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Chapter 2
Circuit Elements
.
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Circuit elements:
There are five ideal basic circuit elements: voltage sources, current
sources, resistors, inductors, and capacitors.
In this chapter we discuss the characteristics of voltage sources, current
sources, and resistors.
Inductors and capacitors will be discussed in Chapter 6, where their use
requires solving integral and differential equations.
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Fig.2.2(a),
the
controlling
voltage is named
, the equation
that
the
determines
voltage
supplied
is:
is:
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current is:
The multiplying constant has the dimension amperes per volt.
In Fig.2.2(d), the controlling current is
current
is:
.
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Figure.2.3
Solution
Connection (a) is valid. Each source supplies voltage across terminals a, b. This
:
requires
that each source supply the same voltage with the same polarity to each
terminal, which they do.
Connection (b) is valid. Each source supplies current through terminals a, b. This
requires that each source supply the same current to each terminal in the same
direction, which they do.
Connection (c) is not permissible. Each source supplies voltage across terminals a, b.
This requires that each source supply the same voltage with the same polarity to
each terminal, which they do not.
Connection (d) is not permissible. Each source supplies current through terminals a,
b. This requires that each source supply the same current to each terminal in the
same direction, which they do not.
Connection (e) is valid. The voltage source supplies voltage across terminals a, b.
The current source supplies current throughterminals. Because an ideal voltage
source supplies the same voltage regardless of the current, and an ideal current
source supplies the same current regardless of the voltage, this is a permissible
connection.
.
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Figure. 2.4
Solution:
Connection
(a) is invalid. Both the independent source and the dependent source
supply voltage across terminals a, b. This requires that each source supply the same
voltage with the same polarity. The independent source supplies 5 V, but the
dependent source supplies 15 V.
Connection (b) is valid. The independent voltage source supplies voltage across
terminals a, b. The dependent current source supplies current through the same
terminals. Because an ideal voltage source supplies the same voltage regardless of
current, and an ideal current source supplies the same current regardless of voltage,
this is an allowable connection.
Connection (c) is valid. Same as (b).
Connection (d) is invalid. Both the independent source and the dependent source
supply current through terminals a, b. This requires that each source supply the same
current in the same reference direction. The independent source supplies 2 A, but the
dependent source supplies 6 A in the opposite direction.
.
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Assessment 2.1:
For the circuit shown,
a) What value of
is required in order for
the interconnection to be valid?
b) For this value of , find the power
associated with the 8 A source.
Solution:
a)
b)
.
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Assessment 2.2:
For the circuit shown,
a) What value of is required in order for the
interconnection to be valid?
Solution:
a) The independent and dependent current sources are in same branch, so
they should be equal.
b)
Or
.
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Solution:
The interconnection is valid since the voltage sources can carry 5 A of
current supplied by the current source, and the current source can carry
the voltage drop required by the interconnection.
The 5 A current source must have a voltage drop of 20 V, positive at the
right.
.
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Solution:
.
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8A
Solution:
a) Yes, independent voltage sources can carry the 8 A current required by
the connection; independent current source can support any voltage
required by the connection, in this case 20 V, positive at the top.
b) 30 V source: absorbing.
10 V source: delivering.
8 A source: delivering.
c)
d) The interconnection is valid, but in this circuit the voltage drop across the
8 A current source is 40 V, positive at the top; 30 V source is absorbing,
the 10 V source is absorbing, and the 8 A source is delivering
.
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Solution:
.
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Solution:
Interconnection is not valid, since the voltage drop between the top and
bottom nodes is different due to different voltage sources in the left and
right branches.
.
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Solution:
The left loop study can not give information on the values
, but
The outer loop study also does not give information on the values
or
equal 50 V as
.
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Solution:
First we study the possibility that valid:
Appling KVL for outer loop:
.
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Solution:
Appling KCL at the upper node:
) sources only
.
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Solution:
a) Yes, each of the voltage sources can carry the current required by
theInterconnection and each of the current sources can carry the
voltage drop required by the interconnection. (note that
+
-
20 V
20 A
+
V1 100 V +
-
5A
+
V2
-
+
V3
-
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Where:
.
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Example 2.3:Calculating Voltage, Current, and Power for a Simple Resistive Circuit
In each circuit in Fig. 2.8, either the value of
or is not known.
a) Calculate the values of
and .
Fig. 2.8
Solution:
a) The voltage
The current
The voltage
The current
b)
.
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Assessment 2.3:
For the circuit shown,
a)
If
and
b) If
source is 3 W, find
resistor.
c)
If
mW, find
Solution:
a) The resistor and the voltage source are in parallel and the resistor
voltage and the voltage source have the same polarities. Therefore these
two as the same.
Using the passive sign convention to calculate the power in the resistor,
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)c
Then, since
So
.
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Assessment 2.4:
For the circuit shown,
c) If
and G 50 mS, find
and the power
delivered by the current source.
d) If
15 V and the power delivered to the
conductor is 9 W, find the conductance G and the
source current
e) If G
and the power delivred to the
conductance is 8 W, find and .
Solution:
So
Thus,
.
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Fig. 2.16
Solution:
In writing the equations, we use a positive sign for a current leaving a node.
The four equations are:
node a:
node b:
node c:
node d:
.
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Fig. 2.17
Solution:
In writing the equations, we use a positive sign for a voltage drop. The
four equations are:
path a:
path b:
path c:
path d:
.
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Example 2.8: Applying Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws to Find an Unknown Current
a) Use Kirchhoff's laws and Ohm's law to find
in the circuit shown in Fig. 2.18.
b) Test the solution for by verifying that the
total power generated equals the total
power dissipated.
Fig. 2.18
Solution:
We begin by Redrawing the circuit and assigning an unknown current to the 50
resistor and unknown voltages across the 10 and 50 resistors.figure 2.19
shows the circuit. The nodes are labeled a, b, and c to aid the discussion.
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Solution:
a) Plotting the voltage as a funcation of the current in fig. 2.21(a) the
equation of the line:
.
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.
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and (e)
Solution:
a) Redrow the circuit with all of the voltages and currents labeled for
every circuit element.
Write KVL equation clockwise around the circuit, starting below the
voltage source:
Next, use Ohm's low to calculate the three unknown voltages from the
three currents:
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Therefore,
b)
c)
d)
e) A KCL equation at the lower left node gives
since
,
We can now compute the power associated with the voltage
source:
Therefore,
source is delivering 48 W.
.
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Fig. 2.19
Solution:
Applying KVL for the left loop:
.
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Solution:
a) Plotting a graph of
versus
gives:
When
.
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So
So
.
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Example 2.10: Applying Ohms Law and Kirchhoffs Laws to find an Unknown Voltage
a) Use kirchhoff's laws and Ohms low to find the voltage as shown in fig. 2.23.
b) Show that your solution is consistent with the constraint that the total power
developed in the circuit equals the total power dissipated.
Solution:
a)
Applying Kirchhoffs voltage:
Solving,
b)
The resistors all disspate power, and the total power dissipated is 21.7 W,
equal to the total power developed in the sources.
.
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Solution:
Applying KCL at the top node:
We can use Ohm's law to find the voltages across each resistor in
terms of
Solving,
So,
.
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Thus,
5V
Current
(A)
25
54 k
25
1.35
1V
25
6 k
775
4.65
3603.75
Depend. Source
750
-2
1500
1.8K
750
1.35
1012.5
8V
750
Element
Voltage(V)
Power
Equation
Power ( )
5
33.75
c) The total power generated in this circuit is the sum of the negative power
values in the power table:
Thus, the total power generated in the circuit is 6150
d) The total power absorbed in the circuit is the sum of the positive power
values in the power table:
Thus, the total power absorbed in the circuit is 6150
.
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Solution:
So,
.
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.
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Solution:
a) Plot the
characteristic:
When
must have a current of
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Solving,
.
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Solution:
a) Plot the
characteristic:
When
has a voltage of
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b)
When
.
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Solution:
c)
So
.
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Solution:
a, b) Applying KVL for the right loop:
a
Solving,
c)
Or
d)
e)
check:
= 25 + 80 + 20 = 125 W
=125 W
.
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Solution:
Right loop
a) Appling KVL for right loop:
.
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Solution:
a) Applying KVL for the outer loop:
a
Applying KCL at node (a):
c)
.
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Solution:
+
vs
-
So,
=11.11 W,
=16.67 W,
= 22.22 W,
= 33.33 W
)=0
+
vs
-
= (832.5) (100
=11.1+16.63+22.2+33.4 = 83.33 W
So
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Solution:
a) Applying KVL for the outer loop:
b)
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Solution:
,
node KCL
From KCL @ b:
From KCL @ c:
)a
4116 W
=
! .
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Solution:
Check:
.
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Solution:
a, c) Applying KVL for the outer loop:
Applying KCL at bottom node:
Applying KCL at left node:
Applying KVL for the left loop:
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Solution:
a) Applying KCL at node (a) leads that current in the 200 resistor is
Applying KVL for the left loop:
= 1 mA
Applying KVL for the right loop:
b)
Element
Current (mA)
15.2 V
10 k
0.8 V
200
30
180
Depend. Source
29
130.5
500
29
420.5
25 V
29
Power Equation
Power (m )
10
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Solution:
Solving,
.
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Solution:
.
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Solution:
a) Applying KVL for the left loop:
94A
84A
80A
Solving,
= 40
Thus, we can now know current & voltage values in all parts as shown.
b)
(delivers)
(delivers)
(Absorbs)
(absorbs)
(absorbs)
(absorbs)
(absorbs)
= 9400 + 7520 = 16920 W
= 1800 + 1680 + 640 + 11200 +1600 = 16920 W
= 16920 W
.
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Solution:
.
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