Appendix 1

Transformer equivalent circuit

The calculations of a combined electrical system or circuit comprising transformers, transmission and distribution lines are often simplified by the use of
the equivalent circuit diagram. The characteristics of a loaded transformer also
can often be indicated more clearly by the same means. Figure A1.1 shows the
more general form of diagram of connections, and Fig. A1.2 the corresponding phasor diagram for a loaded transformer.

V1
E1

E2
V2
I2
I1

I0
Im
R1
X1
Z1

R2
X2
Z2
I1R1
I1X1
I1Z1
822

primary terminal voltage

primary induced e.m.f.
secondary induced e.m.f.
secondary terminal voltage
secondary load current
load component of total primary current
total primary current (including I0 and I~)
primary no-load current
primary magnetising current
primary core loss current
primary reactance
primary leakage reactance
primary impedance
secondary resistance
secondary leakage reactance
secondary impedance
primary resistance voltage drop
primary reactance voltage drop
primary impedance voltage drop

Appendix 1

823

I2

l, =I}* to
> . . . . . . . . . . .

R~
z~tRI
Xl

Ni

N2

Figure A1.1 Circuit diagram

rRt
v,

v2 E2

Figure A1.2 Phasor diagram of

loaded transformers. Assumed turns
ratio 1:1

12R2
12X2
12Z2
R1
X1
ZI
NI

N2
COS ~2

,. Iz 2
IeZe, ~

"~lIenz

secondary resistance voltage drop

secondary reactance voltage drop
secondary load resistance
secondary load resistance
secondary load reactance
secondary load impedance
primary turns
secondary turns
secondary load power factor

Figure A1.3 shows the equivalent circuit diagram corresponding to Fig. A l.1
and this applies to step-up and step-down transformers. This diagram enables
the primary voltage V~ necessary to maintain a given load voltage V2 to be
determined. Those characteristics of Fig. A1.3 which apply to the secondary
circuit are shown as referred to the primary circuit by the turns ratio n. The
admittance Y0 (no-load current divided by the primary induced e.m.f.) is simply such as to represent the no-load characteristics of the transformer; that is,

824

Appendix 1
Z~=.zzz

Zi

Iq,

I'=I~+I~~
X,

X'z=n2Xz

/k

R~=nZR
z

Z~:,,zzL

Figure A1.3 Equivalent circuit diagram for determining the primary

voltage V1

the resistance branch takes a current equal to the core-loss current, and the
reactance branch takes a current equal to the true magnetising current. This
method of treatment takes account of the efficiency of the transformer, and the
copper losses appear as voltage drops. The phasor diagram corresponding to
Fig. A1.3 is shown in Fig. A1.4. E 1 is the e.m.f, across the admittance Y0 and
V1 - E1 is the voltage drop (which is not measurable) that is assumed to occur
in the primary circuit if half the transformer reactance is allotted to the primary side of the transformer.

v,

II'.7~L'-I;X'

v~.z~z'
I'W

Ic
m

Figure A1.4 Phasor diagram of equivalent circuit shown in Fig. A1.3

The required voltage V~ can be calculated simply by multiplying the equivalent load current in the circuit by the total equivalent impedance of the circuit. In calculating the equivalent impedance, the individual equivalent ohmic
resistances may be added arithmetically as also may be the equivalent ohmic
reactances; including, of course, the equivalent load resistance and reactance;

Appendix 1

825

the total equivalent impedance is then the phasor sum of the total equivalent resistances and reactances. This is illustrated in Fig. A1.5. (This method
neglects the very small phase displacements that exist between the individual
ohmic impedances but the approximation i.s normally justified.)
Xlor

Zt or

W'.S I,R,

l~zt:v,

//~

/alo,

lIal

/' ~ial
Figure A1.5 Resultant phasor diagram corresponding to Fig. A1.4

Figure A1.6 is similar to Fig. A1.3 except that the notation is framed so as to
enable the secondary load voltage V2 at a given primary voltage V1 to be determined. That is, the primary characteristics are referred to the secondary circuit
by the turns ratio n.

z;'=~

Z~
X2

I;:12+I;
,

IZ

/"

////"

/"

v,
~

R2
/
/"
X

="Ira !Z

~Z~
R

Figure A1.6 Equivalent circuit diagram for determining the

secondary load voltage V2

826

Appendix 1

The phasor diagram corresponding to Fig. A1.6 is shown in Fig. A1.7 and
the simplified phasor diagram for calculating the required voltage V2 is shown
in Fig. A1.8. In constructing the latter diagram the very small phase displacements that exist between the individual ohmic impedances have again been
neglected.
Example on Fig. A1.3
Consider the case of a 200kVA, 11000/415 V, three-phase, delta/star, 50 Hz
transformer.

[;'x';
I,F:),!

!R4
ii/,v~;'_.

Figure A1.7 Phasor diagram of equivalent circuit shown in Fig. A1.6

X'~or
_

Zi' or ,,;

X z or

,'"
J

P,"
""-

P'Z or

Figure A1.8 Resultant phasor diagram corresponding to Fig. A1.7

Appendix 1
lq ~=17-4#"L

Xj=40,3#].

Ic OO25A
=

pc.

X'2--40'3Ct

l,, O 2ttA

.......................

R'z-" t3"4#'t

t.

827

Figure A1.9 Equivalent circuit diagram for the given example

Tested phase voltage ratio

and therefore

- l l 000~/3/415 -

n2 -45.92

45.9

= 2110

Tested core loss per phase

= 270 W

Ic per phase

= 270/11 000 - 0.025 A

Tested no-load current per phase

I0

- 0.212A
= V~(0.2122 - 0.0252)

I, per phase

= 0.211A
Primary no-load p o w e r factor

cos q~0 - 0.025/0.212 - 0.118

and therefore 4)0

= 83.3 ~

Tested copper loss per phase

= 1130 W

Calculated copper loss per phase

= 1080W

Calculated primary resistance

= 16.6~

Actual primary resistance R~

= 16.6 1.05

t Approximately 5 %
increase in losses on
calculated figure

= 17.4 f~
Calculated secondary resistance
Actual secondary resistance

= 0.00606 f~
R2

- 0.00606 1.05 f~
= 0.00637 f~

R~

-0.00637

2110 f~

= 13.4 f~
Tested H V i m p e d a n c e per phase

= 524 V at 6.06 A per phase

828

Appendix 1

therefore Z'e

= 524/6.06-

and

X' e

86.3 f~

~{(g'e)2 -(g 1 + R'2)2}

= ~{86.32 -(17.4

+ 13.4) 2 }

= 80.6 f~
A s s u m i n g the reactive voltage drop to be equal in the primary and secondary winding gives X1 - 40.3 f~ and X~ - 40.3 f~.
The phase constants of the transformer derived from test figures are thus
n - 45.9
n 2 = 2110
Ic - 0.025 A
I0 = 0.212 A
Im - 0.211 A

~b0R1 R~ =
X1 =
X~ =

83.2 ~
17.4 f~
13.4 f~
40.3 f~
40.3 f~

(a) With an applied primary terminal voltage V1 of 1 1 0 0 0 V it is required

to find the secondary terminal voltage V2 w h e n the transformer supplies a secondary load of 200 kVA at a p o w e r factor c o s q)2 - - 0.8 lagging.
All calculations are m a d e on a phase to neutral basis.
It is necessary to start by assuming a value of V2, say 288 V (i.e. assuming
a 5% drop).
I2

- 2 0 0 0 0 0 / ( V ~ 228 k / 3 ) - 292 A

I~

= 292/45.9 = 6 . 3 6 A

Rf

- (V2 cos ~b2)/I2 - 228 - 0.8/292 = 0.624 f~

RU

- 0.624 X 2110
=

X1

1310 f~

- (1/2 sin q52)/I2

= 228 0.6/292
= 0.468 f~

Xf'

-0.468

2110

= 987 f~
Resistance drop to SS = I~ (R~' + R~) - 6.36(1310 + 13.4) - 8 4 2 0 V
R e a c t a n c e drop to SS = I~ (X~' + X~) = 6.36(987 + 40.3) - 6540 V
~bss - tan -1 6540/8420 - tan -1 0.776 - 37.8 ~

] { [6.36 + 0 . 2 1 2 c o s ( 8 3 . 2 ~ - 37.8 ~ )]2

AI

~ + [ 0 . 2 1 2 sin(83.2 ~ - 37.8 ~ )]2}

=6.51A

Appendix 1
P r i m a r y line c u r r e n t - 6.51 V 3

01

tan-l

11.3 A

I o sin(Oo - Oss)

I~ + I o cos(4~0 -O~s)
= tan-

0.212 sin(83.2 ~ - 37.8 ~

6.36 + 0.212 cos(83.2 ~ - 37.8 ~

= tan -~ 0 . 0 2 3 2 - 1.3 ~

R e s i s t a n c e d r o p to P P - 8 4 2 0 + I 1 R 1 -

8 4 2 0 + 6.51

R e a c t a n c e d r o p to P P - 6 5 4 0 + I ~ X 1 -

6 5 4 0 + 6.51 40.3 - 6 8 0 0 V

V1 - %/(85302 + 68002) -

Percentage regulation -

17.4 - 8 5 3 0 V

lO 9 1 0 V

V1 - V ~

v,
10910-

228 45.9

100 - 4 . 2 %

10910

Thus, with

Vl -

11000 V

we have

V2 -

11000

100

4.2

100
i.e.

45.9

V2 = 2 3 0 V

S e c o n d a r y t e r m i n a l line v o l t a g e = 2 3 0 V ~
(01

- -

-- 01) --

- 398 V

t a n - I 6 8 0 0 / 8 5 3 0 - tan -1 0 . 7 9 8 - 38.6 ~

0~ - 38.6 ~ + 1 . 3 ~
cos ~1 - 0.767

39.9 ~

P o w e r input = V l I 1 c o s 0 1 = 10 9 1 0 6.51 0 . 7 6 7 = 54 5 0 0 W
P o w e r o u t p u t = V f l 2 cos ~2 = 228 292 0.8 = 53 3 0 0 W
t h e r e f o r e p e r c e n t a g e e f f i c i e n c y = (53 3 0 0 / 5 4 500) 100 = 9 7 . 8 0 %
W i t h V1 = 1 1 0 0 0 V and V2 = 2 3 0 V,
the c o r r e c t e d v a l u e o f I 2 -

200000/(V3

230 V~)-

290A

and the c o r r e c t e d value o f I~ - 2 9 0 / 4 5 . 9 - 6.32 A.

The corrected value of R f ' =

2 3 0 0.8 2 1 1 0 / 2 9 0 = 1340 f~

and the c o r r e c t e d value o f X f ' = 2 3 0 0.6 2 1 1 0 / 2 9 0 = 1000 f~

829

830

Appendix 1

VaJ

I'

, ,.,.,/Ii

i.,y,,

Figure A1.10 Phasordiagram

i,

Z,

I~

z~

Z~
o

T
iz

Figure A1.11 The general form of Fig. A1.9

(b) Results can also be obtained by means of the symbolic method which
allows for the very small phase displacements between the individual ohmic
impedances. Consider the general form of Fig. A1.9 as shown in Fig. AI.11"
It can be derived that
V2 -

VlZg'Zo

,
(Z~ ! + Z 2)(z 0 + Z 1) + Z l Z 0

(AI.1)

_
V1(Z o + Zs + Zg')
I1 -- (Zg t + Z~ )(Z 0 + Zl) + Z l Z 0

(A1.2)

v~z0

12 = (Zg t + Z~)(Z o + Z 1) + Z 1Z o
In order to determine Z0 it is first necessary to calculate E 1.
' '2
E1 = V 2 - + - I2Z
= 230 45.9(0.8 + j0.6) + 6.32(13.4 + j40.3)
= 8530 + j 6 5 9 0 = 10800V

(A1.3)

Appendix 1

Z o - E l/l o - E 1/(I c - j I m)
E 11c + j
E 11m
12 + 12
12 + 12
C

l0 800 0.025

+j

0.0252 4- 0.2112

10800 0.211
0.0252 4- 0.2112

= 5990 + j 5 0 500 f2
Thus
Zl

- 17.4 + j 4 0 . 3 f ~

Z~ - 13.4 + j40.3 f~
Zo - 5990 + j50 500 f~
ZU - 1340 + j l 0 0 0 f 2
and (ZU + Z'2)(Zo + Z~) + Z l Z 0 -

( - 4 6 . 3 + j75.6)106.

Thus, substituting these values in equation (A1.1),

11000(1340 + j1000)(5990 + j 5 0 500)
(-46.3 + j75.6)106
= 10540\1.6 ~
V2 - 1 0 5 4 0 / 4 5 . 9 -

230V

and the secondary terminal line voltage - 230V'3 = 398 V.

Substituting in equation (A1.2),

II =

11 000(5990 + j 5 0 500 + 13.4 + j 4 0 . 3 + 1340 + j1000)

( - 4 6 . 3 + j75.6)106

= 6.45 \39.6 ~ A

Primary line current - 6.45x/-3 \39.6 ~

cos 01 - cos 39.6 ~

= 0.771
Power input - Vlll cos 01
= 11000 6.45 0.771
= 54 600 W

11.2 A

831

832

Appendix 1

Substituting in equation (A 1.3),

l
1 1 0 0 0 ( 5 9 9 0 + j 5 0 500)
30
I2 = (--46.3 + j75.6)106
= 6.31\38. A
and 12 - 6.31 4 5 . 9 \ 3 8 . 3 ~ A - 2 9 0 \ 3 8 . 3 ~
Power input =

V212c o s

(~2 =

230 290 0.8 = 53 3 0 0 W

Percentage efficiency = (53 300/54600) 100 = 97.62%.

Thus it will be seen that the results obtained by the two methods of calculation show close agreement.