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Life Cycle Assessment

(LCA)

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

LCA is widely used methodology to evaluate overall
environmental impacts of a products life cycle starting from
extraction of natural resources to its final disposal at end-oflife.

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LCA is a tool to identify hot spots in the products life cycle

that can be improved to reduce environmental impacts
LCA can be used as a tool for sustainable goals
LCA as a tool for process design
LCA as a tool for process selection
LCA as tool for decision making

Assessment model for individual parts

A cost model has been developed, integrating production and
environmental costs as well as the technical status of an old part
product for re-use.
The model calculates the product gain (PG) as the difference between
the product value (PVL) and the product life cycle cost (PLCC)

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PLCC includes product costs and environmental costs

PG = PVL PLCC
The technical status of a product is expressed by the term known as
product effectiveness (PE)
The environmental cost is set as 10 % of product cost and 1 % of remanufacturing cost

Assessment model
Description

Knob/
Handle

Knob
shaft

Front
assembly

Mounting
plate

Contact
stages

Cover
plate

Contact
spring

Latching
spring

Terminal
screw

Clamping
bolt

Nut

Producing a new component

Product cost
Environmental cost
Product life cycle
cost (PLCC)
Market price (MP)
Product
effectiveness (PE)
PVL
PGNC

8
0.8
8.8

4
0.4
4.4

15
0.15
15.15

6
0.6
6.6

5
0.5
5.5

4
0.4
4.4

0.3
0.03
0.303

0.3
0.03
0.303

0.15
0.015
0.165

0.25
0.025
0.275

0.15
0.015
0.165

10
1

5
0

18
1

8
1

6
1

5
1

0.45
1

0.45
1

0.25
1

0.40
1

0.25
1

10
1.2

0
-4.4

18
2.85

8
1.4

6
0.5

5
0.6

0.45
0.147

0.45
0.147

0.25
0.085

0.40
0.125

0.25
0.085

0.09
0.135
0.0013
0.2263

0.045
0.0675
0.0006
0.1131

0.075
0.1125
0.0011
0.1886

0.045
0.0675
0.0006
0.1131

0.45
1

0.25
1

0.40
1

0.25
1

Remanufacturing a old component

Procurement cost

2.4
3.6
0.036
6.036

1.2
1.8
0.018
3.018

4.5
6.75
0.0675
11.317

1.8
2.7
0.027
4.527

10
1

5
0

18
1

8
1

6
1

PG OC

10
0
3.964 -3.018

18
6.683

8
3.473

6
2.23

5
0.45
1.982 0.2237

0.45
0.2237

0.25
0.1369

0.40
0.2114

0.25
0.1369

PG =

2.764

3.833

2.073

1.73

1.382 0.0767

0.0767

0.519

0.0864

0.0519

Re-mfg. cost
Environmental cost

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Product life cycle

cost (PLCC)
Market price (MP)
Product
effectiveness (PE)
PVL

1.382

1.5
1.2
0.09
2.25
1.8 0.135
0.0225 0.018 0.0013
3.77 3.018 0.2263
5
1

0.45
1

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Comparison of PG, PG for new and old component

Results of sustainability analysis

Environmental Impact
Water Eutrophication
Carbon Footprint
Material:

0.84 kg CO2

Manufacturing:

0.06 kg CO2

Use:

0.37 kg CO2

End of Life:

0.04 kg CO2

1.31 kg CO2

Material:

2.30E-4 kg
PO4

Manufacturing:

3.07E-5 kg
PO4

Use:

2.42E-4 kg
PO4

End of Life:

4.81E-5 kg
PO4

Material:

13.68 MJ

Manufacturing:

0.56 MJ

Use:

5.27 MJ

End of Life:

0.03 MJ

5.50E-4 kg PO4

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Air Acidification

3.38E-3 kg SO2

Material:

1.13E-3 kg
SO2

Manufacturing:

7.29E-4 kg
SO2

Use:

1.51E-3 kg
SO2

End of Life:

2.38E-5 kg
SO2

Total Energy Consumed

19.54 MJ

Comparison of environmental impact among the baseline and new designs

Environmental Impact Comparison

Original Design:
Better

Worse

Carbon Footprint - Comparison

Water Eutrophication - Comparison

Total:

Total:

Nylon 101 : 1.61 kg CO2

Nylon 101 : 1.31 kg CO2

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New Design:

Nylon 101 : 6.78E-4 kg PO4

Nylon 101 : 5.50E-4 kg PO4

Air Acidification - Comparison

Total Energy Consumed - Comparison

Total:

Total:

Nylon 101 : 4.17E-3 kg SO2

Nylon 101 : 3.38E-3 kg SO2

Nylon 101 : 24.06 MJ

Nylon 101 : 19.54 MJ

Baseline