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Abstract
The dynamic stability problem of a shape memory alloy reinforced composite beam subjected to an axial periodic dynamic force
was studied. The shape memory alloy (NITINOL) bers were embedded along the neutral axis of a ber glass composite beam. A
large tensile recovery force develops in the bers due to the phase transformation and the mechanical constraints. The numerical
parametric studies of the natural frequencies and static buckling loads of the composite beam with activated SMA bers were
investigated.
The nite element method and the harmonic balance method were used to calculate the instability region of the composite beam.
The SMA bers were found to have a signicant eect on the dynamic stability regions. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights
reserved.
Keywords: Shape memory alloy; Dynamic stability; Composite beam
1. Introduction
Shape memory alloys are materials which have a
distinctive shape recovery eect. The shape memory effect can generate signicant forces during shrinkage as it
undergoes its unique phase transformation by temperature change. The utilization of the shape memory
nickeltitanium alloy (NITINOL) in developing smart
composite was proposed by Rogers et al. [1]. Brinson
and Lammering [2] propose a nonlinear nite element
procedure which incorporates a thermo-dynamically
derived constitutive law to study the shape memory alloy material behavior. Harlbut and Regelbrugge [3]
evaluated a phenomenological three-dimensional constitutive model for shape memory alloys embedded in
shell structures.
Lee and Seo [4] investigated the buckling and postbuckling control of composite beams with embedded
shape memory alloy actuators. The position control of a
composite beam actuated by a shape memory wire was
proposed by Song et al. [5]. Birman and associates [6]
studied deformations and stresses in hybrid shape
memory alloy plates subjected to low velocity impact.
Chen and Levy [7] worked on the active vibration con*
0263-8223/02/$ - see front matter 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 2 6 3 - 8 2 2 3 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 0 8 - 9
236
in which
and
Xn eL En;
where EA and EM are Youngs modulus of 100% austenite and 100% martensite, respectively. eL is the maximum recoverable strain.
The
martensite
fraction
n
during
the
M martensite ! A austenite transformation is assumed to have the following form
n
n0
f cos aA T AS bA r 1g;
2
where
aA
p
;
Af AS
bA
CA
aA
;
CA
dAS
dr
5
1
p
;
MS Mf
aM
;
bM
CM
1
dMS
CM
:
dr
aM
The four temperature parameters are martensite nish temperature (Mf ), martensite start temperature (MS ),
austenite start temperature (AS ) and austenite nish
temperature (Af ).
The material parameters for the NiTi shape memory
alloy ber are shown in Table 1.
3. Formulation of the problem
A composite beam made of randomly oriented shape
glass ber in the resin matrix is considered. The NITINOL bers are embedded inside rubber sleeves placed
along the neutral axes of the composite beam, as shown
in Fig. 1. The bers are free to move in this arrangement
in order to avoid degradation of the shape memory effect. The beam on an elastic foundation model [16] in
Fig. 2 is chosen to study dynamic stability problems of a
composite beam reinforced with NiTi shape memory
alloy ber. The material properties of the beam are assumed to be constant during the temperature change
process of the NITINOL bers.
The Timoshenko beam theory is used in the present
analysis. The assumptions of small deformations are
made here. The nite element method is adopted to
solve the dynamic problems of the composite beam with
NiTi bers. The composite beam element can be treated as an orthotropic laminate because of the unidirectional reinforcement of NiTi bers.
Hamiltons principle is applied to derive the dynamic
equilibrium equation of the composite beam reinforced
with NiTi shape memory bers. The RayleighRitz nite element method is also used to solve the dynamic
stability problems of a reinforced composite beam subjected to an axial periodic force.
The following equation is hold due to Hamiltons
principle
Z t2
dT U dW dt 0;
8
t1
Table 1
Material properties for the NITINOL alloy
Moduli, density
Transformation temperature C
Transformation constants
EA 67 103 MPa
EM 26:3 103 MPa
H 0:55 MPa/C
q 6448 kg=m3
Mf 9
MS 18:4
AS 34:5
Af 49
CM 8 MPa/C
CA 13:8 MPa/C
eL 0:067 (max. strain)
Diameter: 0.5 mm
237
J x qIx:
Fig. 2. A composite beam on elastic foundation subjected to an external axial load. kf x is the function of elastic foundation.
Therefore
10
and
Z
l
0
ow
m
ox
2
1
dx
2
l
0
owb
J x
ox
2
dx:
13
wx; t Nt x fqe g;
#x; t Nr x fqe g;
16
in which
17
owb
:
ox
k AG
dx
kf xw2 dx 12
2 0
2 0
ox
1
T t
2
fqe g fw1 ; #1 ; w2 ; #2 gT
ow owb ows
ox
ox
ox
#x; t
15
18
14
Kfe
Z
Z
19
20
21a
21b
0
l
T
21c
21d
Bs k 0 GABs dx;
0
l
Nt kf xNt dx;
0
238
Mbe
Mse
Z
Z
l
T
Nt qAxNt dx;
21e
Nr T qINr dx:
21f
29
l
0
23
where
Kge
M fqg K Kf aPcr Kg
24
f qg
1
X
fai g sin
i1;3;...
Substituting Eqs. (19), (20) and (23) into Eq. (8), the
element dynamic equation of a beam subjected to an
axial force P can be obtained
M e f
qe g K e Kfe P Kge fqe g f0g
25
in which
M e Mbe Mse :
26
27
28
iht
2
fbi g cos
iht
2
;
30
Table 2
Material properties and dimensions of the beam
Youngs modulus, E (GPa)
Poissons ratio, m
Density, q kg=m3
Length (m)
Width (m)
3.43
1.27
0.35
1250
0.2
0.03
239
Table 3
The rst mode natural frequencies (Hz) of a clampclamped composite beam with shape memory alloy bersa
SMA wires
5
10
15
25 C
45 C
65 C
Present
Ref. [16]
Present
Ref. [16]
Present
Ref. [16]
44.56096
50.35212
55.54055
44.4668
50.22763
55.39254
57.86093
72.49647
84.61214
57.70432
72.30353
84.41452
70.24685
91.75528
109.0402
70.0573
91.56567
108.906
a 0
The static buckling of the shape memory alloy reinforced composite beam are studied in Figs. 5 and 6.
Again, it can be seen that the buckling strength increase
with increasing number of NITINOL wires and the prestrain can increase the buckling load of the composite
beam. Plots of dynamic load parameter b vs. frequency
parameter h=x are made in Fig. 7. It shows the eect of
temperature of the NITINOL wires. The primary dynamic instability regions are presented in Fig. 7. It can
be that the increase of wire temperature will shift the
parametric resonance frequency to higher frequency
parameter h=x and get smaller instability region. It
means that the higher wire temperature will let the
composite beam more stable. Fig. 8 shows the eects of
the number of NITNOL wires on the dynamic instability regions. It can also be seen that more NITINOL
wires will increase the stiness of the composite beam,
240
Fig. 8. The eect of number of NITINOL wires on the primary instability region, clampclamp B.C. (a 0:5; 65 C, 0.1% pre-strain).
the system will get more stable when we use more wires
to reinforce the beam.
The eect of the pre-strain is shown in Fig. 9. Because
the pre-strain can increase the stiness of the composite
Nt x Nt1
Nt2
Nt3
Nt4 ;
Nr x Nr1
Nr2
Nr3
Nr4 ;
1
1 3n2 2n3 1 nU ;
1U
l
U
2
3
2
n 2n n n n ;
Nt2
1U
2
1
U
2
3
2
3n 2n n n ;
Nt3
1U
2
l
U
Nt4
n2 n3 n n2 ;
1U
2
Nt1
Nr1
6
n n2 ;
l1 U
Nr2
1
1 4n 3n2 1 nU ;
1U
Nr3
6
n n2 ;
l1 U
Nr4
241
1
2n 3n3 nU ;
1U
x
n ;
l
12EI
U 0
;
k GAl2
2
K e
12
6
EI
6
U 4
6l
4 Ul2
l3 1
SYMM
2
Kge
6
6
301 U l 4
36 60U 30U2
3
12
6l
6l 2 Ul2 7
7;
12
6l 5
4 Ul2
3l
4 5U 2:5U2 l2
SYMM
2
Mbe
6
6
26
2101 U 4
70U2 147U 78
qAl
35U2 77U 44 4l
2
7U2 14U 8 l4
3
3l
1 5U 2:5U2 l2 7
7;
5
3l
4 5U 2:5U2 l2
35U2 63U 27
35U2 63U 26 4l
70U2 147U 78
SYMM
2
Mse
6
6
301 U l 4
36
qI
3 15Ul
10U2 5U 4l2
36
15U 3l
36
SYMM
x
n ;
l
12EI
U 0
:
k GAl2
References
[1] Roger C, Liang C, Jia J. Structural modication of simply
supported laminated plates using embedded shape memory alloy
bers. Comput Struct 1991;38, see also 516, 569580.
[2] Brinson LC, Lammering R. Finite element analysis of the
behavior of shape memory alloys and their applications. Int J
Solids Struct 1993;30(23):326180.
[3] Harlbut BJ, Regelbrugge ME. Evaluation of a constitutive model
for shape memory alloys embedded in shell structures.
J Reinforced Plastics Compos 1996;15:124961.
[4] Lee JJ, Seo DC. A study on the buckling and postbuckling control
of composite beams with embedded NiTi actuators. J Compos
Mater 2000;34(17):1494510.
[5] Song G, Kelly B, Agawal BN. Active position control of a shape
memory alloy wire actuated composite beam. Smart Mater Struct
2000;9:7116.
[6] Birman V, Chandrashekhara K, Sain S. Global strength of hybrid
shape memory composite plates subjected to low velocity impact.
J Reinforced Plast Compos 1997;16:791809.
3
35U2 63U 26 4l
2
7U2 14U 6 l4 7
7
2 7;
35U2 77U 44 l4 5
2
7U2 14U 6 l4
3
3 15Ul
5U2 5U2 1l2 7
7;
5
15U 3l2
2
2
10U 5U 4l