an energy spectral density of the signal
j~