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AbstractIn this paper, an isolated bi-directional ac/dc converter with a single power conversion stage is proposed for both
charging and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) applications of PHEV. The
converter consists of two active bridges connected through a series resonant tank and a high-frequency transformer. Steady-state
analysis is presented for the proposed phase-shift modulation
technique between active bridges, to control the bi-directional
power flow in the converter. Simulation results are presented to
augment the analysis. The proposed converter has the advantages
of minimal power conversion stages, high switching frequency
operation and low switching losses.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) are expected to
capture significant market share of automobiles in next 10
years [1]. PHEV batteries will be charged from the power
grid and hence, utilities nationwide have started exploring the
effects of PHEVs on distribution infrastructure. Furthermore,
a fleet of PHEV can act as a distributed energy storage for
utilities to use under peak load condition, termed as Vehicle-toGrid (V2G) functionality. A review of the V2G functionalities
and the power electronics configurations associated with such
vehicles is given in [2]. Hence, the bi-directional charger either
on-board or off-board forms an important unit in PHEV. In
this paper, a high-frequency ac link based power electronic
topology is proposed for bi-directional charging applications.
Existing bi-directional chargers proposed in literature [3],
[4], [5] use two stages of power conversion, an ac-dc converter
and a dc-dc converter, both bi-directional in power flow.
Several topologies for the ac-dc and dc-dc conversion stages
are discussed in [3]. Two dc-dc converters are discussed, a dual
active bridge high power converter [6] and the integrated buckboost dc-dc converter [7]. A bi-directional battery charger for
residential applications is discussed in [5] with an improved
control method for V2G operating mode. Reactive power
compensation, which is one of the V2G functionalities, is
demonstrated in [4] with a bi-directional ac-dc front end converter. With two stages of power conversion, the intermediate
link is mostly dc. Such two stage power conversion will lead to
This project was partially funded by CPSEnergy through its Strategic
Research Alliance with The University of Texas at San Antonio.
increased part count, size and weight, which are major design
challenges for on-board or external level 1 or level 2 chargers.
To address these challenges, a single-stage power converter is
proposed in this paper.
The proposed converter is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of
two active bridges with an intermediate high frequency ac link.
A series resonant tank is used as the impedance at the high
frequency link. The high frequency transformer is used both
for isolation and voltage conversion. Traditionally, resonant
converters are controlled using frequency or Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) in only one bridge and is uni-directional
due to the presence of a diode bridge at the load side. In
this paper, a phase-shift modulation technique is proposed
which controls the phase-shift between input and output-side
active bridges at constant switching frequency. This proposed
technique naturally allows bi-directional power flow and uses
the principle of power flow in a dual active bridge converter
[6]. A three-port dc-dc-dc converter using similar principle is
explained in [8]. The proposed modulation technique in this
paper allows for direct dc-ac or ac-dc conversion determined
by power flow direction.
The advantages of the proposed converter are: (1) Singlestage conversion with high frequency ac link reduces component count and increases power density and (2) Soft-switching
operation achieved due to the presence of resonant tank,
reduces switching losses and increases efficiency. Analysis of
the proposed converter is presented in the following section.
II. A NALYSIS
The converter shown in Fig. 1 has a series resonant circuit with inductance L and capacitance C. It switches at a
frequency Fs which is above resonant frequency Fr formed
by the series resonant tank. The input voltage vin (t) =
Vin sin (2Fo t) from grid, is connected to the active bridge
through an input filter which filters the current ripple at
switching frequency. The PHEV battery is connected at the
output of the load-side active bridge. The input-side active
bridge switches operate in four-quadrant mode, i.e., each
switch uses two Mosfets connected back-back as shown in
Fig. 1. Vb is the battery voltage at the output side, Fs is
Phase Shift
iin
S1
S1
vin
S2
Series Resonant
Tank
C
L
Ci
S3
ib
1:n
vhf
iL
S1
Fig. 1.
Vb
vs
S1
S2
S3
Proposed Single-stage bi-directional converter with high frequency ac link for PHEV application
(1)
S1
S3 ON
S2 ON
vs
Ts
2
Vb
S2 OFF
S3 OFF
(2)
(3)
200
vhf
vin
200
0
vs
-200
40
iin
-200
10
-10
40
0
16.67
iL
ib
-40
20
25
time(ms)
-20
33.33
Fig. 3. Input voltage in volts vin (t), filtered input current iin (t) and battery
current ib (t) in Amperes for power flow from AC input to battery
where Z =
; F =
; Fr =
C
Fr
2 LC
(4)
(5)
19.45
19.46
time(ms)
19.47
Fig. 4. Applied tank voltage vhf (t), transformer secondary voltage vs (t)
and tank current iL (t) in Amperes for power flow from AC input to battery
at time instant o t = 60o to illustrate the PWM from proposed phase-shift
modulation and soft-switching operation
(6)
vin
200
0
iin
-200
10
0
-10
ib
0
-40
16.67
25
33.33
time(ms)
Fig. 5. Input voltage in volts vin (t), filtered input current iin (t) and battery
current ib (t) in Amperes for power flow from Battery to ac input
vhf
200
0
-200
40
vs
iL
-40
20
0
-20
19.45
19.46
time (ms)
19.47
Fig. 6. Applied tank voltage vhf (t), transformer secondary voltage vs (t)
and tank current iL (t) in Amperes for power flow from Battery to ac input,
at time instant o t = 60o to illustrate the PWM from proposed phase-shift
modulation and soft-switching operation