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9-Nov-16
Mechanical Separation
Separation of
solids from gases
liquid drops from gases
solids from solids
solids from liquids
Screening
Separating particles due to size ONLY
Single screen gives unsized fractions
Series of screens provides sized fractions
Commonly applied for large scale for the separation
Generally applicable for particles of a size as small as
about 50 m
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Screening
For very fine materials
difficulty of producing accurately woven fine gauze of sufficient
strength
screens become clogged
other methods of separation are usually more economical
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Screening
Commonly done in dry mode, occasionally in wet mode
With coarse solids the screen surface may be
continuously washed by means of a flowing stream of
water
to keep the particles apart
to remove the finer particles from the surface of larger particles
to keep the screen free of adhering materials
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Screening
Fine screens are normally operated wet, with the solids
fed continuously as a suspension
Concentrated suspensions have high effective viscosities
and frequently exhibit shear-thinning non-Newtonian
characteristics
By maintaining a high cross-flow velocity over the surface of the
screen, or by rapid vibration, the apparent viscosity of the
suspension may be reduced and the screening rate substantially
increased.
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Multiphase systems
Dissolved or
dispersed
phase
Continuous
medium
Solution
Colloid
Coarse dispersion
Gas
Gas
None
None
Liquid
Gas
None
Aerosol
Solid
Gas
None
Gas
Liquid
Foam
Liquid
Liquid
Emulsion
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Solid
Liquid
Solid
Solution: amalgam
Wet sponge
Solid
Solid
Solution: alloys
Gravel, granite
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Source: Wikipedia
Non-Newtonian fluid
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Non-Newtonian fluid
Time-dependent
viscosity
Rheopectic
Thixotropic
Timeindependent
viscosity
Shear thinning
(pseudoplastic)
Viscosity is constant
Generalized
Stress depends on normal and
Newtonian fluids shear strain rates and also the
pressure applied on it
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Custard, Water
Screening Equipment
In most cases, the particles drop through the openings
by gravity
Coarse particles drop through easily, but with fine
particles, screen must be agitated
Agitation can be done by
shaking
vibrating
mechanically or electrically
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Grizzlies
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Electromagnetic screen
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Mechanical screen
Mechanical screen
As very rapid accelerations and retardations are produced, the
power consumption and the wear on the bearings are high
Generally mounted in a multi-deck fashion with the coarsest
screen on top, either horizontally or inclined at angles up to
45
With the horizontal machine, the vibratory motion fulfils the
additional function of moving the particles across the screen
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Mechanical screen
The screen area which is required for a given operation
cannot be predicted without testing the material under
similar conditions on a small plant
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Trommel
A very large mechanically operated screen
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Electrostatic separator
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Cyclone separator
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Slurry Transport
Mechanical Operations (CH 31007)
Flow condition
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The solid particles settle so slowly that continuum fluid models can be
used to describe the flow behaviour of slurries.
Like liquids, non-settling slurries may exhibit either Newtonian or nonNewtonian flow behaviour.
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In this case, the viscosity of a very dilute suspension (solids volume fraction less
than 2%) of uniform, spherical particles can be described by the theoretical
equation derived by Einstein
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Flow profiles
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Flow profiles
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Friction factor
Laminar flow
Turbulent flow
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Velocity profile
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Laminar flow
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Hedstrom number
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Heterogeneous Slurry
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Pumps
The selection of a pump for a specific slurry transport line is based on the
discharge pressure requirement and the particle characteristics (particle size
and abrasivity)
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Pipeline
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Slurry De-watering
Thermal drying
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Static head
Suction head (hS): resulting from lifting the liquid relative to the
pump center line.
The hS is positive if the liquid level is above pump centerline, and
negative if the liquid level is below pump centerline (also called suction
lift)
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Friction head
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Vaporization itself does not cause any damage. However, when the
velocity is decreased and pressure increases, the vapor will
evaporate and collapse.
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Cavitation
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NPSH
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TYPE OF PUMPS
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Reciprocating pump
Reciprocating pumps are used only for pumping viscous liquids and
oil wells
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Rotary pumps
These pumps are used for special services with particular conditions
existing in industrial sites.
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Dynamic pumps
Dynamic pumps are also characterized by their mode of
operation: a rotating impeller converts kinetic energy
into pressure or velocity that is needed to pump the
fluid.
There are two types of dynamic pumps:
Centrifugal pumps
Special effect pumps
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Affinity Laws
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A coalwater slurry with 65% volume fraction of coal (specific gravity = 2.5) is pumped
at a rate of 3.41 m3/h from a storage tank through a 50 m long, 1.58 cm I.D. horizontal
pipe to a boiler. The storage tank is open to the atmosphere and the slurry is
discharged at a gauge pressure of 1.38 bar. Assume that the slurry behaves as a
Bingham plastic fluid with a yield stress of 80 Pa and a plastic viscosity of 0.2 Pa.s.
Calculate the Reynolds number and Hedstrom number of this flow? Assuming laminar
flow condition, calculate the pumping power (in kW) required for that slurry transport?
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Pneumatic Transport/conveying
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For a length of transport pipe into which particles and gas at mass
flow rates of Mp and Mf, respectively. The continuity equations are:
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Pressure drop
write down the momentum equation for a section of pipe
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Gas velocity
For a particular pipe size and solids flow rate, the saltation velocity is
always higher than the choking velocity. Therefore, in a transport
system comprising both vertical and horizontal lines, the gas velocity
must be selected to avoid saltation.
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gas-to-wall friction
solids-to-wall friction
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Bends
Bends increase the pressure drop in a line, and also are the points of most
serious erosion and particle attrition
Because of this operation, the particles slow down and are then re
entrained and re-accelerated after they pass through the bend, resulting in
the higher pressure drops associated with bends
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Mechanical Separation
Mechanical Operations (CH 31007)
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the mass solids (of all sizes) in the underflow / to that in the feed
The function which describes the efficiency with which particles are
separated by size (d) is usually termed the grade efficiency, G(d).
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Centrifugal Separations
There is now a wide range of situations where centrifugal
force is used in place of the gravitational force in order to
effect separations.
The resulting accelerations may be several thousand times
that attributable to gravity.
Some of the benefits include
far greater rates of separation
the possibility of achieving separations which are either not
practically feasible, or actually impossible, in the gravitational field
a substantial reduction of the size of the equipment
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Centrifugal Separations
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Centrifugal Separations
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Centrifugal Separations
They are best suited as primary separation devices and for relatively
coarse particles, with an electrostatic precipitator or fabric filter
being used downstream to remove very fine particles.
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Consider a particle of
Diameter: x
Density: rp
Orbit of radius: r
Gas of density rf and
Viscosity
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Consider a particle of
Diameter: x
Density: rp
Orbit of radius: r
Gas of density rf and
Viscosity
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For the confined vortex inside the cyclone body it is has been found experimentally
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Flow Characteristics
Rotational flow in the forced vortex within the cyclone
body gives rise to a radial pressure gradient.
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Flow Characteristics
The Euler number represents the ratio of pressure forces to the inertial
forces acting on a fluid element.
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Cut size
For such a curve, the particle size for which the grade
efficiency is 50%, x50, is often used as a single number
measurement of the efficiency of the cyclone.
It is also know as the equiprobable size since it is that
size of particle which has a 50% probability of appearing
in the coarse product.
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Problem
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Solution
Assuming that n cyclones in parallel are required and that the total
flow is evenly split, then for each cyclone the flow rate will be q=2/n
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Solution
We will therefore need two cyclones. Now, we recalculate the
cyclone diameter from