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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
0.21t
p 50 4 ln
100x 1
319
74. Mean Earnings The mean earnings of workers 18 years old and over are given in the table below.
Year
1975
Mean Earnings
8,552
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
12,665
17,181
21,793
26,792
32,604
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
320
Chapter 4
Year
1998
Price $0.473
1999
2000
$0.489 $0.490
2001
2002
$0.500 $0.509
2003
$0.526
76 Prove Formula (3). Hint: Use the Chain Rule with y eu,
77. Prove Formula (5). Hint: Use the Chain Rule with y
4.6
u g(x).
ln u, u g(x).
Higher-Order Derivatives
OBJECTIVES
d
d
f (x)
(18x 2 6x 2) 36x 6
dx
dx
By continuing in this fashion, we can find the third derivative f (x), the fourth
derivative f (4)(x), and so on, provided that these derivatives exist.*
For example, the first, second, and third derivatives of the function
f(x) 3x3 2x2 5x 6
*The symbols f(x), f (x), and so on for higher-order derivatives have several parallel notations. If y f(x),
we may write
dy
d
y f(x)
f (x)
dx
dx
d 2y
d2
f(x)
dx 2
dx 2
3y
3
d
d
y f (x)
f (x)
dx 3
dx 3
.
.
.
d ny
dn
(n)
f(x)
y f (n)
dx n
dx n
y f (x)
Higher-Order Derivatives
321
are
f (x) 9x2 4x 5
d
f(x) 18x 4
dx
d
f (x)
f (x) 18
dx
f (x)
For this function f, observe that f (4)(x) 0 and that all derivatives of order 5 or
more equal 0.
The result obtained in this example can be generalized:
For a polynomial function f of degree n, we have
f(x) a n x n a n1x n1 a 1x a 0
f (x) na n x n1 (n 1)a n1x n2 a 1
The first derivative of a polynomial function of degree n is a polynomial function of
degree n 1. By continuing the differentiation process, it follows that the nth-order
derivative of f
f (n)(x) n(n 1)(n 2) (3)(2)(1)an n!an
is a polynomial of degree 0 a constant, so all derivatives of order greater than n will
equal 0.
NOW WORK PROBLEMS 3 AND 21.
In some applications it is important to find both the first and second derivatives of a
function and to solve for those numbers x that make these derivatives equal 0.
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION
when
when
x0
x1
or
x2
Average Velocity
The average velocity is the ratio of the change in distance to the change in time. If
s denotes distance and t denotes time, we have
Average velocity
s
total distance
elapsed time
t
322
Chapter 4
EXAMPLE 2
SOLUTION
s
total distance
t
elapsed time
The total distance is 27,000 26,700 300 kilometers and the elapsed time is 11
5 6 hours. Thus, the average velocity is
Average velocity
300
50 kilometers per hour
6
Sometimes Mr. Doody will be traveling faster and sometimes slower, but the average
velocity is 50 kilometers per hour.
Average velocity provides information about velocity over an interval of time, but
provides little information about the velocity at a particular instant of time. To get such
information we require the instantaneous velocity.
Instantaneous Velocity
The rate of change of distance with respect to time is called (instantaneous) velocity.
If s S(t) is a function that describes the position s of a particle at time t, the velocity
of the particle at time t is
EXAMPLE 3
ds
S(t)
dt
FIGURE 12
where t is the elapsed time that the ball is in the air. The ball misses the rooftop on its
way down and eventually strikes the ground. See Figure 12.
Roof
top
96 ft
When does the ball strike the ground? That is, how long is the ball in the air?
At what time t will the ball pass the rooftop on its way down?
What is the average velocity of the ball from t 0 to t 2?
What is the instantaneous velocity of the ball at time t0?
What is the instantaneous velocity of the ball at t 2?
When is the instantaneous velocity of the ball equal to zero?
What is the instantaneous velocity of the ball as it passes the rooftop on the way
down?
(h) What is the instantaneous velocity of the ball when it strikes the ground?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
Higher-Order Derivatives
SOLUTION
323
16t2 80t 96 0
t 2 5t 6 0
(t 6)(t 1) 0
t 6 or t 1
We discard the solution t 1. The ball strikes the ground after 6 seconds.
16t2 80t 96 96
t 2 5t 0
t(t 5) 0
t 0 or t 5
We discard the solution t 0. The ball passes the rooftop on the way down after 5
seconds.
(c) The average velocity of the ball from t 0 to t 2 is
s
s(2) s(0)
192 96
48 ft/sec
t
20
2
(d) The instantaneous velocity of the ball at time t is the derivative s(t); that is,
s(t)
d
(16t 2 80t 96) 32t 80 ft/sec
dt
s(t) 0
16(2t 5) 0
t
5
2.5 seconds
2
(g) From part (b), the ball passes the rooftop on the way down when t 5 seconds.
324
Chapter 4
EXPLORATION:
Acceleration
The acceleration a of a particle is defined as the rate of change of velocity with
respect to time. That is,
a
d
d
dt
dt
dt
In other words, acceleration is the second derivative of the function s s(t) with
respect to time.
EXAMPLE 4
SOLUTION
s(t)
d
(4.9t 2 19.6t) 9.8t 19.6
dt
At t 1,
9.8 meters per second.
(b) The ball will reach its highest point when it is stationary; that is, when
0.
9.8t 19.6 0
when t 2 seconds
4.9t2 19.6t 0
19.6
t0
or
t
4
4.9
Higher-Order Derivatives
325
FIGURE 13
t = 2; v(2) = 0; s(2) = 18.6
The minus sign here indicates that the direction of velocity is downward.
19.6
meters
v(0) = 19.6
meters per second
t=0 t=4
In Example 4, the acceleration of the ball is constant. This is approximately true for
all falling bodies provided air resistance is ignored. In fact, the constant is the same for
all falling bodies, as Galileo (1564 1642) discovered in the sixteenth century. We can
use calculus to see this. Galileo found by experimentation that all falling bodies obey
the law that the distance they fall when they are dropped is proportional to the square
of the time t it takes to fall that distance. Of great importance is the fact that the constant of proportionality c is the same for all bodies. Thus, Galileos law states that the
distance s a body falls in time t is given by
s ct2
The reason for the minus sign is that the body is falling and we have chosen our coordinate system so that the positive direction is up, along the vertical axis.
The velocity
of this freely falling body is
ds
2ct
dt
d 2s
2 2c
dt
dt
That is, the acceleration of a freely falling body is a constant. Usually, we denote this
constant by g so that
a g
The number g is called the acceleration of gravity. For our planet, g may be approximated by 32 feet per second per second or 980 centimeters per second per second.* On
the planet Jupiter, g 2600 centimeters per second per second, and on our moon, g
160 centimeters per second per second.
EXAMPLE 5
SOLUTION
* The Earth is not perfectly round; it bulges slightly at the equator. But neither is it perfectly oval, and its mass is
not distributed uniformly. As a result, the acceleration of any freely falling body varies slightly from these constants.
326
Chapter 4
(ii) The ball is thrown upward from an initial height of 6 feet (h0) (average height of a
pitcher).
The equation
5(t) 16t2
t h0
is a formula describing the path of the ball, where s(t) is the height (in feet) at time t, h0
is the height of the object at time t 0, and
0 is the initial velocity of the ball (t 0).
Based on the assumptions, we have
s(t) 16t2 140t 6
The velocity
(t) of the ball at time t is
140
4.375 seconds
32
So, a baseball can be thrown higher than the ceiling of the King Dome.
EXERCISE 4.6
In Problems 1 24, find the first derivative and the second derivative of each function.
1. f(x) 2x 5
2. f(x) 3x 2
3. f(x) 3x2 x 2
6. f (x) 4x 3 x 2 1
7. f (x)
9. f (x) x
1
x
10. f (x) x
1
x
11. f (x)
1
x
x
x1
4. f(x) 5x2 1
8. f (x)
12. f (x)
1
x2
x1
x
13. f (x) e x
14. f (x) e x
17. f(x) ln x
20. f(x) x ln x
23. f (x)
1
ln x
24. f (x)
1
e 2x
(e) Any numbers x in the domain of f for f (x) does not exist.
(f) The second derivative f (x).
(g) The domain of f .
The domain of f.
The derivative f(x).
The domain of f.
Any numbers x for which f (x) 0.
25. f(x) x 2 4
26. f(x) x 2 2x
Higher-Order Derivatives
x
x 4
2
327
30. f(x) x 4 4x 2
32. f (x)
x2
x 1
34. f (5)(x)
if f (x ) 4x 3 x 2 1
if f (x) x 3 3x 2 2x 5
d 14 13
(x 2x 10 5x 3 1)
dx 14
37.
d 20
(8x 19 2x 14 2x 5)
dx 20
d6 6
(x 5x 5 2x 4)
38.
dx 6
35.
d8 1 8 1 7
( x 7 x x 5 x 3)
dx 8 8
41. s 4.9t 2 4t 4
42. s 4.9t 2 5t
45. f(x) ln x
In Problems 43 56, find a formula for the nth derivative of each function.
43. f(x) e x
44. f(x) e 2x
47. f(x) x ln x
54. f(x) x n ln x
f(x) x2g(x),
where g
g(x)
,
x
where g
and g exist.
58. Find the second derivative of:
and g exist.
f (x)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
H(t) 20 13t2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
328
4.7
Chapter 4
Implicit Differentiation
So far we have only discussed the derivative of a function that is given explicitly in the
form y f(x). This expression of the relationship between x and y is said to be in explicit
form because we have solved for the dependent variable y. For example, the equations
y 7x 2,
4h 2 h
or
4y 3
dy
dx
EXAMPLE 1
Differentiating Implicitly
Find
dy
if
dx
3x 4y 5 0
SOLUTION
Implicit Differentiation
Solving for
329
d
f(x), we find
dx
d
3
f(x)
dx
4
Replacing
dy
d
f(x) by
, we have
dx
dx
dy
3
dx
4
Differentiating Implicitly
Find
SOLUTION
dy
:
dx
3x 2 4y 2 2x
We again assume that y is a differentiable function y f(x) and that when y is replaced
by f(x) in the expression 3x2 4y2 2x, we obtain an identity in x. We proceed to differentiate both sides of this identity with respect to x:
d
d
(3x 2 4y 2)
(2x)
dx
dx
d
d
(3x 2)
(4y 2) 2
dx
dx
dxd (y ) 2
6x 4
Using the Power Rule,
dy
d 2
y 2y
. Then
dx
dx
6x 4 2y
This is a linear equation in
8y
dy
dx
2
dy
dy
, we have
. Solving for
dx
dx
dy
2 6x
dx
dy
1 3x
dx
4y
provided y 0
330
Chapter 4
dy
STEP 1: To find
when x and y are related implicitly, assume that y is a differendx
tiable function of x.
STEP 2: Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x by employing the
Power Rule or the Chain Rule or other differentiation formulas.
dy
dy
STEP 3: Solve the resulting equation, which is linear in
, for
.
dx
dx
EXAMPLE 3
Differentiating Implicitly
Find
dy
:
dx
x2 y2 ex ey
SOLUTION
d 2
d x
(x y 2)
(e e y)
dx
dx
2x
d 2
d y
y ex
e
dx
dx
2x 2y
dy
dy
ex ey
dx
dx
d x
d 2
x 2x;
e e y.
dx
dx
Apply the Chain Rule on the right and the Power Rule on the left.
dy
dy
We proceed to solve for
. First bring the terms involving
to the left side and
dx
dx
bring any other terms to the right side.
2y
dy
dy
ey
e x 2x
dx
dx
(2y e y)
dy
e x 2x
dx
dy
e x 2x
dx
2y e y
Factor
EXAMPLE 4
SOLUTION
Implicit Differentiation
331
d 3
d
(x xy y3)
5
dx
dx
d 3
d
d 3
x
(xy)
y 0
dx
dx
dx
dy
dy
3x2 x
y 3y2
0
dx
dx
dy
(3x2 y) (x 3y2)
0
dx
dy
(x 3y2)
(3x2 y)
dx
Solving for
dy
, we find
dx
dy
(3x2 y)
dx
x 3y2
provided
x 3y 2 0
dy
The derivative
equals the slope of the tangent line to the graph at any point (x, y)
dx
for which x 3y2 0. In particular, for x 1 and y 2, we find the slope of the
tangent line to the graph at (1, 2) to be
dy
(3 2)
5
dx
1 12
11
The equation of the tangent line at the point (1, 2) is
y y1 m(x x 1)
5
y2
(x 1)
11
5
5
y2
x
11
11
17
5
x
y
11
11
The prime notation y, y, and so on, is usually used in finding higher-order derivatives for implicitly defined functions.
EXAMPLE 5
SOLUTION
d
d
(xy y 2 x 2)
5
dx
dx
d
d 2
d 2
(xy)
y
x 0
dx
dx
dx
(xy y) 2yy 2x 0
y(x 2y) 2x y
2x y
y
x 2y
(1)
provided
x 2y 0
(2)
332
Chapter 4
22
x 2y
10(x xy y2)
50
(x 2y)3
(x
2y)3
q
2
x2 xy y2 5
EXAMPLE 6
Application
For a particular commodity, the demand equation is
3x 2 4p 2 1200
0 p 10 3
0 x 20
where x is the amount demanded and p is the price (in dollars). Find the marginal revenue when x 8.
SOLUTION
dp
dx
R(x) p x
3x
4p
4p 2 3x 2
4p
Implicit Differentiation
333
When x 8, 4p2 1200 3x2 1200 3(64) 1200 192 1008; p 252
15.87, so that the marginal revenue at x 8 is
R(8)
EXERCISE 4.7
In Problems 1 30 find
1008 192
$12.85 per unit
4(15.87)
y2 4
2. 3x2 2y2 6
3. x2y 8
4. x3y 5
5. x2 y2 xy 2
6. x2y xy2 x 1
7. x2 4xy y2 y
8. x2 2xy y2 x
9. 3x2 y3 1
1. x2
10. y4 4x2 5
13.
1
1
2 4
x2
y
14.
1
1
4
x
y
y
x
6e x
19.
y
x
12. 5x2 xy y2 0
1
1
2 6
x2
y
15.
1
1
2
x
y
17. x2 y2 yex
18. x2 y2 xey
20. x2 y2 2yex
21. x2 y2 ln x
22. x2 y2 2y2 ln x
29. y e x y
16.
32. x2 y2 1
33. xy yx2 2
34. 4xy x2 y2
In Problems 3538, find the slope of the tangent line at the indicated point. Write an equation for
this tangent line.
35. x2 y2 5,
at (1, 2)
36. x2 y2 8,
at (3, 1)
37. exy 1
at (0, 0)
In Problems 39 42, find those points (x, y) (if there are any) where the tangent line is horizontal
39. x2 y2 4
40. xy y2 x2 4x
41. y2 4x2 16
dxdy 0.
42. y2 4x2 4
(b) Write an equation for the line tangent to the graph at the
point (2, 1).
(c) Find the coordinates of all points (x, y) on the graph at
which the slope of the tangent line equals the slope of
the tangent line at (2, 1).
45. The graph of the function (x2 y2)2 x2 y2 contains exactly
334
Chapter 4
46. Gas pressure For ideal gases, Boyles law states that pres-
e N(t) 430,163t
a
C
P 2
V
Vb
C0
4.8
3t
.
t2 2
dN
dt
(b) Evaluate N(t) for t 2 and for t 4.
(c) Interpret the answers to (b) and explain the difference.
(a) Find
x2
C 2 1;
9
United States was 32.4 billion dollars. Suppose the relationship between farm income I in the United States and time t,
where t 1 corresponds to the year 2002, is given by
I(t) 32.4 t
(a) Find I(t). [Hint: Square both sides and differentiate
implicitly].
(b) Find I(3) and I(5).
(c) Interpret the answers found in part (b). Explain the difference.
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2002.
So far we have developed formulas for finding the derivative of polynomials, rational
functions, exponential functions, and logarithmic functions. In addition, with the
Chain Rule and the Power Rule we can differentiate each of these functions when they
are raised to an integer power. In this section we develop a formula that will handle
powers that are rational numbers.
If p and q, q 2, are integers, then x p/qqx p . As a result, once we know how to find
derivatives involving rational exponents, we will also know how to handle radicals.
We begin by restating the formula for finding the derivative of xn, where n is any
integer, namely,
d n
x nx n1
dx
335
In this section we show this result is true over when n is a rational number. That is,
p
if n , where p, q 0 are integers, then
q
p
d p/q
x q x p/q1
dx
Lets look at an example.
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION
d 3/2
x
dx
3x 2
2y
y
That is,
d 3/2
3 1/2
x
x
dx
2
Example 1 illustrated that
3
3
d 3/2
x x(3/2)1 x1/2
dx
2
2
To show that this formula is valid for any rational exponent, we procceed as follows.
Start with the function
y x p/q
If we raise both sides to the power q, we obtain
y q (x p/q)q x p
We now differentiate implicity to find
d q
d p
y
x
dx
dx
qy q1y px p1
px p1
px p1
px p1
y
q1
p/q q1
qy
qx p(p/q)
q q(x )
y xp/q
p
q x p1p(p/q)
p
q x (p/q)1
336
Chapter 4
p p/q1
The derivative of f(x) xp/q, where p and q are integers and q 0, is f(x)
x
.
q
That is,
p
d p/q
x x (p/q)1
dx
q
EXAMPLE 2
(1)
EXAMPLE 3
SOLUTION
f(x)
x 1/2 2
x 1/2
d x1/2 2
fx
dx
x1/2
x1/2
d 1/2
d 1/2
(x 2) (x1/2 2)
x
dx
dx
(x1/2)2
1
1
2
12 x1/2
x1/2
1
3/2
x
x
x
Simplify first. Then the problem becomes that of finding the derivative of:
f(x)
x 1/2 2
x 1/2
2
2
1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1 2x 1/2
1/2
x
x
x
x
Then,
f(x)
EXAMPLE 4
3/2
SOLUTION
x
d
d
d 1/2
1
(1 2x1/2)
12
x
02
dx
dx
dx
2
x 3/2
1
x 3/2
337
f(x)
Product formula.
d
1
(2x 1/2 1) 2 x 1/21 x 1/2
dx
2
2x 1/2 1
x 1/3 2
2/3
3x
x 1/2
x 1/2(2x 1/2 1) 3x 2/3(x 1/3 2)
3x 2/3x 1/2
2x x 1/2 3x 6x 2/3
3x 7/6
5x x 1/2 6x 2/3
3x 7/6
Simplify.
Add the quotients.
Simplify.
Simplify.
EXAMPLE 5
(b)
(c)
d 2
5
d 2
(x 4)5/2 (x 2 4)3/2
(x 4)
dx
2
dx
5
(x 2 4)3/2 2x 5x(x 2 4)3/2
2
d
d
1 2
d
x 2 4
(x 2 4)1/2
(x 4)1/2
(x 2 4)
dx
dx
2
dx
1 2
x
(x 4)1/2 2x
2
2
x 4
d
1
d
1
d
(4x 3)1/2 (4x 3)3/2
(4x 3)
dx 4x 3
dx
2
dx
1
2
(4x 3)3/2 4
2
(4x 3)3/2
338
Chapter 4
EXAMPLE 6
SOLUTION
dy
dx
if
xy 2 x y 3x 5y 10
d 2
d
y y2
x 1 y3
dx
dx
dy
x 2y
y2 1 y3
dx
d
d 3
dy
x x
y 5
0
dx
dx
dx
dy
dy
1
x 3y 2
5
0
dx
dx
2x
dy
y3
(2xy 3x y 2 5)
1 y2
dx
2x
EXERCISE 4.8
2. f(x) x5/2
1
x 1/2
6. f (x)
1
x 1/3
3. f(x) x2/3
4. f(x) x3/4
11. f (x) 2x 3
13. f (x) 9x 1
14. f (x) 4x 1
15. f(x) 3x
19. f (x)
21. f (x) e x
22. f (x) e x
23. f (x) ln x
25. f (x) e
29. f (x) xe x
5/3
12. f (x) 4x 5
6x
1/3
x
x 4
2
x2
x 1
24. f (x) ln x
26. f (x) e
27. f (x) ln x
28. f (x) ln x
30. f (x) x ln x
31. f (x) e 2x x 2 1
32. f (x) ln x x 2 1
3 x
34. x y 1
35. x 2 y 2 x
36. x 2 y 2 y
39. e x e y 4
40. ln x 2 y 2 4x
339
(e) Any numbers x in the domain of f for which f (x) does not
exist.
(f) The second derivative f (x).
(g) The domaino f f .
The domain of f.
The derivative f(x).
The domain of f.
Any numbers x for which f (x) 0.
41. f (x) x
42. f (x) x
49. f (x) x 1 x 2
50. f (x) x 2 4 x
10,000
11,000
1 0.1t
times requires several resources, such as land, labor, machinery, and the like. If there are two inputs that require the
300
100
1
1 t
6
0 t 60
to be
A(t) (t1/4 3)3
where t is measured in years and A(t) is measured in appropriate units.
(a) What is the instantaneous rate of change of the amount
of pollution?
(b) At what rate is the amount of pollution changing after
16 years?
59. A large container is being filled with water. After t hours there
340
Chapter 4
Chapter 4 Review
OBJECTIVES
Section
4.1
1
2
3
4
5
Review Exercises
8588
1 8
912
8992
95, 96
4.2
1316
15, 16, 19 20
17, 18
4.3
4.4
33, 34
3542
4.5
1
2
3
4
4.6
4.7
4.8
THINGS TO KNOW
Derivative of a Function at a number c (p. xxx)
f (c) lim
x:c
f (x) f (c)
,
xc
Slope of the Tangent Line to y f (x) at the point (c, f(c) (p. xxx)
m tan lim
x: c
f (x) f (c)
,
xc
Chapter 4 Review
341
Derivative of f at x
f (x) lim
h:0
f (x h) f (x)
h
Derivative of a constant
Derivative of f(x) x n
d
b 0, b a constant
dx
d n
x nx n1, x any rational number
dx
Derivative of f(x) ex
Derivative of f(x) ln x
d x
e ex
dx
1
d
ln x
dx
x
Derivative of f(x) ax
d x
a ax ln a
dx
d
1
log a x
dx
x log a x
Derivative of a Sum
Derivative of a Difference
d
d
d
[f (x) g(x)]
f (x)
g(x)
dx
dx
dx
d
d
d
[f (x) g(x)]
f (x)
g(x)
dx
dx
dx
Derivative of a Product
Derivative of a Quotient
d
d
d
[f (x) g(x)] f (x)
g(x) g(x)
f(x)
dx
dx
dx
d
dx
f (x)
g(x)
g(x)
d
d
f (x) f (x)
g(x)
dx
dx
2
[g(x)]
Power Rule
Chain Rule
d
[ f (x)]n n[ f (x)]n1 f (x)
dx
ence quotient.
2. The derivative of a product equals the product of
the derivatives.
1
1
3. If f(x) , then f(x) 2 .
x
x
4. The expression rate of change of a function
means the derivative of the function.
in its domain.
T
dy
3x2 3y2.
dx
6. The derivative of a function is the limit of an average rate of change.
6. If x3 y3 1, then
line to f at c.
3/2
equals
may be obtained
differentiation.
or the
342
Chapter 4
at 2
2. f(x) 4x 6
5. f(x) x2 2x
at 1
6. f(x) 3x2 7x
at 5
3. f(x) x2 5
7. f(x) e3x
at 0
at 2
4. f(x) 4x2 1
8. f(x) ln x
at 0
at 1
at 4
10. f(x) x 7
13. f(x) x5
14. f(x) x3
20. f (x)
25. f (x)
2x 2
5x 3
26. f (x)
(x 1)(3x 2)
x5
3xx 12
40. f (x)
3x 1
(x 2 3x)2
7x
x5
29. f (x) 2
5(x 6)
7
24. f (x)
6x 4 9x 2
3x 2
3
4
2
x
x
30. f (x)
1
1
3
x
x
2x 3
(x 2)(x 2)
32. f (x)
38. f (x)
x 5x 1
41. f (x)
3x 4x
39. f (x)
7x
(x 3 4)2
42. f (x)
2x x 1
2
43. f(x) 3e x x2
44. f(x) 1 e x
46. f (x) 2e x
49. f (x)
1x
ex
50. f (x)
e 3x
x
51. f (x)
3xe
x
53. f(x) ln 4x
55. f(x) x2 ln x
56. f(x) ex ln x
59. f(x) 2x x2
63. f (x) x
64. f (x) x 2x
65. f (x) 3x 5
66. f (x) 2x 3 x 2
67. f (x) x 2 3x
68. f (x) 2x 3 x 2
69. f (x)
5
3
x1
x 5
Chapter 4 Review
70. f (x)
3x 2
x 2 1
72. f (x) ln 1 x
73. f (x) x ln x
343
74. f (x) e x ln x 2
1
In Problems 75 80, find the first derivative and the 2nd derivative of each function.
75. f(x) x3 8
79. f (x)
x
2x 1
80. f(x) ex ln x
dy
by using implicit differentiation.
dx
82. y3 y x2
83. xe y 4x2
84. ln (x y) 8x
In Problems 8587, find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at the given point. What
is an equation of the tangent line?
85. f(x) 2x2 3x 7
87. f(x) x e
2
at (1, 8)
86. f (x)
x2 1
x1
at (2, 5)
at (0, 1)
line at the indicated point. Write an equation for this tangent line
4xy y 2 3 at (1, 3)
89. For f(x) x 3 3x, find:
rate of
P(t) 500 e
ln 2
t
3
(j)
344
Chapter 4
Chapter 4
and
p 0.50x 75
Find
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
p 2x 300
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Project
makeup of our group of x people. However, we can compute the long-term average of the number of tests we will
have to do to get a result for each of the x people. Explain
why the long-term average number of tests we will do to
get a result for each of the x people is
1 p (x 1) p x(1 qx) 1
3. For simplicity assume that x evenly divides N. Then to
find a result for all N people, we will have to do Nx groupings. Explain why the long-term average number of tests
we will do to get a result for all N people is
N
1
[x(1 q x) 1] N 1 q x
x
x
C(x) KN 1 q x
1
x
345
Chapter 4 Project
1
C(x) KN 1 (.9944)x
x
(x12)
x
x
.0056(.9944) 2
(x12)
.99442
.24445
.10559
.05701
.03454
.02235
.01501
.01026
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
.00299
.00169
.00070
.00009
.00072
.00123
.00164
.00199
.00228
.00252
Find the most likely pair of x values for which the cost might
be a minimum, and compare the cost at each of these x values.
10
.00701 .00469
(a) 2xe x
x 3 x2
e
3
2
x2
(d) 2xe x 4e x 1
(b)
(c) 4x 2e x
2
2
(e) 2x 3e x 2xe x
d
2
(x 2 e x ) ?
dx
*Copyright 1998, 1999 by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Inc. Reprinted with permission.
(b) x 3
(e) All x
(c) x 3
346
Chapter 4
(b) 2xbe x
2
2
(e) be c x
x e
3
2
2
(e) 2xe x 2x 3e x
(b)
(d) 3xe x x 4e x 1
2
d
2
(e x ) ?
dx
3 x2
(a) be c 2x
2
2
(d) 2bxe c x
(a) 2xe x
dy
?
dx
2
2
(c) b(c 2 x 2)e c x 1
If y be c x ,
(c) 4x 2e x
(b) 1
(e) 15
(c) 1
6. Actuary Exam Part I A particle moves along the xaxis so that at any time t 0 the position of the particle is
t3
t 2 2t 2. At what time t will the
given by f (t)
3
acceleration and the velocity of the particle be the same?
(a) t 0
(d) t 23
(b) t 1
(e) t 6
(c) t 2