Mobile Communications

2015-2016
Dijlah University College
Department of Computer Techniques Engineering

Tutorial of Chapter 2

Dr. Eng. Hussein Jamaluddin Khaleel

Email: hussein.khaleel@duc.edu.iq

Problem 2.3
A cellular service provider decides to use a digital TDMA scheme which
can tolerate signal-to-interference ratio of 15 dB in the worst-case. Find
the optimal value to N for (a) omni-directional antennas, (b) 120o
sectoring, and (c) 60o sectoring. Should sectoring be used? (Assume a path
loss of exponent of n = 4 and consider trunking efficiency).

Dijlah University College

Problem 2.3 Solution

Given: SIR = 15 dB, n = 4
N=?

(a) For omni-directional antennas, the number of co-channel interfering cells is io = 6

SIR =

SIR = 15 dB = 101.5 = 31.623 (dB to ratio) =

N = 4.59 we choose N = 7

(b) For 120o sectoring, io = 2

(c) For 60o sectoring, io = 1

N = 2.65 we choose N = 3

N = 1.87 we choose N = 3

Sectoring can increase the capacity by 7/3 = 2.33 times for both 120o and 60o sectoring.
Although 60o sectoring increases the capacity by the same factor as 120o sectoring, it will
reduce the trunking efficiency.
Therefore, if sectoring is to be used, 120o sectoring would be the better choice.

Dijlah University College

Problem 2.4

Homework

If an intensive propagation measurement campaign showed that the

mobile radio channel provided a propagation path loss exponent of n = 3
instead of 4, how would your design decisions in Problem 2.3 change?
What is the optimal value of N for the case of n = 3?

Dijlah University College

Problem 2.5
For N=7 system with Pr[Blocking] = 1% and average call length of 2
minutes, find the user capacity loss due to trunking for 57 channels when
going from omni-directional antennas to 60o sectored antennas. (Assume
that blocked calls are cleared and the average per-user call rate = 1 call
per hour).

Homework Solve again for 120o sectoring.

Dijlah University College

Problem 2.5 Solution

Given: N = 7, GOS = 1% = 0.01, H = 2 minutes, C = 57 channels, Erlang B system, = 1 call/hour.
Loss in U? (compare U for omni-directional and U for 60o sectoring cases)
We need to find: A for omni-directional = ?

and

A for 60o sectoring = ?

Au = H = 1 call/hour x (2/60) hour = 0.033 Erlang per user

For Omni-directional antennas: the number of channels (C) = 57 channels
From Erlang B table/diagram: Traffic capacity A = 44.22 Erlang
The number of users that the system can handle:
U = A/Au = 44.22/0.033 = 1326 users
For 60o sectoring: the number of channels per sector is 57/6 = 9 channels
From Erlang B table/diagram: Traffic capacity A = 3.783 Erlang
U = 3.783/0.033 users per sector x 6 sectors = 678 users in all sectors
no. users for 60o sectoring
678
User capacity loss = 1
100 = 1
100 = 49% decrease
no. users for omnidirectional
1326

Dijlah University College

Problem 2.6
Assume that a cell named Radio Knob has 57 channels, each with an
effective radiated power of 32 watts and a cell radius of 10 km. The grade
of service is established to be a probability of blocking of 5% (assuming
blocked calls are cleared). Assume the average call length is 2 minutes,
and each user averages 2 calls per hour. Further, assume the cell has just
reached its maximum capacity and must be split into 4 new microcells to
provide 4 times the capacity in the same area. (a) What is the current
capacity of the Radio Knob cell? (b) What is the radius and transmit
power of the new cells? (c) How many channels are needed in each of the
new cells to maintain frequency reuse stability in the system? (d) If traffic
is uniformly distributed, what is the new traffic carried by each new cell?
Will the probability of blocking in these new cells be below 0.1% after the
split?

Dijlah University College

Problem 2.6 Solution

Given: C = 57 channels, Pt1 = 32 watt, R1 = 10 km, GOS = 5%, Erlang B system, H = 2 minutes, = 2 call/hour
Cell will be split into 4 cells.
(a) User capacity (U)of the original cell?
Au = 2 x 2/60 = 0.067 Erlang
From Erlang B table: A = 51.55 Erlang
Number of users U = A/Au = 769 users
(b) R2 = ?, Pt2 = ?
Area of original cell = 4 x area of new cells
3 3
2

12 = 4 x

3 3
2

22 22 = 12 2 = 1 = 5km

Pt1 R1-n = Pt2 R2-n Pt2 = Pt1 (R2/R1)n Pt2 = Pt1 (1/2)n
Assume n = 4 Pt2 = Pt1(1/16) = 32/16 = 2 watt

Dijlah University College

Problem 2.6 Solution Cont.

(c) Microcells have the same number of channels as the original cells after cell splitting. While the total
number of channels in the original area is increased.
(d) Traffic (A) carried by each new cell = ?, will the GOS be < 0.1%?
Users will be distributed over 4 cells
U = 769/4 = 192 users
A = U x Au = 192 x 0.067 = 12.86 Erlang. This is the traffic that is being carried by each cell.
From Erlang B table:

For GOS = 0.1% and 57 channels,

A = 38.39 Erlang, this is the maximum amount of traffic that can be carried by each cell for GOS = 0.1%
The current carried traffic is only 12.86 Erlang, which is less than the maximum traffic that can be handled
by the cell. So, the probability of blocking will be less than 0.1%.

Dijlah University College

Problem 2.7

Homework

Exercises in trunking (queueing) theory:

(a) What is the maximum system capacity (total per channel) in Erlangs
when providing a 2% blocking probability with 4 channels, with 20
channels, with 40 channels?
(b) How many users can be supported with 40 channels at 2% blocking?
Assume H = 105 s, = 1 call/hour.
(c) Using the traffic intensity per channel calculated in part (a), find the
grade of service in a lost call delayed system for the case of delays being
greater than 20 seconds. Assume that H = 105 s, and determine the GOS
for 4 channels, for 20 channels, for 40 channels.
(d) Comparing part (a) and part (c), does a lost call delayed system with a
20 second queue perform better than a system that clears blocked calls?

Dijlah University College

10

Problem 2.8
A receiver in an urban cellular radio system detects a 1 mW signal at d = d0 = 1 meter from
the transmitter. In order to mitigate co-channel interference effects, it is required that the
signal received at any base station receiver from another base station transmitter which
operates with the same channel must be below -100 dBm. A measurement team has
determined that the average path loss exponent in the system is n = 3. Determine the major
radius of each cell if a 7-cell reuse pattern is used. What is the major radius if a 4-cell reuse
pattern is used?

Dijlah University College

11

Problem 2.8 Solution

Given: d0 = 1 m, P0 = 1 mW, Pr = -100 dBm, n = 3
R = ? For N = 7 and N = 4
The power received at co-channel cells, at distance D, must be below -100dBm
=

0
,
0

= 3

OR dBm = 0 dBm

3
= 0
0

10 log
,
0

dBm = 0 dBm 10 log

= 3

3
0

For N = 7:
-100 = 0 30 log

21
1

log

21
1

= 3.33

21 = 103.33 = 2154.43 R = 470.1 m

For N = 4:
R = 621.9 m

Dijlah University College

12

Problem 2.9

Homework

A cellular system using a cluster size of 7 is described in Problem 2.8. It is operated with 660
channels, 30 of which are designated as setup (control) channels so that there are about 90
voice channels available per cell. If there is a potential user density of 9000 users/km2 in the
system, and each user makes an average of one call per hour and each call lasts 1 minute
during peak hours, determine the probability that a user will experience a delay greater than
20 seconds if all calls are queued.

Dijlah University College

13

Problem 2.10
Show that if n = 4, a cell can be split into four smaller cells, each with half the radius and 1/16
of the transmitter power of the original cell. If extensive measurements show that the path
loss exponent is 3, how should the transmitter power be changed in order to split a cell into
four smaller cells? What impact will this have on the cellular geometry? Explain your answer
and provide drawings that show how the new cells would fit within the original macro cells.
For simplicity use omni-directional antennas.

Dijlah University College

14

Problem 2.10 Solution

Cell is split into 4 smaller cells
Area of original cell = 4 x area of micro cells
3 3 2
1
2

=4x

3 3 2
2
2

1
4

1
2

22 = 12 2 = 1

Pt1 R1-n = Pt2 R2-n Pt2 = Pt1 (R2/R1)n Pt2 = Pt1 (1/2)n
For n = 4
Pt2 = Pt1 (1/2)4 = 1/16 Pt1
For n = 3
Pt2 = Pt1 (1/2)3 = 1/8 Pt1

Dijlah University College

15

Problem 2.11
Using the frequency assignment chart in Table 2.2, design a channelization scheme for a Bside carrier that uses 4-cell reuse and 3 sectors per cell. Include an allocation scheme for the
21 control channels.

Dijlah University College

16

Problem 2.11 Solution

Given
From the chart, there is a total of 416 channels, 395 for voice and 21 for control
N=4
Sectors = 3
The total number of voice channels is divided into 4x3 = 12 subsets.
Each subset contains 395/12 = 32 channels. Channels in a subset
(sector inside a cell) are 12 channels away.
If i represents the cell and ranges from 1-4, and A, B, and C represent
the sectors in a cell
The overall channels are sequentially distributed into the subsets
according to the following sequence: iA, iB, iC
The 21 control channels are selected following the same sequence,
considering that control channels are required for the different
sectors.

1A
4A

1B
1C
4B

2A
3A

2B
2C
3B
3C

4C

Dijlah University College

17

Problem 2.12

Homework

Repeat Problem 2.11 for the case of 4-cell reuse and 6 sectors per cell.

Dijlah University College

18

Problem 2.18

Homework

Assume each user of a single base station mobile radio system averages three calls per hour,
each call lasting an average of 5 minutes.

(a) What is the traffic intensity for each user?

(b) Find the number of users that could use the system with 1% blocking if only one channel
is available.
(c) Find the number of users that could use the system with 1% blocking if five trunked
channels are available.
(d) If the number of users you found in (c) is suddenly doubled, what is the new blocking
probability of the five channel trunked mobile radio system? Would this be acceptable
performance? Justify why or why not.

Dijlah University College

19