Abstract:

Refrigeration and air conditioning systems are getting wide applications and
importance in each and every field in todays scenario. The applications of refrigeration
and air conditioning ranges from homes to large industries like shipping. But, these
consume very large amount of energy. Also, these systems contribute heavily in global
warming and ozone layer depletion. So, it is not advisable in todays world.
So, in order to reduce the harmful effects of these systems, some protocols are
generated and updated time to time by United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC), and are compulsory to the countries of the world. Hence, to
achieve the targets of these protocols for increasing the effectiveness of whole
Refrigeration and air conditioning systems the manufacturers of refrigerants are continue
working together toward the goal of reduced environmental impact via reduced emissions
and improved energy efficiency by new types such as,
a) New eco-friendly Refrigerants.
b) Non-conventional Refrigeration and air conditioning methods.
The former refrigerants, which when used in these systems, produces green house gases,
which are should be replaced by non-ozone depleting refrigerants. Also, the energy
conserving refrigeration and air conditioning methods are to be implemented!
The paper reviews some of the environment friendly refrigeration and air
conditioning systems, using new technologies, new medium of heat transfer and also
new parts of the system having less cost and giving high efficiency.

Key words:
Refrigeration, air conditioning, Protocols, refrigerants, solar refrigeration system,

geothermal air conditioning system.

INDEX
Topic

Sr.
no.
1

Introduction

Need of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

2.1 Applications of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Systems

Recent trends in refrigeration and air conditioning

4.1Why recent trends?
4.2Refrigerants
4.2.1 Types of refrigerants
4.2.2 New refrigerants
4.2.2.1 LPG or Refrigerant R-600a
4.2.2.2 Ammonia Gas or Refrigerant R717

Non-conventional refrigeration systems

5.1 Vapour Absorption Cycle
5.2 Advanced refrigeration and air conditioning systems
5.1.1 Geothermal air conditioning systems
5.1.2 Solar air conditioning systems

Conclusion

References

1.

Page
no.

Introduction:
The word Refrigerate means to chill or freeze a substance, i.e. to lower its
temperature by removing some of its heat. Thus Refrigeration is a process of removing
heat from a substance and rejecting the heat so removed to the atmosphere which is at a
higher temperature level. Hence, the refrigeration is defined as the science of producing
and maintaining temperature below that of the surrounding atmosphere. Heat always
passes from hot body to cold body until the thermal equilibrium is reached. It means that
continuously extraction of heat from a body whose temperature is already below the
temperature of its surroundings.
Air conditioning means conditioning of air for maintaining specific conditions of
temperature, relative humidity and low dust levels inside an enclosed space. The
conditions to be maintained are governed by the applications. In addition to the control of
temperature and relative humidity, it is necessary to maintain proper air circulation and a
low dust level in the conditioned space.

History:

In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, professor of chemistry at

Cambridge University, conducted an experiment to explore the principle of evaporation
as a means to rapidly cool an object. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that evaporation of
highly volatile liquids such as alcohol and ether could be used to drive down the
temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They conducted their
experiment with the bulb of a mercury thermometer as their object and with a bellows
used to "quicken" the evaporation; they lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb
down to 7F while the ambient temperature was 65F. Franklin noted that soon after they
passed the freezing point of water (32F) a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the
thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about a quarter inch thick when they
stopped the experiment upon reaching 7F. Franklin concluded, "From this experiment,
one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day".
The first gas absorption refrigeration system using gaseous ammonia dissolved in
water (referred to as "aqua ammonia") was developed by Ferdinand Care of France in
1859 and patented in 1860. Due to the toxicity of ammonia, such systems were not
developed for use in homes, but were used to manufacture ice for sale. In the United
States, the consumer public at that time still used the ice box with ice brought in from
commercial suppliers, many of whom were still harvesting ice and storing it in an
icehouse.

2. Need of refrigeration and air conditioning:

For normal functioning of human beings, sufficient protein, vitamins and salts are
required, which are accomplished by diet. But, in order to get most efficient functioning
of human being, an artificial atmosphere has to be created in which, the human being is
most with. Here comes the necessity of air conditioning systems. Air conditioning
systems controls the temperature, moisture and dust partials of a confined space
irrespective of the atmospheric conditions.
Also, there is need of the temperature control of a confined space, which might
not be suitable for human being, but to preserve the things inside that confined space. For
this, refrigeration systems are used.
For e.g., the foods are spoiled by bacteria and their growth can be stopped or
retarded, if the temperature is lowered below 5C. The temperature less than 5C is not
suitable for human being to live in, but these are necessary for preservation of the
perishable foods.

2.1 Applications of Refrigeration and air conditioning systems:

There are innumerous applications of the Refrigeration and air conditioning
systems. Some of the important are discussed below.
I.

In the preservation of perishable stuff.

The most common example of this type of refrigeration is home Refrigerator. The
home Refrigerator has now become an integral part of the kitchens, and which stores
many stuffs as vegetables, fruits, milk, etc.

Fig. 1 Application of RAC in preservation of perishable stuff.

II.

In the transfer of goods.

Many times, stuffs are to be transferred from one place to another. Then these
stuffs may suffer different climates, especially when the distance to be travelled is large.
(E.g. when the goods are to be travelled from one country to another by train or ship).

Fig.2 Application of RAC in the transfer of goods

III.

Aircrafts.

In the aircrafts, both, refrigeration and air conditioning systems are used. In case
of cargo planes, the refrigeration systems, and in case of passenger planes, air
conditioning systems are used, for human comfort.

Fig.3 Application of RAC in aircrafts.

IV. Ice plant.
Ice plant is one of the major parts of Indian industry, using the refrigeration
system. In Ice plant, ice is produced from water on commercial basis. Hence, a huge
set up of the refrigeration system is needed for Ice plant.

Fig.4 Application of RAC in ice plant.

V.

In offices.

In offices and factories, air conditioning systems is now a common thing. Air
conditioning systems not only provide a comfort zone for employees, but also
increase the work efficiency of them.

Fig.5 Application of RAC in offices.

VI.

In laboratories.

In many laboratories, such as Pathology, Pharmaceutical labs, Chemical labs, Blood

banks, as well as in the precision measurement labs, Refrigeration and air
conditioning systems plays a vital role. Without controlled atmosphere, some
elements may get wasted.

Fig.6 Application of RAC in laboratories.

3. Recent trends in refrigeration and air conditioning

3.1 Why recent trends???
As we have seen the protocols regarding the emission of Ozone layer depleting
substances, it is clear that how harmful these substances are, and it is mandatory to
control their emissions in the atmosphere in order to preserve the Ozone layer.
It has been seen that the existing systems of refrigeration and air conditioning are
not suitable for control of emission of green house gases.
The existing systems use the refrigerants such as hydro fluorocarbons, per
fluorocarbons, R-134a, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydro chlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs). These gases contribute heavily in the Ozone layer Depletion and are
categorized as Green house gases. These substances are good as a refrigerant, but not
good from environment point of view. Hence, these are to be changed.
Also, the existing systems of Refrigeration and air conditioning using electricity
as a source of energy use lots of electricity. So, these systems are not economical in
todays world of energy scarcity.
So, new technologies are being developed, which focuses on the use of non
conventional energy sources, such as solar energy, geothermal energy, etc.

Areas of implementation of new technologies

There are two major areas, where new technologies regarding refrigeration and air
conditioning systems and their components can be applied.
1. Refrigerants.
2. Non conventional refrigeration systems.

3.2 Refrigerants
Refrigerants are substances with low boiling points and large latent heats, at
pressures above atmospheric pressure, which are used in the refrigeration systems as a
working fluid.
Refrigerant is the blood in the refrigeration system. Refrigerant is the substance,
through which, heat transfer takes place in the whole Refrigeration cycle. In the
compressor, the refrigerant vaporizes to high pressure and temperature. In the
condenser, the temperature of the refrigerant reduces, but the pressure remains constant.
Here, the refrigerant is in partially vapor and partially liquid state. In the expansion
device, the pressure of the refrigerant reduces, and the refrigerant is in liquid state now.
In the evaporator, the refrigerant takes the heat from the space to be cooled, and gets
heated again.
These are some important types of refrigerants, which are commonly used in the
existing systems.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

3.2.1 Types of refrigerants

CFCs chlorofluorocarbons;
HCHCs hydro chlorofluorocarbons;
HFCs hydro fluorocarbons;
HCs hydrocarbons;
Blends

CFC Refrigerants
These refrigerants were developed more than 70 years ago and are harmful to our
respiratory systems and the ozone layer. Their production was stopped since 1995 but
is still being used widely in existing residential air conditioning units as many types of
equipment have a lifetime of up to 30 years. Todays refrigerants used are from
reclaimed units that are no longer in operation. The common ones still used are:
R-11

Trichlorofluoromethane

R-12

Dichlorodifluoromethane

R-113

Trichlorotrifluoroethane

R-114

Dichlorotetrafluoroethane

R-115

Chloropentafluoroethane

HCFC Refrigerants
These air conditioner refrigerants are considered partially halogenated as they
consists of methane or ethane in combination with chlorine and fluorine. They are
shorter lifespan and are less destructive to the ozone layer compared to CFCs. They are
an interim solution to a totally free from chlorine refrigerant that are being
developed. Their production is scheduled to be phased out totally in 2030. The common
ones used are:
R-22
Chlorodifluoromethane
R-123
Dichlorotrifluoroethane
R-22 is used extensively in residential, commercial and industrial applications. The
schedule of phase-out:
2015 Production freeze and use limitations
2020 Prohibited for new air conditioning and refrigeration use
2030 Total phase-out

HFC Refrigerants
These air conditioner refrigerants contain no chlorine atom and are not destructive
to the ozone layer though they have a slight effect on global warming. R-134a is used in
new systems that are specially designed for its use. The common HFCs are:
R-134a

Tetrafluoroethane

R-124

Chlorotetrafluoroethane

The 1997 Kyoto Protocol puts R-134a as one of the 6 greenhouse gases that must be
reduced. There is no phase-out date for this refrigerant and it is expected to be highly
used in the HVAC industry.
Refrigerant Blends
These air conditioner refrigerants are also known as azeotropic and zeotropic.
Their use is increasing as they are environmental friendly. The setback is that the total air
conditioning systems production cost is higher. However, as more manufacturers switch
to this type of refrigerants, the cost/unit will drop eventually. The common refrigerant
blends used in the air conditioning industry are:

R-410A
R-32/R-125 (50/50)
R-407C
R-32/R-125/R-134a (23/25/52)
R-410A is used as a replacement refrigerant for residential air conditioning applications.
R-407C is used as R-22 replacement.

3.2.2 New refrigerants

4.2.2.1 LPG or Refrigerant R-600a
Blends of pure, dry "isopropane" (refrigerant designator R-290a ) and isobutane
(R-600a) have negligible Ozone depletion potential and very low Global Warming
Potential and can serve as a functional replacement for R-12, R-22, R-134a, and other
chlorofluorocarbon or hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants in conventional stationary
refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
Refrigerant
R-12
R-22
R-134a
R600a
Class

CFC

HCFC

HFC

LPG

Ozone depletion potential

1.0

0.07

Global warming potential

7300

1500

1200

Table. 8 chart- refrigerants and their environmental hazards.

The table shows that the LPG refrigerant (R-600a) has zero ozone depletion
potential and a near zero global warming potential. The above values combined with
some of the other properties of LPG refrigerants make them an obvious choice as a
refrigerant in future refrigeration. In fact, countries like Europe and Cuba are already
using hydrocarbon refrigerants in their refrigerators since 1993 and have found no trouble
whatsoever using them.
Translating Table 1 to dollars and cents may help us appreciate the significance of
CFC and HFC GWPs. An Australian proposal for a tax on emitted carbon dioxide of
1.25 $/tone was abandoned in January 1994. Partly because a tax, which adds only 0.2
cents/kWhr to the price of coal, fired electricity would not significantly reduce CO2
emissions. If the global warming contribution of R-134a was taxed at the same rate it
would be 1.5$/kg R-134a which gives R-600a a 3.67$/kg price advantage. Some
governments may do more than tax R-134a to meet their treaty commitments.

LPG can offer following advantages when used as a refrigerant:

1. The cooling capacity of LPG is 10% higher than R-12 and the vapour pressure is
appropriate.
2. LPG is naturally occurring and non-toxic.
3. Use of LPG as a refrigerant also improves the overall efficiency by 10 to 20%.
4. The ozone depletion potential (ODP) of LPG is 0 and global warming potential
(GWP) is 8, which is significantly negligible as compared to other refrigerants.
5. Apart from environment friendly, use of LPG also gives us lot of cost advantages.
6. LPG does not form acids and thereby eliminates the problem with blocked
capillaries.
7. There is 60% reduction in weight of the system due to higher density of LPG.

3.2.2.2 Ammonia Gas or Refrigerant R717

Ammonia is amongst the oldest of all the refrigerants and still used widely in the
refrigeration applications. It is also the only refrigerant outside the halocarbons group,
still being used to a great extent. Ammonia refrigerant is commonly known as R717 and
its chemical formula is NH3. Its molecular weight is 17 and boiling point is -28 degree F
(-2.22 degree C).
Ammonia has highest refrigerating capacity per pound of any refrigerant and a
number of other excellent thermal properties that make it popular for a number of

refrigeration applications in spite of its being toxic, explosive and flammable within
certain conditions. Ammonia is used as refrigerant prominently in the refrigeration
systems of food industry like dairies, ice creams plants, frozen food production plants,
cold storage warehouses, processors of fish, poultry and meat and number of other
applications.
Properties and Advantages of Ammonia Refrigerant

i. Small piston displacement:

Ammonia has the highest refrigerating effect per pound compared to all the
refrigerants being used including the halocarbons. Even though the specific volume of
ammonia is high, the compressor displacement required per ton of refrigeration is
quite small, due to this small compressor is required per ton of the refrigeration
capacity. This saves lots of power in the long run.
ii. Compressor used with ammonia refrigerant:
Since the specific volume of ammonia is high it is used mostly with rotary and
the centrifugal compressors though it can be used with open type of reciprocating
compressor as well.
iii. Condensers used with ammonia refrigerant:
The condensers used in the refrigeration systems using ammonia gas as the
refrigerant are of water cooled type or evaporative type. This again is mainly because
of the high volume of the gas handled by the refrigeration system. Air cooled
condensers are used in the systems that have rotary screw compressors.
iv. Chillers used with ammonia refrigerant:
Ammonia can be used with direct expansion types of chillers as well as flooded
chillers. In flooded chillers there is higher heat transfer that results in higher
refrigerating effect for ammonia refrigerant.
v. Environment friendly:
One of the biggest advantages of ammonia gas as the refrigerant is that it is safe
to the environment and does not cause any depletion of the ozone layer. Due to this it
wont have to be replaced with any alternative refrigerants as is the case with number
of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Ammonia is the oldest of all the refrigerants being
used and it will compete with the new refrigerants for a number of years to come.

4. Non-conventional refrigeration systems.

Most the existing systems of Refrigeration and Air conditioning in todays world use
electricity as an energy source. As we all know that there is huge scarcity of energy
worldwide, as fossil fuels are diminishing rapidly.
In order to counteract this problem, new systems are being designed which are based
on the use of non conventional energy sources, such as Solar energy, Geothermal energy,
etc.
As we all know that most of the existing systems are designed on VAPOUR
COMPRESSION CYCLE, which is an efficient cycle, but not very suitable for new
energy sources.
There is another cycle, which is called as VAPOUR ABSORPTION CYCLE, suits the
new environmental friendly technologies of refrigeration and air conditioning.
Now, lets have an overlook on vapour absorption cycle that how it differs from the
vapour compression cycle, and how it works.
4.1

Vapour absorption cycle

Fig.8 Vapour Absorption cycle

Introduction
The Vapour absorption system now a day is being used in both the domestic and
large industrial refrigerating plants. The refrigerant commonly used in a vapour
absorption system is Ammonia.
The vapour absorption system uses heat energy instead of mechanical energy as in
the vapour compression cycle in order to change the conditions of the refrigerant required
for the operation of the refrigeration cycle. In the vapour absorption system, the
compressor is replaced by an absorber, a pump, a generator and a pressure reducing
valve. These components in vapour absorption system perform the same function as that
of a compressor in a vapour compression system.
Principle of Absorption system
There is a peculiar property of certain substances to have greater affinity for other
substances at some temperature and pressure conditions and less affinity at another
condition. This idea generated for working principle of a vapour absorption system.
Also, some liquid has a greater affinity of absorbing a large quantity of certain
vapour and reducing them to liquefy, this reduces the total volume significantly. Due to
this pressure differential is produce. Thus, absorption cycle substitutes physic-chemical
process for the purely mechanical process a compression.
Working:The simple vapour absorption system consists of an absorber, a pump, a generator,
and expansion valves and also condenser, evaporator, and receiver.

The working fluid is aqua ammonia solution. The ammonia acts as a refrigerant
and aqua (water) acts as an absorber. In this system, the low pressure ammonia vapour
leaving the evaporator, enters the absorber where it is absorbed by the weak solution
which contains less ammonia.
The water has ability to absorb very large quantity of ammonia vapour and the
strong aqua ammonia solution is formed. The absorption of ammonia vapour in water
lowers the pressure in the absorber, which draws more ammonia vapour from the
evaporator and thus the temperature of solution.
Some form of cooling arrangement is provided in the absorber to remove the heat of
solution evolved there. This is necessity in order to increase the absorption capacity of
water because at higher temperature water absorbs less ammonia vapour.
The strong solution formed in the absorber is pumped to the generator by the liquid
pump which increases the pressure of the solution. The strong solution of aqua ammonia
in the generator is heated by some external source.
During the heating process, the ammonia vapour rises at high pressure leaving
behind the hot aqua ammonia solution in the generator. This weak solution flows back to
the absorber at low pressure after passing through the expansion valve.
The high pressure ammonia vapour from the generator is condensed in the condenser to
high pressure liquid ammonia. This liquid ammonia is passed through expansion valve
and receiver and then to evaporator. This completes the simple vapour absorption system.
4.2 Advanced refrigeration and air conditioning systems
The new refrigeration systems, working on this Vapour Absorption system are proven
very effective in todays world of energy scarcity. The new systems use non conventional
energy resources which lead to production of clean energy. There are two main energy
resources, which are successfully implemented in the refrigeration and air conditioning
systems, viz.
1. Geothermal air conditioning systems.
2. Solar air conditioning systems.
4.2.1 Geothermal air conditioning systems
Introduction
The geothermal system is also called the ground source heat pump. Geo means
earth and thermal refers to heat. In the todays world, it has become a necessity to have
controlled environmental temperatures for many advance processes and also for human
comfort. These systems rely usually on two sources of energy either fuel powered or
electric powered systems. Both of these traditional methods have disadvantages which
could be overcome by using a geothermal system. These two traditional methods of
heating pose a threat to the environment in terms of the emissions they produce to
generate heat or electricity respectively. The first method that is fuel powered direct air
conditioning systems involve burning of fossil fuels such as gas or oil to run the heating
system which immediately throws questions on how feasible it is with respect to
pollution norms. The second option that is electricity controlled air conditioning systems
raises questions on the rising electricity costs and availability in the country like India.

Geothermal air conditioning system todays most energy efficient and lowest
running cost air conditioning system in the world. This system totally changes the way air
conditioning / heating of buildings is conceived at the starting stage and totally removes
the restraints put on architects by the existing cumbersome air conditioning systems.
Working principle
This works on the basic principle that the temperature remains constant below
earth throughout the year irrespective of the temperature above ground. The temperature
below earth is generally constant around 27 Deg. Centigrade to 20 Deg Centigrade at a
depth of 5 to 20 feet below ground depending upon Geographical location and soil
conditions. So, making use of this condition, the earth is used as either source or sump of
heat.
Working
Ground source units are used to pull the heat from the earth and deliver it to
homes/buildings. These heat pumps not only provide heating but also can be used for
cooling purposes. The cooling requires a reverse process wherein heat is derived from the
building and then delivered to the earth. The heating system typically involves closed
loop systems wherein water in the closed loops is made to run through the ground near
the building which absorbs the heat energy under the earth.
This water is pumped back into the building via the closed loop system and thus
heating the building. After the heat is transferred to the building the same water is pushed
back in to the earth and the process is repeated. In the summer time this process is
reversed. This system may also be used to produce electricity. This involves digging
deeper into the earth where the heat energy present is to the extent which could convert
water sent into steam. The working is similar as the water is sent via pipes and the steam
is used to drive large turbines which lead to the production of electricity.

Types of piping systems

Different underground systems are used for supply of refrigerant to and from the
house to the ground.
The different underground systems used are1. Creating a vertical/ horizontal water pipe loop below ground.
2. Creating a pipe loop in foundation of basement of buildings and around the basement
walls.
3. Surface Water System
1. Creating a vertical/ horizontal water pipe loop below ground.
In this system heat is removed from the heat exchanger coils of air conditioning
system and rejected to the earth through an earth pipe loop. These pipes are laid as coils
at a level 5 feet and below in ground or are placed vertically in borings going up to 100
to 300 depending on ground and requirement. When operating in the cool mode, heat
from the buildings interior is rejected to the earth via a long lasting earth loop. When
heating is required, heat is extracted from the earth processed through the compressor and

refrigeration system, and delivered to the building space as warm, comfortable heat. The
efficiency of the system is not affected by variations / extremities of weather above
ground. Due to the constant temp below earth the efficiency is enhanced many times with
respect to other available systems which are ultimately dependent on ambient
temperature of outside air for removal of heat. This is the most used system around the
world.

Fig.9 Vertical water pipe for Geothermal air conditioning

2. Creating a pipe loop in foundation of basement of buildings and around
the basement walls.
This is again similar to the above system but is used in conjunction with the above
system where enough ground is not available. Here piping is integrated in to the
foundation structure such as incorporating it in the piles or in the foundation and walls
where one or more basement levels are provided.

Fig.10 Pipe loop in basement for Geothermal air conditioning

3. Surface Water System
In this system in case a large water body such as a natural / manmade pond or lake
is available near to the building then an horizontal pipe loop is submerged in the water
body. Since the mass of a large body of water is thermally stable this absorbs all heat
released from the air conditioning system and is an effective system.

Fir.11 Surface water system for Geothermal air conditioning.

i. Solar air conditioning systems

Fig.12 Solar Air Conditioning System

Solar refrigeration system is a modification of vapour absorption system in which
heat source is a solar energy, instead of heater.

The refrigerant and Absorbent combination is the working fluid. In the absorber,
the absorbent absorbs the refrigerant at low pressure and temperature.
The circulating water with the help of a pump creates a strong solution. This
strong solution sends to generator by pump. This strong solution in generator is heated by
solar hot water system, which increase the temperature of strong solution and vapour
generation and separation starts. The remaining weak solution flows down through heat
exchanger and expansion valve and is throttled in absorber for further cooling.
The vapour formed in generator rises up, and enters in condenser and condenses
to liquid form. This liquid passes through second heat exchanger and rejects heat to cool
refrigerant vapour.
The pressure of the liquid drops in expansion valve before entering the
evaporator. The heat from the application causes evaporation of the liquid refrigerant
causing refrigeration effect and process is repeated.
Passive solar cooling
In this type of cooling solar thermal energy is not used directly to create a cold
environment or drive any direct cooling processes. Instead, solar building design aims at
slowing the rate of heat transfer into a building in the summer, and improving the
removal of unwanted heat. It involves a good understanding of the mechanisms of heat
transfer: heat conduction, convective heat transfer, and thermal radiation, the latter
primarily from the sun.
For example, a sign of poor thermal design is an attic that gets hotter in summer
than the peak outside air temperature. This can be significantly reduced or eliminated
with a cool roof or a green roof, which can reduce the roof surface temperature by around
70 F (40 C) in summer. A radiant barrier and an air gap below the roof will block about
97% of downward radiation from roof cladding heated by the sun.
Solar thermal energy conversion
In this, the solar energy is used to convert the water into the steam, which in turn
runs the turbine. The turbine is connected to the compressor, which is connected to the
condenser and the refrigeration cycle continues.
In this type of air conditioning, the heat energy from the sun is collected on the
solar collector. The water is circulated though this collector. The heat energy, which is
stored in the collector, is given to the water. Due to this, the temperature of the water
increases and it gets converted into steam. This steam is passed over the turbine blades,
causing it to rotate. The turbine shaft is coupled with the rotary compressor shaft, causing
it to rotate. This compressor pumps the refrigerant into the system, and the air
conditioning is achieved.

Fig.13 Solar thermal energy conversion system

Photovoltaic conversion
In this type, the solar energy collected on the solar panels is given to the
photovoltaic cells. The photovoltaic cell is the cell, which converts the solar energy into
the electricity. This electricity is then used to run the motor, which runs the compressor.

Fig.14 Photovoltaic conversion system.

4.Conclusion
The technological advancement in todays scenario is taking place by keeping in mind
hazardous effect on the mother earth. Therefore, the new technologies of Refrigeration
and Air conditioning are being developed keeping in mind the hazardous effects of
existing systems on the environment in terms of Ozone layer depletion. These new and
environment friendly techniques of Refrigeration and Air conditioning developed are
needs to be implemented effectively. Also, there should be more research on these
technologies so that more eco friendly and economical techniques can be developed.

Also, there should be research on the existing systems so that with small
modifications, their hazardousness can be reduced to minimum level, so that there will
not be any need of replacing the whole system.

5.References
1. Khurmi,Gupta, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Ch. Vapour
Absorption Systems, Page no. 238-249. Ch. Refrigerants, Page no. 250269.
2. Domkundwar Arora Domkundwar, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning,
Ch. 10. Non Conventional Refrigeration Systems. Page no. 10.1-10.31.
3. Yogi Goswami, Principals of Solar Engineering Ch. 6. Solar Cooling
and Dehumidification, Page no. 169-210
4. http://www.moef.gov.bd/html/mv_bangladesh/data/india.pdf

5. http://www.energy-concepts.com/isaac