‘TRANSFORMERS 267 (i) The voltage ratio must refer to the terminal voltage of primary and secondary. (ii) The phase displacement between primary and secondary voltages must be the same for all transformers which are to be paralleled, ae a (iii) The phase sequence must be the same. Following points are worthnoting while dealing with 3-phase transformers ® The calculations are made for one phase only. The value of equivalent impedance used is the equivalent impedance per phase referred to secondary. ‘When the impedances of primary and secondary windings are given separately then primary impedance must be transferred to secondary by multiplying it with (transforma tion ratio¥. @ In caso of Y/A or WY transformers the voltage ratios as given in the questions, refer to terminal voltages and are quite difference from turn ratio. HIGHLIGHTS ‘The function of a transformer is to transform alternating current energy from one voltage into another woltage. It operates on the principle of mutual inductance (between two or more inductively coupled coils). Distribution transformers should be designed to have maximum effieiency at a load much lower than fall-load (about 50%). Power transformers should be designed to have maximum efficiency at or near falt-load. The transformation ratio (K) is defined as the ratio of the secondary voltage to primary voltage. Approximate voltage drop = [Ree 008 $+ Ip Xog sin (pXqq cos 47 2 Ve og sin @) Exact voltage drop = Reg 008 2 1:Xoq) + Transfer of resistance or reactance from ‘output in kWh input in kWh WO" 24 hours). A transformer in which part of the winding is common to both the primary and secondary circuit is known ‘43 an auto-transformer, OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS Natl dey = (A) Choose the Correct Answer: Which of the following does not change in a transformer ? (a) Current ©) Voltage (c) Frequency (d} Allof the above. Ina transformer the energy is conveyed from primary to secondary (a) through cooling coil (©) through air (e) by the flux (d)none of the above.268 te 10. Li. 12. 13. ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY A transformer core is laminated to (a) reduce hysteresis loss (®) reduee eddy current losses. (e) reduce copper losses (d) reduce all above losses. Which loss is not common between a transformer and rotating machines ? (e) Eddy current loss (b) Copper loss (e) Windage loss (d) Hysteresis loss. ‘The degree of mechanical vibrations produced by the laminations of transformer depends on (a) tightness of clamping (6) gauge of laminations {c) size of laminations {d) all of the above. ‘The no-load current drawn by transformer is usually what percent of the falMload current ? (a) 0.2 to 0.5 per cent (6) 2 to 5 per cent (c) 12 to 15 per cent (d) 20 to 30 per cent. In case there are burrs on the edges of the laminations of the transformer, it is likely to result in (a) vibrations (b) noise (© higher eddy current loss (d) higher hysteresis loss. ‘The path of a magnetic flux in a transformer should have (a) high resistance (by high reluctance (o) low resistance (d) low reluctance. No-load test on a transformer is carried out to determine (e) copper loss (b) mognetising current (e) magnotising current and loss (d) efficiency of the transformer. ‘The dielectrie strength of transformer oil is expected to be (a) LEV (83 kV (6) 100 kV (@)930kV. Sumpncr’s test is conducted on transformers to determine (o} temperature (B) stray losses (e) all-day efficiency (d) none of the above, ‘The permissible flux density in ease of cold rolled grain oriented stool (a) 1.7 Whim? (6)2.7 Whtm? (€) 3.7 Whim? (d) 4.7 Whim, During the short-circuit test on a small transformer the frequency is increased from 50 Hz to 200 Hs. ‘The copper losses will increase by a factor of (a) 16 (4 1 @ The efficiency of a transformer will be maximum when (a) copper losses = hysteresis losses (b) hysteresis losses = eddy eurrent losses (c) eddy current losses = copper losses (d) copper losses = iron losses. No-load current in a transformer (a) lags behind the voltage by about. 75° (b) leads the voltage by about 75* (€) lags behind the voltage by about 15° (d) leads the veltage by about 15°, ‘The purpose of providing an iron core in a transformer is to (a) provide support to windings (b) reduce hysteresis loos (c) decrease the reluctance of the magnetic path (d) reduce eddy current losses, Which of the following is not a part of transformer installation? (a) Conservator (b) Breather (c) Buchholz relay (d) Exciter.‘TRANSFORMERS 209 18, 19, a1, ‘While conducting short-circuit test on a transformer the following side is short-circuited (a) high voltage side (6) low voltage side (e) primary side (d) secondary si In a transformer the toppings are generally provided on (a) primary side (@) secondary side (e) low voltage side Ad high voltage side, ‘The use of higher flux density in the transformer design (a) reduces weight per kVA (b) reduces iron losses 4e) reduces copper losses (d) increases part load efficiency. ‘The chemical used in breather for transformer should have the quality of (a) ionizing air {b) absorbing moisture te) cleansing the transformer oil {d) cooling the transformer oil. ‘The chemical used in breather is (a) asbestos fibre () silien sand (c) sodium chloride 4d) silica gel. Ifa pump motor is run on 2Srd ofits supply voltage, it will (a) continue to deliver same power (6) burn (e)stall (d) continue to run at lower speed. ‘An ideal transformer has infinite values of primary and secondary induetanees. The statement is (a) true 1b) false. ‘The transformer ratings are usually expressed in terms of a) volts (6) amperes cow id) KYA. ‘The noise resulting from vibrations of laminations set by magnetic foree, is termed as (a) magnetastriction (6) boo (bum (d) zoom. Hysteresis loss in a transformer varies a5 (Bq. = maximum flux density) 1) Bas (®) Bua” ©) Boat Ad) Bry? ‘Material used for construction of transformer core is usually (a) wood (b\ copper ° @akuminium @ steel. ‘The thickness of laminations used in a transformer is usually (a) 0.4 mm to 0.8 mm, 4b) 4 mam to mm {c) 14mm to 15 mm (d) 25 mm to 40mm. ‘The function of conservator in a transformer is (0) to protect against internal fault 4b) to reduce copper as well as core losses (e) to cool the transformer oil (q) to take care of the expansion and contraction of transformer oil due to variation of temperature of surroundings. ‘The highest voltage for transmitting electrical power in India is (a) 33 kV 4b) 66 kV tc) 192 kV 4d) 400 kV. Ina transformer the resistance between its primary and secondary is (a) zero @1a (e) 10000 (d) infinite. A transformer oil must be free from (a) sludge (b) odour (c) gases (d) moisture,270 36. 36. a7. 39. 40, 41. 43. 44. 45. 46. 41 48. ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY A Buchholz relay can be installed on (a) auto-transformers (b) air-cooled transformers (c) welding transformers (d) oil cooled transformers. Gas is usually not liberated due to dissociation of transformer oil unless the oil temperature exceeds (a) 50°C (6) 80°C (©) 100°C (d) 150°C. ‘The main reason for generation of harmonics in a transformer could be (a) fluctuating load (b) poor insulation (e) mechanical vibrations (d) saturation of core. Distribution transformers are generally designed for maximum efficiency around (a) 90% load (b) zero load (©) 25% load (d) 50% load. Which of the following properties is not necessarily desirable in the material for transformer core ? (a) Mechanical strength (b) Low hysteresis loss (c) High thermal conductivity (d) High permeability. Helical coils can be used on (a) iow voltage side of high KVA transformers () high frequency transformers (c) high voltage side of small capacity transformers (d) high voltage side of high kVA rating transformers. High frequency transformers sometimes make use of ferrite cores because it has (a) high specific gravity (b) high resistance (o) high hysteresis (d)low permeability. Cross over windings are used on (a) low voltage side of high kVA rating transformers (6) current transformers (c) high voltage side of high kVA rating transformers (d) high voltage side of low kVA rating transformers. While conducting short-circuit test on a transformer the following side is short-circuited, (a) hy, side (bv. side (c) primary side (d) secondary side. A substance is placed in strong magnetic field. Which of the following will have maximum influence on the capacity of the substance to get magnetised ? (a) Permeability (b) Susceptibility (©) Permittivity (d) Resistivity. Harmonies in transformer result in (a) inereased core losses (b) increased FR losses (c) magnetic interference with communication cireuits. (d) allof the above. Tertiary winding is provided in transformers having (a) mesh/star winding () mesh/mesh winding (c) star/star winding (d) any of the above. ‘The core used in high frequency transformer is usually (a) copper core (b) cost iron core (©) aircore (d)mild steel core. ‘The fulltoad copper loss of a transformer is 1600 W. At half-load the copper loss will be (a) 6400 W (6) 1G00 W (c) 800 W (d) 400 W, ‘The value of flux invelved in the e.m.f. equation of a transformer is (a) average value O)rm.s. value (©) maximum value (dl instantaneous value.‘TRANSFORMERS 2m 49. 61. 87. Silicon steel used in laminations mainly reduces (a) hysteresis loss (©) eddy current losses {c) copper lasses (d) all of the above. ‘Which winding of the transformer has less cross-sectional area ? (a) Primary winding (6) Secondary winding (e) Low voltage winding (@) High voltage winding. Power transformers are generally designed to have maximum efficiency around (a) no-load () halfload (e) near full-load (d) 10% avertoad. ‘Which of the following is the main advantage of an auto-transformer over a two winding transformer ? (a) Hysteresis losses are reduced (6) Saving in winding material (e) Copper losses are negligible (d) Eddy losses are totally climinated. ‘During short-circuit test iron losses are negligible because (a) the current on secondary side is negligible _(b) the voltage .on secondary side does not vary (e) the voltage applied on primary sideis low (¢) full-load current is not supplied to the transformer. ‘Two transformers areconnected in parallel. These transformers do nat have equal pereentage impedance ‘This is likely to result in. (a) short-cireuiting of the secondaries (8) power factor af one of the transformers is leading while that of the other lagging (e) transformers having higher copper losses will have negligible core losses (d) loading of the transformers not in proportion to their kVA ratings. ‘Tho changesin volume of transformer cooling oil dus to variation of atmospheric temperature during day and night is taken eare of by which part of transformer? 4a) Conservator (b) Breather {c) Bushings (d) Buchholz relay. ‘The transformer laminations are insulated from each other by (@) mica strip (8) thin coat of varnish 4c) paper (d) any of the above, ‘Which type of winding is used in 3-phase shell-type transformer ? (a) Circular type (b) Sandwich type (c) Cylindrical type (d) Rectangular type. During open circuit test ofa transformer (a) primary is supplied rated voltage (6) primary is supplied full-load current (c) primary is supplied current at reduced voltage 4@) primary is supplied rated kVA. ‘Open circuit test on transformers is conducted to determine (a) hysteresis losses (8) copper losses (c) care losses (d) eddy current losses. Short circuit test on transformers is conducted to determine (a) hysteresis losses (6) copper losses (c) care losses (d) eddy current losses. For the parallel operation of single-phase transformers it is necessary that they should have (a) same efficiency (©) same polarity (c) same kVA rating (d) same number of turns on the secondary side. ‘The transformer oil should have....... voltatility and ..... viscosity272 Pe AEE ea ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY The function of breather in a transformer is (a) to pravide oxygen inside the tank (b) to cool the coils during reduced load (c) to filter the transformer cooling oil (d) to arrest flow of moisture when outside air enters the transformer. ‘Tho tecondary winding of which of the following transformors is always kept closed ? (a) Step-up transformer ()Step-down transformer (©) Potential transformer (d) Current transformer. The size of a transformer core will depend on. (a) frequency (b) area of the core (c) flux density of the core material (d) (a) and (b) both. Natural air cooling is generally restricted for transformers up to (@) 1.5 MVA (5 MVA (15 MVA (50 MVA. Ashell-type transformer has (a) high eddy current losses (b) reduced magnetic leakage (c) negligible hysteresis losses (d) mone of the above. A transformer can have regulation closer to zero (a) on full-load (b)0n overload (c) on leading power factor (d} on zero power factor. Atransformer transforms (a) voltage (b}current (c) current and voltage (di power, Which of the following is not the standard voltage for power supply in India (a) 11k (0) 33 kV (©) 66 kV Ad) 122 kV. ANSWERS te) 2.) 3.) 4.(a) 5. a) 6.) ©) @ 9.(e) 10. (6) 11. (@) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (d) (a) 16. (c) 1nd 18. (6) 19. (ce) 20. (a) 21. (6) @ 23.) 24. (b) 25. (d) 26. (c) 27) 28. (d) (a) 30. (d) 31. @ 32. (d) 33. (d) 34.) 36. (d) dd) 31.) 38. (e) 38. (a) 40. (6) 41.) 42. (6) () 44.(d) 45. (e) 46. (e) AT) 48. (e) 49. (a) @ BL.) 52. (6) 83. (0) 54.0) 55.(a) 56. (5) () 58. (a) 59. (0) 60. (6) 61. () 62. (a) 63. (a) d) 65. (d) 66. (a) 67. (6) 68. (0) 69. (@) 70. (d) (B) Say Yes" or ‘No! When a transformer raises the voltage it is called the step-up transformer. A transformer must not be connected to D.C. source. ‘The ratio of primary voltage to secondary voltage is known as transformation ratio. An ideal transformer is one in which the resistance of the windings is negligible and the core has no losses. Primary and secondary currents are directly proportional to their respective turns. ‘The function of the magnetising component of no-load current is te sustain the alternating flux in the core. ‘The no-load primary input is practically equal to the iron loss in the transformer. A transformer is said to be loaded when the secondary circuit of a transformer is completed through an impedanee load‘TRANSFORMERS 273 a 10. 1 12, 13, 14, 15. 16. B REER ERS er 16. 22, Magnetic flux can be confined into a designed path. When shifting resistance to the secondary, divide it by K* ‘An open-circuit test is conducted to find no-load or core Joss. Short-circuit test is conclucted to find full-oad copper toss, The change in voltage when rated load ata specified power is removed is termed as voltage regulation, Iron or core losses include copper loss and eddy current loss. Iron or care losses are found from short-circuit test. The efficioney of a transformer at.a particular load and power factor isdefined as the ratio of power output to power input. Capper losses = iron losses is the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer. Nartey = ry aE (for 24 hours) A transformer in which part of the winding is common to both the primary and secondary circuits is known ag auto-transformer. The 4-A connection is generally used in systems in which the voltages are not very high and especially when continuity of service must be maintained even though one of the transformers should fail. The ¥-A connection is principally used where the voltage is to be stepped up. The 4-¥ connection is employed where it is necessary to step-up the voltage. The V-V circuit is frequently used for two auto-transformers. Itis practicable to connect instruments and meters directly to the lines in high voltage circuits. A potential transformer is a step down transformer used along with a low range voltmeter for measuring ahigh voltage. ‘The current transformer ratio is not equal to the ratio of secondary to primary turns, mainly because of the effect of the magnetising current, Aconstant-current transformer is used to supply power to street lights which are connected in series. Incase of an induction regulator primary winding is stationary. ANSWERS Yes 2. Yes 3. No 4. Yes 5. No 6. Yes Yes. Yes % No 10, No AL Yes 12. Yes 1a.Yes 14. No No 16. Yes 17, Yes 18. Yes 19, Yes 20. Yes 21.No Yes 23, Yes ‘24. No 25. Yes 26. Yes 27. Yes 28, No, THEORETICAL QUESTIONS What isa transformer ? How does it transfer clectric energy from one circuit to another ? Explain the principle of operation of @ transformer. What is meant by transformer action ? Under what conditions will it take place? If.an alternating current is impressed on one coil, what will be the frequency of the induced voltage in another coil with which it is coupled ? Enumerate the various kinds of transformers, Explain the need for stepping up and stepping down voltages in a power system. How does a transformer ‘accomplish ? Why are transformer windings divided into several coils? What properties should a good transformer oil possess ? What purposes are served by placing transformers in oil-filled tanks ? Why are the tanks of some large transformers corrugated ? Write a short note on ‘transformer cooling’, Enumerate and explain briefly different types of windings.