~1

ENGLISH

Interactive DVD
Learn ing Systern

Speak
toMe

By Christel Baach &.. Joseph Merrill

~ AMERICAN VIDEO

lANGUAGE INSTITUTE, INC.

UNIT 1 LESSON 1
The Verb "To Be", Affirmative

~~1

Grammatical Explanations

The verb "to be" is used for state (old, sick, tired, beautiful,

American, etc.) and for location (in California, from Brazil, at home, in

the park, etc.)

Contractions are generally used in conversation.

Affirmative Sentences

am

He
She

is

It

old.

You*

We
They

are

Note:
* "You are" is used for both singular and plural.

""iH(:ak

UNIT 1 LESSON 1
The Verb "To Be", Affirmative
Affirmative Sentences with Contractions

I'm
He's
She's
It's

old.

You're
We're
They're

Questions

Am

Is

he
she
it

Are

old?

you
we
they
SI>C,,::lk

UNIT 1 LESSON 3
"To Be", Negative

~~1

Negative Sentences

am

He
She

is

It

is

You
We
They

are

not

old.

Negative Sentences with Contractions

I'm

not

He
She

isn't
old.

It

You
We
They

~I><;~k~

aren't

UNIT 1 LESSON 3
"To Be", Negative
Negative Sentences with Contractions

I'm
He's
She's
It's

not

old.

You're
We're
They're

Sl)c::lk

UNIT 1 LESSON 10
Interrogatives

D~1

Grammatical Explanations
Some of the most common interrogatives are "who", "what",
"where", and "when".

For example:

"WHO"

>

a person

>

the man, the child, your mother,

Bob, the doctor

"WHAT"

>

a thing or
an action

>

the cat, the telephone, the table,

swimming, skiing, the lesson
Note:

We also use "what" to ask about

professions.

Ex.: What is she?

She is a secretary.

"WHERE" > a place

>

the United States, Australia,

my house, the classroom,
a restaurant, New York,
the beach, the store

"WHEN"

>

New Year's Eve, at 9:00, next

week, in August, today, this
afternoon, in 2008

> a time

UNIT 1 LESSON 11
The Alphabet

The Alphabet
A as in apple - 8 as in bed - C as in cat
D as in desk - E as in engine - F as in fire
G as in girl - H as in house - I as in iron - J as in jet
K as in key - L as in land - M as in man N as in newspaper -0 as in office - P as in paper
as in question - R as in restaurant - S as in stereo
T as in television - U as in United States
Vas in video - W as in water
X as in X-ray - Yas in year - Z as in zebra

Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, LI,
Mm, Nn, 00, Pp, Oq, Rr, 55, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww,
Xx, Yy, Zz..

S,W':lk

~~1

~~1

UNIT 1 LESSON 12
Numbers
Repeat the following numbers:

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

SIH,::tk

coMc

one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
twenty-one
twenty-two
twenty-three
twenty-four
twenty-five

II

III

1111

11111

111111

1111111

11111111

111111111

1111111111

11111111111

111111111111

1111111111111

11111111111111

111111111111111

1111111111111111

11111111111111111

111111111111111111

1111111111111111111

11111111111111111111

111111111111111111111

1111111111111111111111

11111 11111 11111 11111 III

11111 11111 11111 11111 1111

11111 11111 11111 11111 11111

47

o
w

en
en
(])

... .Q

,.....J
Z

::><

- - --

- -

UNIT 2 LESSON 1
The Present Progressive Tense, Affirmative

D~2

Grammatical Explanations
The present progressive tense (often called the present continuous
tense) is used to describe actions which are in progress and are
happening at the moment.
Contractions are generally used in conversation.
Affirmative Sentences

am

He
She

is

working.

It

You
We
They

are

UNIT 2 LESSON 1
The Present Progressive Tense, Affirmative
Affirmative Sentences with Contractions

I'm

He's
She's
It's

working.

You're
We're
They're
Questions

Am

Is

Are

he
she
it

you
we
they

working?

UNIT 2 LESSON 2
The Present Progressive Tense, Negative

~~2

Negative Sentences

am

He
She
It

is

You
We
They

are

not

working.

Negative Sentences with Contractions

Spc:ak

toMe

I'm

not

He
She
It

isn't

You
We
They

aren't

working.

61

UNIT 2 LESSON 2
The Present Progressive Tense, Negative
Negative Sentences with Contractions

I'm
He's
She's
It's

not

working.

You're
We're
They're

Note:

This type of contraction is not used on this DVD.

Spc:.ak
.ro.1\.f .... r'Th

UNIT

3 LESSON

W3

The Simple Present Tense

Grammatical Explanations

We use the simple present tense to talk about our daily activities.
We typically use these time phrases with this tense:
every day
every week
every month
every year
twice a week
twice a month
in tile afternoon
in tile evening

always
usually
often
frequently
sometimes
occasionally
seldom
rarely
never

on Mondays
on Thursdays
in January
in March
at 7:30
at 9:00
in the summer
in the winter

Affirmative Sentences

I
You
We
They

eat
fish.

He
She
It

eats

Note:

Add an "s" to all third person singular verbs in the affirmative.

UNIT 3 LESSON 1
The Simple Present Tense
Questions

Do

I
we
you
they
eat

Does

fish?

he
she
it

Add "es" to verbs which end in "sh", "ch", "55" and "x".
Pronounce this like "ez".
Study the following verbs:

Infinitive

3rd Person Singular

brush
wash
teach
kiss
watch
fix
push
relax

brushes
washes
teaches
kisses
watches
fixes
pushes
relaxes

UNIT 3 LESSON 1
The Simple Present Tense

~~3

Add "es" to verbs ending in a consonant and "y"; first change

the "y" to "i".
Study the following verbs:
Infinitive

3rd Person Singular

cry
study
worry
carry
try

cries
studies
worries
carries
tries

Simply add "5" to verbs ending in a vowel plus "y".

Study the following verbs:

...: ......... 1.

Infinitive

3rd Person Singular

pay
say
buy
enjoy

pays
says
buys
enjoys

UNIT 3 LESSON 1
The Simple Present Tense
These 3rd person singular forms are irregular:
Study the following verbs:
Infinitive

3rd Person Singular

have
do
go

has
does
goes

Does she have a horse?

Yes, she has a horse.

UNIT 3 LESSON 2
The Simple Present Tense, Negative Form

~~3

Grammatical Explanations
Negative Sentences

You
We
They

do
not

He
She

eat

fish.

eat

fish.

does

It

Negative Sentences with Contractions

You
We
They
He
She

don't

doesn't

It

"'il~:;l.k
~_.

V1..m\

07

UNIT 1 LESSON 1
The Verb "To Be", Affirmative

~~1

tQti1

X5!-A1-~
t?~ "To Be"
km*-1it#iil. C::t, ~, 3t~, -X-M.,
~~A'~) ~ft~~ C~~~,~~~*-,~~,~
~ 00 ~f. ' ~) ~ ffl 0
:ttij~a-'fitJtj~~U~o

1fJiJo]~

am

He
She

is

old.

It

You'
We
They

are

~~:

You are Jfl

Sl~k

M.~

*-1it .f tk. Ji... d

tk. J~ "6f

1~

UNIT 1 LESSON 1
The Verb "To Be", Affirmative

im g

?1dl~

If :.i: 1jJ ~
I'm
He's
She's
It's

old.

You're
We're
They're

I~

If :.i: 1jJ ~
Am

Is

he
she
it

Are

old?

you
we
they
SP4::lk

UNIT 1 LESSON 3
"To Be", ~~~

~~1

~jE-tD~

am

I
He
She

is
is

It

You
We
They

i1'8 a $

B~

not

are

& jE .IQ] ~

I'm

not

He
She

isn't
old.

It

You
We
They

STM:ak
,.1oM ..

old.

aren't

1.11.1

--E

CIl _CIl
Q)

-0

.....,
c

ill.c CIl
I(J)~

ill

>,

ill
ill -'

'
::::l

'

ill

~~F

UNIT 1 LESSON 11
The Alphabet

The Alphabet
A as in apple - B as in bed - C as in cat
D as in desk - E as in engine - F as in fire
G as in girl - H as in house - I as in iron - J as in jet
K as in key - L as in land - M as in man N as in newspaper -0 as in office - P as in paper
as in question - R as in restaurant - S as in stereo
T as in television - U as in United States
V as in video - W as in water
X as in X-ray - Y as in year - Z as in zebra

Aa, Bb, Ce, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, L1,
Mm, Nn, 00, Pp, Oq, Rr, 55, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww,

Xx, Yy, Zz

SI'C'ak

W1

UNIT 2 LESSON 1
The Present Progressive Tense, Affirmative J.tt.ift~T~

~~2

x~Jf..

~4~ft~ (~~~~~4~~~) ~m*~~ftA~

lrI] .it ~ ~ {~ 0

~~$i-il~Jij4-1t-U-.po

l1f~ii.J~
----.

am

He

She

is

It

working.
-

You

We
They

Sp(~~kA.'

are

..I.

..

~rc

UNIT 2 LESSON 1
The Present Progressive Tense, Affirmative J..t.tui!.1T~
j?jja~~1lTjEin~

I'm

He's
She's
It's

working.

You're
We're
They're

tI rg~ in ~
Am

Is

Are

he
she
it

you
we
they

working?

UNIT 2 LESSON 2
The Present Progressive Tense, Negative

~2

J.ttui!.tT~

&;iii.J~

am

He
She
It

is

You
We
They

are

working.

It. 8~ ~ :i: ii.J ~

I'm

He
She
It
I

You
We
They

~I~~k__

not

1
1

not

-I
isn't
working.
~

aren't
j

-.J

~n

...

(/)

<J)

.(/)

<J)

en

0
~

.x
....

.
0
c

.c (/)

I(/)~

....

<J)
<J)
<J)

<J)
~....

>

<J)

::J .....

::2s~
..

it

.
:t

~
~
{;;f

~
~
~

-$1
itJ~

UNIT 3 LESSON 1
The Simple Present Tense

~~3

m~J~tfJ*~

Grammatical Explanations
We use the simple present tense to talk about our daily activities.
We typically use these time phrases with this tense:
always
usually
often
frequently
sometimes
occasionally
seldom
rarely
never

every day
every week
every month
every year
twice a week
twice a month
in the afternoon
in the evening

on Mondays
on Thursdays
in January
in March
at 7:30
at 9:00
in the summer
in the winter

Affirmative Sentences

You
We
They

eat
fish.

He
She
It

eats

Note:

Add an "s" to all third person singular verbs in the affirmative.

Spqk

UNIT 3 LESSON 1
The Simple Present Tense
Questions

Do

I
we
you
they
eat

Does

fish?

he
she
it

Add "es" to verbs which end in "sh", "ch", "ss" and "x".
Pronounce this like "ez".
Study the following verbs:

?1?

Infinitiv

3rd Person Singular

brush
wash
teach
kiss
watch
fix
push
relax

brushes
washes
teaches
kisses
watches
fixes
pushes
relaxes

UNIT 3 LESSON 2
The Simple Present Tense, Negative Form

D~3

Grammatical Explanations
Negative Sentences
I

You
We
They

do

not
He
She
It

eat

fish.

eat

fish.

does

Negative Sentences with Contractions

I
You
We
They

He
She
It

-;r)C:;lk

don't

doesn't

UNIT 4 LESSON 1
The Future with "Going to", Affirmative

~4

Grammatical Explanations

We use "going to" as one way to express future time.

We use the future tense with such expressions as:
tomorrow
next week

tomorrow evening
next month

tomorrow aftemoon
next year

in 2020
Affinnative Sentences

am

He
She

is

It

going to

eat chicken tonight.

You
We
They

are

UNIT 4 LESSON 1
The Future with "Going to ", Affirmative
Questions

Am

Is

he
she
it

Are

you
we
they

going to

eat chicken tonight?

UNIT 4 LESSON 2
The Future with "Going to", Negative

D~4

Negative Sentences

am

He
She
It

is

You
We
They

are

not

going to

eat chicken tonight.

Negative Sentences with Contractions

I'm

not

He
She
It

isn't

You
We
They

aren't

going to

eat chicken tonight.

Speak
toMe

11

D~4

UNIT 4 LESSON 5
The Future with "Will"
Grammatical Explanations

We use the helping verb "will" as another way to express future

time.

Contractions are generally used in conversation.

Affirmative Sentences

He
She
It

will

arrive next week.

You

We
They

"l',:>k

roMc:

23

UNIT 4 LESSON 5
The Future with "Will"
Questions

Will

he
she
it
you
we
they

24

arrive next week?

~4

UNIT 4 LESSON 6
The Future with "Won't"
Grammatical Explanations

To form the negative of "will" simply add the word "not" or use
the contraction "won't".

I will + not = won't

Negative Sentences

I
He

She
It

won't

arrive tonight.

You

We
They

S""ok
roMc

27

UNIT 4 LESSON 7

~4

Possibility in the Future with "Might"

Grammatical Explanations

We frequently use the helping verb "might" as a way to express

possibility in the future when we are not sure.

Affirmative Sentences

I
He
She
It

might

arrive next week.

You
We
They

Negative Sentences

I
He
She
It

might not

arrive next week.

You
We
They

31

UNIT 4 LESSON 7
Possibility in the Future with "Might"
"Might" is seldom used to ask questions. We usually ask questions
using "will" and "going to".
For example:
Will you buy a car?
100% Yes
100% No
50% ??

=
=

I will buy a car.

I won't buy a car.
I might buy a car.

Or:
Are you going to buy a car?
100% Yes
100% No
50% ??

32

=
=
=

I'm going to buy a car.

I'm not going to buy a car.
I might buy a car.

UNIT 4 LESSON 9
Contractions with "Going to", Affirmative

D~4

Affirmative Sentences with Contractions

I'm
He's
She's
It's

going to

arrive next week.

You're
We're
They're

,~p<'"k

(oMc

~,

41

UNIT 4 LESSON 10
Contractions of "Wi!!", Affirmative

D~4

Affirmative Sentences with Contractions

'-,-

I'll
He'll
She'll
It'll

arrive next week.

You'll
We'll
They'll

Speak
toi'-le

45

UNIT 4 LESSON 12
Numbers 400 - 1,000,000

D~4

Repeat the following numbers:

400
500
700
1,001
1,118
1,952
2,000
3,000
4,000
10,000
14,000
27,000
125,000
175,540
282,993
500,000
1,000,000

four hundred
five hundred
seven hundred
one thousand one
one thousand one hundred eighteen
one thousand nine hundred fifty-two
two thousand
three thousand
four thousand
ten thousand
fourteen thousand
twenty-seven thousand
one hundred twenty-five thousand
one hundred seventy-five thousand five hundred forty
two hundred eighty-two thousand nine hundred
ninety-three
five hundred thousand
one million

55

UNIT 5 LESSON 1
Past Tense
Grammatical Explanations

We use the past tense to describe completed actions or events.

We generally use it with such expressions as:
last
last
last
last
last
last

night
week
year
summer
Monday
November

yesterday
yesterday morning
yesterday afternoon
yesterday evening

ten minutes ago

five hours ago
two weeks ago
seven years ago

Affirmative Sentences
I

He
She
It
You
We
They

drank

water.

57

UNIT 5 LESSON 1
Past Tense
Questions

Did

58

I
he
she
it
you
we
they

drink

water?

Speak
to l\-1cc.F)

UNIT 5 LESSON 1
Past Tense, Regular Verbs Ending with a "d" Sound
Grammatical Explanations

All regular verbs end in "ed" but are pronounced differently

depending on the last sound of the verb in the infinitive.

Ending Sound [d}

The final "ed" is pronounced [d} after the following (voiced)

sounds:
"n", "b", "z", W ", {(I", "dg", and "r".
if

Infinitve

Past Tense

clean
rub
live
close
interview
fill
judge

cleaned

rubbed

lived

closed

interviewed

filled

judged

Sp.;ak
roMc

59

UNIT 5 LESSON 2
Past Tense, Regular Verbs Ending with a "t" Sound
Grammatical Explanations

Ending Sound [t]

The final ited" is pronounced [t] after the following (voiceless)
sounds:

Infinitve

Past Tense

work
stop
laugh
wash
watch
practice
fix

worked
stopped
laughed
washed
watched
practiced
fixed

.":ip<_;lk
fo~'Tc

63

UNIT 5 LESSON 3
Past Tense, Regular Verbs Ending with an Hid" Sound
Grammatical Explanations
Ending Sound lid]
The final sound tied" is pronounced rid] when the infinitive ends in

a "t" or a "d".

.~pc"k

roMc

Infinitive

Past Tense

paint
want
visit
celebrate
add
need
decide

painted
wanted
visited
celebrated
added
needed
decided

69

UNIT 5 LESSON 3
Past Tense, Special Spelling Rules for Regular Verbs
Grammatical Explanations

A.
When the infinitive ends in
one vowel and one consonant

nap
stop
clap
stab
stub
rub
~ never double

double the consonant before

adding "ed"

napped
stopped
clapped
stabbed
stubbed
rubbed
"x" or "w"

B.
When the infinitive ends in

a consonant plus 'y"

change

'y" to "i" before adding

"00"
study
wony
try
cry
deny

studied
worned
tried
cried
denied

Spc:ak

roMc (

75

UNIT 5 LESSON 3
Past Tense, Special Spelling Rules for Regular Verbs

c.
When the infinitive ends in

a vowel and a '}I"

employ
play
pray
enjoy
stay

do not change the verb,

just add "00"
employed
played
prayed
enjoyed
stayed

As a general rule, most verbs of more than two syllables are regular

76

Infinitive

Past Tense

consider
inquire
introduce
operate
recommend
diagnose
negotiate
continue
sympathize
demonstrate
remember
verbalize

considered
inquired
introduced
operated
recommended
diagnosed
negotiated
continued
sympathized
demonstrated
remembered
verbalized

UNIT 5 LESSON 4
Past Tense, Irregular Verbs
Grammatical Explanations

ItTegular vetbs tend to be short words, of one or 000 syllables, which are
frequently used in the language.
Study these vety common irregular verbs in the infinitive and past tense
forms:

Sp<:"k
lOMc

Infinitive

Past Tense

Infinftive

Past Tense

do
make
have
leave
rise
win
lose
find
forget
speak
tear
stand
sit
swim
ring
pay
feed
sleep
keep
sell

did
made
had
left
rose
won
lost
found
forgot
spoke
tore
stood
sat
swam
rang
paid
fed
slept
kept
sold

go
eat
see
fall
lay
lie
run
get
break
steal
wear

went
ate
saw
fell
laid
lay
ran
got
broke
stole
wore

unde~tan~ood
drink
give
begin
say
meet
sweep
feel
tell

gave
began
said
met
swept
felt
told

77

UNIT 5 LESSON 4
Past Tense, Irregular Verbs

78

Infinftive

Past Tense

Infinftive

Past Tense

grow
fly
blow
ride
write
think
teach
seek
shake
hide
spend
lend
mean
sting
hang

grew
flew
blew
rode
wrote
thought
taught
sought
shook
hid
spent
lent
meant
stung
hung

know
throw
drive
dive
come
fight
catch
bring
take
slide
bite
send
bend
hear
swing

knew
threw
drove
dove
came
fought
caught
brought
took
slid
bit
sent
bent
heard
swung

S)"",,k
t,o Mcql~

UNIT 5 LESSON 5
Past Tense, Negative Form
Grammatical Explanations
Negative Sentences

I
He
She

It

did

not

eat

yesterday.

eat

yesterday.

You
We
They

Negative Sentences with Contractions

I
He
She

It

didn't

You
We
They

83

UNIT 5 LESSON 9
Past Tense, Verb "To Be}}, (Was/Were)
Grammatical Explanations
Use the past tense of the verb "to be"
for state:

Present Tense

Past Tense

I am hungry.

He is very old.

They are students.

I was hungry.

He was very old.

They were students.

or for location:

Present Tense

Past Tense

We are at home.

She is in Italy.

We are at the beach.

We were at home.

She was in Italy.

We were at the beach.

We typically use the past tense of the verb "to be" with past tense
time expressions.
For example:
last
last
last
last

Sunday
night
week
year

yesterday
yesterday afternoon
in 1980
in 2001

two months ago

five days ago
two weeks ago
ten years ago

101

UNIT 5 LESSON 9
Past Tense, Verb "To Be" (Was/Were)

Affirmative Sentences

I
He
She
It
You
We
They

was
here

last week.

here

last week?

were

Questions

I
Was

Were

he
she
it
you
we
they

Speak

102

loMc

UNIT 5 LESSON 11
Past Tense, Verb "To Be", Negative Form
Grammatical Explanations
Negative Sentences

I
He
She
It

was

You
We
They

were

not

here

yesterday.

Negative Sentences wfth Contractions

I
He
She
It

wasn't
here

You
We
They

Sp"ok
toMc

yesterday.

weren't

109

UNIT 6 LESSON 1
Helping Verb "Can"

D~6

Grammatical Explanations

{lean" is the helping verb we use to show ability (physical or mental)

and opportunity.
Examples:
Questions

Can

I
he
she
it
you
we
they

play tennis?

can

play tennis.

Affirmative Sentences

I
He
She
It
You
We
They

Sp,:ak
foMc

115

UNIT 6 LESSON 1
Helping Verb "Can"
Short Answers

Yes,

he
she
it
you
we
they

can.

Spcnk

116

tol'tTc:ii '

UNIT 6 LESSON 2
Helping Verb "Can't"

Grammatical Explanations
To form the negative of "can", simply add the word "not" or use
the contraction "can't".

I can

+ not = can't I

Questions with "Can"

Can

I
he
she
it
you
we
they

play cards?

can't

play cards.

Negative Sentences
I

He
She
It
You
We
They

,~p<'"k

toMc

121

UNIT 6 LESSON 2
Helping Verb "Can't"
Short Answers with "Can't"

No,

122

he
she
it
you
we
they

can't.

Sp<'''k
loMe@:'

UNIT 6 LESSON 3
Helping Verb "Should"

~6

Grammatical Explanations
UShould" is the helping verb we use to give advice or to make
recommendations.
People should eat fruit.
(It's good for everybody's health.)

Example:

Questions

Should

I
he
she
it
you

eat fruit?

we
they

Affirmative Sentences with "Should"

I
He
She
It
You
We
They

Srx"k

toMc

should

eat fruit.

125

UNIT 6 LESSON 3
Helping Verb "Should"
Short Answers with uShould"

Yes,

I
he
she
it
you
we
they

should.

Sp....flk

126

(oMcC1I.~

UNIT 6 LESSON 3
Helping Verb "Shouldn't"

D~6

Grammatical Explanations

To form the negative of "should", simply add the word "not" or use
the contraction "shouldn't",

I should + not = shouldn't

Questions with "Should"

Should

I
he
she
it
you
we
they

smoke?

shouldn't

smoke.

Negative

I
He
She
It
You
We
They

Speak
roMc

127

UNIT 6 LESSON 3
He/ping Verb "Shou/dn't"
Short Answers with IlShouldn't"

No,

I
he
she
it
you
we
they

shouldn't.

128

Sp("~lk

to Mc

UNIT 6 LESSON 4
Helping Verb "Could"
Grammatical Explanations
tlCould" is the helping verb we use to show:

>>

the past tense of the helping verb tlcan"

(ability or opportunity in the past)

Example:

I could run all day when I was a child. ( I can't anymore.)

>>

ability in a situation which we are imagining (conditional sentences)

Example:
tf I had a lot of money, I could travel around the world.

(But I don't have a lot of money, so I can't travel around the world.)

'~J.X:ak

(oMc

133

UNIT 6 LESSON 4
Helping Verb "Could" (Past of "Can")
Questions with "Could"

Could

he
she
it
you
we
they

sleep well
last night?

Affirmative Sentences with "Could"

Yes,

134

I
he
she
it
you
we
they

could

sleep well
last night.

"l)(,'ak
toMe@;

UNIT 6 LESSON 4
Helping Verb "Could" (Past of "Can'')

D~6

Short Answers with "Could"

Yes,

Sp<:ak

tol\1c

I
he
she
it
you
we
they

could.

135

UNIT 6 LESSON 4
Helping Verb "Couldn't"
Negative Sentences with "Couldn't"

No,

I
he
she
it
you
we
they

couldn't

sleep well
last night.

Short Answers with "Couldn't"

No,

I
he
she
it
you
we
they

couldn't.

Sp(~ak

136

(oi\1c

UNIT 6 LESSON 5
"Could", Conditional Use
Questions with "Could"

Could

I
he
she
it
we
you
they

I
win the
race

if

he
she
it
we
you
they

were
faster?

Affirmative Sentences with "Could"

I
He
She
It
We
You
They

could

win the
race

if

I
he
she
it
we
you
they

were
faster.

139

UNIT 6 LESSON 5
"Could", Conditional Use
Short Answers with IICould"

Yes,

140

I
he
she
it
you
we
they

could.

Spc:"tk
loMc

UNIT 6 LESSON 6
Helping Verb "Would"
Grammatical Explanations
"Would" is the helping verb we use to show:

a situation which we are imagining but is not really

happening (conditional sentences)

Example:
I would go swimming if it were a bright and sunny day.
(But it's raining and cold.)

a wish or desire
Example:

If only I would win the lottery!

preferences (usually with "rather" or "prefer")

Example:

I would rather eat fish than meat.

I would prefer to eat at 7:00 P.M. than at 8:00 this evening.

Speak
loMt:(ID

145

UNIT 6 LESSON 6
"Would" Conditional Use

~6

Questions with "Would"

Would

he
she
it
we
you
they

win the
race

if

I
he
she
it
we
you
they

were
faster?

Affirmative Sentences with "Would"

I
He
She
It
We
You
They

would

win the
race

if

he
she
it
we
you
they

were
faster.

Sp<:nk

toi\lc::

147

UNIT 6 LESSON 6
"Would", Contitional Use
Short Answers with "Would"

Yes,

148

I
he
she
it
you
we
they

would.

Sp<:ak
to Me@'

UNIT 6 LESSON 6
"Wouldn't", Contitional Use

D~6

Questions with uWould"

~

Would

I
he
she
it
we
you
they

I
win the
race

if

he
she
it
we
you
they

were
slow?

Negative Sentences with "Wou/dn't"

I
He
She
It
We
You
They

wouldn't

win the
race

if

he
she
it
we
you
they

were
slow.

Spc:ak
loMe

149

UNIT 6 LESSON 6
"Wouldn't", Contitional Use
Short Answers with "Wouldn't"

No,

150

I
he
she
it
you
we
they

wouldn't.

--

-,...

UNIT 6 LESSON 9
Automobile Vocabulary

D~6

Repeat each word after it is spoken by your instructor:

grill - hood - windshield windshield wipers - fender -bumper - tire

hubcap - sidemirror - trunk - spare tire
jack - body side moulding gas tank door - gas cap
steering wheel - horn - turn signal
emergency brake
accelerator or gas pedal brake pedal - speedometer
tachometer - gas gauge - gear shift
glove box - headrest
rear view mirror - bucket seat
engine - battery - battery cable
oil dip stick - headlights
brakelight - license plate

-"~
'!

-".4

-,.\4
-~

"",:_41

.4

-,

-'4

-,
_'C
,4

-,

~~4

-4

_.

-,
-,.
_I

-r.

-'

-,.
-...'

Spc"k
to

i'\lc:(!l)

165

UNIT 7 LESSON 1
The Present Perfect Tense

~7

Grammatical Explanations
We use the present perfect tense to show:
1) an action which began in the past and may still be going on
Example:

I have been in the United States for 25 years.

( I came to the United States 25 years ago and I'm still here.)

2) something that occured in the recent past when time is not mentioned

Examples:

I have seen my mother recently

I have just eaten breakfast.

3) things one has or hasn't done in his life (with ever/never)

Examples:

Have you ever gone to Spain?

No, I have never gone to Spain.

4) an action that we are expecting to take place (with already/yet)

Examples:

Has the bus stopped here yet?

No, it hasn't stopped here yet. (We are still waiting for it. )

Yes, it has already stopped here.

SIXak
roMc

UNIT 7 LESSON 1
The Present Perfect Tense
We form the present pettect tense with the present tense of the verb
''to have" plus the past participle of the main verb.

Examples:

I have worked.

He has worked.

We form the past participle ofregular vetbs by adding "ed" or "d" to the
simple form of the verb. (They have exactly the same form as the simple
past. Consult the verb list in Set 2 of Spt'ak to Mc1~J for all the spelling /1Jles.)

The past participles of irregular verbs vary Study the past participles of the
following irregular verbs:

Infinftive

Past Participle

Infinitive

Past Participle

do
make
have
leave
rise
win
lose
find
forget
speak
tear
stand
sit

done
made
had
left
risen
won
lost
found
forgotten
spoken
torn
stood
sat

go
eat
see
fall
lay
lie
run
get
break
steal
wear
understand
drink

gone
eaten
seen
fallen
laid
lain
run
gotten
broken
stolen
worn
understood
drunk
.~p<,"k

toMc

......,l

=-=t
~

UNIT 7 LESSON 1
The Present Perfect Tense

Spc:tk
(O~fc

~7

Infinitive

Past Participle

Infinitive

Past Participle

swim
ring
pay
feed
sleep
keep
sell
grow
fly
blow
ride
write
think
teach
seek
shake
hide
spend
lend
mean
sting
hang

swum
rung
paid
fed
slept
kept
sold
grown
flown
blown
ridden
written
thought
taught
sought
shaken
hidden
spent
lent
meant
stung
hung

give
begin
say
meet
sweep
feel
tell
know
throw
drive
dive
come
fight
catch
bring
take
slide
bite
send
bend
hear
swing

given
begun
said
met
swept
felt
told
known
thrown
driven
dove
come
fought
caught
brought
taken
slidden, slid
bitten, bit
sent
bent
heard
swung

UNIT 7 LESSON 1
The Present Perfect Tense, "Ever", Affirmative
Questions with "Ever"

Have

Has

I
you
we
they

ever

eaten lobster?

he
she
it

Affirmative Answers to Questions with "Ever"

I
you
we
they

have

Yes,

eaten lobster.
he
she
it

has

Sp(:;lk
loMc@

UNIT 7 LESSON 1
The Present Perfect Tense, "Ever" Affirmative

D:tI27

Short Answers to Questions with "Ever"

I
you
we
they

have.

he
she
it

has.

Yes,

!!

Speak
{O~Jc

UNIT 7 LESSON 1
The Present Perfect Tense, "Ever" Affirmative
Short Answers to Questions with "Ever"

I
you
we
they

have.

he
she
it

has.

Yes,

D~7

UNIT 7 LESSON 2
The Present Perfect Tense, "Never" Negative

D:i!}7

Questions with "Ever/Never"

Have

Has

I
you
we
they

ever

lived in Rome?

he
she
it

I
you
'~~

have

they
never

No,
he
she
it

.-;~-nk

(oMc

lived in Rome.

has

UNIT 7 LESSON 3
The Present Perfect Tense (and the Continuous Form)

D:tJj7

Another tense similar to the present perfect is the present perfect

continuous tense. We use this tense to show an action that began
in the past and is still going on.
Example:

I have been studying English for two years.

We use this tense when we are interested in the action itself rather
than the result of the action.
Example:

They have been painting the room all day.

( We don't know if they have finished painting it.)
~

We use the (simple) present perfect when the result of the action
is more important.

!!!!!!!!

!!!!!

Example:

!!!!!

They've painted the room blue.

(We know that the painting is finished.)

!'!!
~

~
~

Spcok
toMe

13

UNIT 7 LESSON 3
The Present Perfect Tense, "Since/For"
Grammatical Explanations
We use both "since" and ufor" to say how long something has

been going on:

1< ------------------------- f~~:ri~~rs

----------------------- >

...

I
v

since
July 1
(beginning of period)

July 3

(now)

* We use "since" to show the starting point in time.

* We use "for" to show the length of time.

Affirmative Sentences with uSince/For"

I
You
We
They

since 2005
since last March
since Friday.
since last week.

have
been

He
She
It

14

has

in the U.S.

------------------
for a week.
for two days.
for five months.
for a few years.

Spc:,k
to:'tlc~

UNIT 7 LESSON 3
The Present Perfect Tense, "Since/For"

D~7

Questions with the Present Pet1ect Continuous

I
have

you
we
they
been

How long
has

studying

English?

he
she
it

Affirmative sentences with the Present Pet1ect Continuous

I
You
We
They
He
She

have
been

studying

English for many years.

has

It

S[X,k
roMe

15

UNIT 7 LESSON 4
The Present Perfect Tense, "Already/Yet"

~7

Questions with 'tyet"

It's 7:00 A.M.

I
you
we
they

Have

eaten breakfast

yet?

he
she
it

Has

Affinnative Sentences with "Already"

We ate at 6:30 A.M.

I
you
we
they

have

tr=
v

Yes,
he
she

,"ready

eaten breakfast.

has

it

Sp<:ak
toMe

19

UNIT 7 LESSON 4
The Present Perfect Tense, "Already/Yet"
Negative Sentences with "Yet"
We are going to eat at 7:30.

I
you
we
they

haven't

No,

eaten breakfast
he
she
it

20

yet.

hasn't

Spc;",k
roi\lcCE

UNIT 7 LESSON 5
The Passive Voice

J7

Grammatical Explanations

We use the passive construction when the object (or the

action) is more important than the doer of the action.
In a sentence in the passive voice, the subject doesn't
do or make anything: something is done to it.
Example:

The house was built last year.

In this sentence, the house is more important than the
people who built it. (We may not even know who
constructed it) When we want to mention who or what
did the action, we can mention the doer in a phrase with

"by".
Example:

The house was built by ABC Builders, Inc.

25

UNIT 7 LESSON 5
The Passive Voice

We form the passive voice by using the appropriate tense of

the verb "to be" and the past participle of the main verb.
Examples:

is
is being
was
was being
is going to be
has been

The car

can be
should be
will be
might be
could be
would be

made in Korea.

might have been

should have been
could have been
may have been

26

Speak
l()~k<l\l

----...

--.
-

!!!!!f
- ---,

UNIT 7 LESSON 5
The Passive Voice

~7

Examples of passive sentences without mentioning the person

who performs the action:
* This boat was produced in Canada.
* The diamond will be set in a ring.
* Milk is delivered to the supermarket every day.

Examples of passive sentences mentioning the person who

performs the action:
*

The song "One Love" was written by Bob Marley.

* The Statue of Liberty was given to the United States by France.

Note:
We sometimes use the verb "to get" instead of "to be" to form
the passive.
Example:
She got promoted 'from vice-president to president.

We may also form the passive using the expression "have ... done"
in place of the verb " to be".
Examples:
I had my car fixed yesterday.
I will have my furniture delivered tomorrow.

27

UNIT 9 LESSON 1
Conditional Sentences in the Past

D~9

Grammatical Explanations
Conditional Questions in the Past
Frank invested too much money in the stock market and lost it
because he didn't take John's advice.

Could
Should
Would

Frank
I
he
she
we
you
they

have taken

John's advice?

Affirmative Conditional Sentences in the Past

Frank
I
He
She
We
You
They

could
should
would

have taken

John's advice.

87

UNIT 9 LESSON 1
Conditional Sentences in the Past
Grammatical Explanations

We use conditional sentences in the past to talk about past situations

that didn't happen because a condition was not met.
Examples:

* If I had made a lot of money last year, I would have gone to

Europe on vacation.
(But I didn't make enough money, so I couldn't go!)
* If Marco Polo hadn't gone to China, we wouldn't have had
spaghetti in the west.
(But he did go to China, so we all enjoy spaghetti!)
Note:

tI 'd" is the short form of "had" and "would".

Example:
I'd have gone to the party if I'd been invited.

(I would have gone to the party if I had been invited.)

88

Speak
toMc@>

UNIT 9 LESSON 1
Conditional Sentences in the Past

D~9

We form condtional sentences in the past with several different

helping verbs. Their meanings are slightly different:

"Must have" indicates probability (something very likely).

Example:
He must have left the house (His car is gone.)

"Might have"

"Could have"

"May have" indicate possibility (something was likely).

Examples:
He might have gone to the store.
He could have gone to the movies.
He may have gone to a restaurant.
(We don't know.)

"Should have" indicates obligation.

Example:
He should have told us where he was going or left a note.

89

UNIT 9 LESSON 1
Conditional Sentences in the Past
"Would have" indicates willingness.
Example:
We would have let him know where we were going.

Conditional sentences in the past are formed with two clauses:

a conditional clause and an "if" clause. The condidional clause uses
the above compound verbs (might have, should have, etc.) and the
"if" clause uses the past perfect (had + past participle of the main
verb), i. e. had gone, had been, etc.

90

'>peak
[oMc<ID

UNIT 7 LESSON 1
The Present Perfect Tense, "Ever", Affirmative

Have

Has

I
you
we
they

ever

eaten lobster?

he
she
it

I
you
we
they

have
eaten lobster.

Yes,
he
she
it

132

has

UNIT 7 LESSON 1
The Present Pet1ect Tense, "Ever" Affirmative

m UEver"

~7

M~@]~M9

I
you
we
they

have.

he
she
it

has.

Yes,

~[Xak

roMc

133