Design: - 06

Draw Neat Sketches of Gradually varied profi les.

Related Theory:Gradually Varied Flow:-

The gradually varied flow is the steady flow whose depth varies gradually
along the length of the channel.
This definition signifies two conditions
That the flow is steady; that the hydraulic characteristics of flow
remain constant for the time interval under consideration
That the streamlines are practically parallel; that hydrostatic
distribution of pressure prevails over the channel section
Assumptions for Gradually Varied Flow:The theories thus developed practically all hinge on following
assumptions:
The head loss at a section is the same as for a uniform flow having
the velocity and hydraulic radius of the section
The uniform flow formula ( Chezy, Manning) may be used to
evaluate the energy slope of gradually varied flow at a given
channel section and the corresponding coefficient of roughness
developed primarily for uniform flow is applicable to the varied flow
The slope of the channel is small so that the depth of flow is the
same whether the vertical or normal (to a channel bottom) direction
is used
The channel is prismatic; that is, the channel has constant
alignment and shape
The roughness coefficient is independent of the depth of flow and
constant throughout the channel reach under consideration
Different Formulae Used in Calculations:Limitations of Gradually Varied Flow equation:Steady State Flow:One Dimensional (can only calculate average cross sectional water
velocity)

General form of the Gradually Varied Flow equation is

Where:
So = Bottom slope, positive in the downward direction
Sf = Friction slope, positive in the downward direction
y = Water depth, measured from culvert bottom to water surface
x = Longitudinal distance, measured along the culvert bottom
Fr = Froude number
The Friction slope is approximated from Mannings Equation:

Where:
n

= Mannings roughness coefficient

V = Average cross section velocity

= Constant equal to 1.49 for English units and 1.00 for SI units.
R = Hydraulic radius, (Wetted Area / Wetted Perimeter)
Gradually Varied Flow Profiles:12 distinct configurations for surface profiles in GVF. It should be noted
that a continuous flow profile usually occurs only in one zone
Standard Step Method:The standard step method is a trial and error procedure applicable to both
natural and prismatic channels. The step computations are arranged in
tabular form and described below:
Record the following parameters
Q , n, , yc , yn, ke
Record the location of measured channel cross sections and the trial water
surface elevation, z, for each section. The trial elevation will be verified or
rejected based on computations of the step method.

Determine the depth of flow, y, based on trial elevation and channel

section data.
Using the depth from above step and section data, compute the crosssectional area, A, in m2, and hydraulic radius, R, in m.
Divide the design discharge by the cross-sectional area to compute the
average velocity, v, in m/s.
Compute the velocity head, v2/2g, in m.
Compute the total head, H, in m, by summing the water surface elevation,
z and the velocity head.
Compute the friction slope, Sf, using equation
sf =

n2 v 2
4

R3
Where:
Sf = friction slope
n = mannings n value
v = average velocity (m/s)
R = hydraulic radius (m)

Determine the average friction slope, Sf, between the sections in each
step (not applicable for first Value).
Determine the distance between sections, delta x.
Multiply the average friction slope, Sf , by the reach length, delta x , to
give the friction loss in the reach, hf.
Compute the eddy loss using the equation:

Compute the elevation of the total head, H, by adding the values of hf and
he to the elevation at the lower end of the reach.

If the value of H computed above does not agree closely with, a new trial
value of the water surface elevation is used and calculations are repeated
until agreement is obtained.

Procedure: Calculate the required data from the assignment page provided.
Calculate the normal depth and critical depth for the provided data.
Record the location of measured channel cross sections and the trial
water surface elevation, z, for each section. The trial elevation will
be verified or rejected based on computations of the step method.
Apply the standard step method to compute the energy head at
different stations.
Draw the bed, water surface and energy profiles for the calculated
data.

Calculations and Observations:S = 0.001

Q = 98x2.5*10= 2450 ft3/sec

b = 35ft

n = 0.0250

z= 3
Yn =5 ft

Table of Calculations:-

= 1.1

Comments:-