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Meteorology

Meteorology
studyofphenomenaoftheatmosphere
includesthedynamics,physics,and
includes the dynamics physics and
chemistryoftheatmosphere.(fromtheGreek
meteros lofty)

morecommonlythoughtofasrestrictedto
thedynamicsandthermodynamicsofthe
atmosphereasitaffectshumanlife.
h
i ff
h
lif

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Whystudymeteorology?
Warningofsevereweather
Agriculture
Timingofplanting,harvesting,etc
toavoidbadweather,hazardsto
livestock
Transport&services
Shipping,aviation,roadgritting,
fl d
floodwarning
i
Commerce
ShouldasupermarketorderBBQs
andicecream,orumbrellas?

ClimateSystemElements

Atmosphere
Oceans
LandSurface
DynamicElements
Hydrology
Airmovements

External
External
Sun
Earthsorbit
Shapeandpositionofcontinentsandoceans

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Atmosphere
N(78%),O(21%)
CO2 &H2Ominor
butpotentGHG
Coolingeffect
duringtheday
Warmingeffect
Warming effect
atnight

Oceans
Reservoirofwateranddissolvedgas
Contributemostofthewatervaporinthe
atmosphere
Warmeroceanscontributemorewatervaporand
producelargerandmoreseverestorms

AbsorbCO2,reducingitsconcentrationinthe
atmosphere

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LandSurface
Vegetation,exposedsoilandrocks,
humanstructures,snowandice

Reflectivepropertiesaffect
h th E th
howtheEarthwarms
(reflectancealbedo)
Darksurfaces(soil,forests)absorbsolarenergy
andreradiateitasheatthatmaybetrappedby
GHG(warmingeect)lowalbedo
Lightsurfaces
Lightsurfaces(snowandice)reflectsunlightback
Li ht
f
(
d i ) fl t
li ht b k
intospaceinwavelengthsnottrappedbyGHG
(coolingeect)highalbedo

Positivefeedbackonwarmingwhensnowand
icemelt

Upsala Glacier,Patagonia,1928(Top)and2004(Bottom)

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Hydrology
Movementofwaterwithinandbetween
elementsoftheclimatesystem
l
t f th li t
t
Evaporatingfromtheocean,condensingas
clouds,rainingoverland
Watervapor
Warmingeffects(GHG)
Warming effects (GHG)
Coolingeffects
(daytimeclouds)

SolarForcings
SolarCycles
OrbitalVariations
(Milankovitch
Cycles)
Eccentricity
(shapeofEarths
orbit)
Obliquity(tilt)
Precession
(directionoftilt)

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AtmosphericCirculation
Drivenbyenergy
f
fromthesun
th
Warmairisless
densethancool
air
Warmairrises,
Warm air rises
coolairdescends

Oceancirculation
Drivenbybothtemperatureandsalinity
Thermohaline circulation(conveyorbelt)
Coldwaterandmoresaltywatersinks

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ShutdownofThermohaline
Circulation
ClimateChange,NOTGlobalWarming

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OtherExternal
Forcings
VolcanicEruptions
Anthropogenicfactors

LIFE isalsoanimportantelementof
thesystem
Biologicalsystems
have thermal
havethermal
propertiesand
emitgasesthatin
turnchange
climate
Forestsabsorb
Forests absorb
moreheat
CO2,O2,H2O,CH4

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Global Patterns of
GlobalPatternsof
Climate
Globalaircirculations
affectingtemperature,
precipitation,and
i it ti
d
climateingeneral

GlobalAirCirculation persistentglobal
scalewindsystems(e.g.TradeWinds)

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GlobalAirCirculationPatternscaused
byunequalheatingoftheatmosphere
GeorgeHadley(16851768)

Creationofhugeairconvectioncells

Globalcirculationonanonrotating
Earth
Warmairrisesin
thetropics
createsasurface
convergence
drawingcoldermore
denseairfromthe
dense air from the
poles
lowpressurebelt
acrosstheequator

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ITCZ regionwheretradewindsmeet

TheEarths
globalwind
system
Hadleycell
Ferrel cell
Polarcell
Intertropical
convergence
convergence
zone(ITCZ)
Polarfront
Subtropical
high

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Lowpressureareas
whereairrises
h
i i
(ITCZ,polarfronts)
Highpressureareas
whereair
descends
(subtropical,polar
highs)

JetStream highspeedgeostrophicwindthat
occursatthetopofthetroposphere

Geostrophicwinds resultfromthebalancebetween
pressuregradientandcoriolis deflection

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Rossby waves undulationsintheflowofjet

streams

Flowintheupperatmosphereisnotuniform.Windsflowin
greatundulatingstreams.

Monsoon
Windthatchangesdirectionswiththeseasons
Northeastmonsoon Amihan(Jan)
Southwestmonsoon Habagat(Jul)

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TropicalClimates
Yearroundhightemperatureandabundantrainfall

DryClimates
Aridareas;evaporationexceedsprecipitation;~30 N&S

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HumidMesothermal Climates
Subtropicallatitudesandsomemiddlelatitudeareasunderthe
influenceofprevailingwesterlies

HumidMicrothermal Climates
Colder,longerwintersandgreaterseasonaltemperatureranges

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PolarClimates
Continuouslycoldanddryweather;bitterwintertemperaturesandthe
lowestmeanannualtemperatures

HighlandClimates
Highaltitudesresembletemperateandpolar
regions
i

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OceanCurrents

OceanCurrents

Determinetheclimatesofthecontinents,especiallythose
regionsborderingontheocean

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SouthernOscillation

AtmosphericOceanConnectionsinthe
PacificOcean
WalkerCirculationCell normalconditions
AirpressureacrossequatorialPacificishigherin
easternPacific
Strongsoutheasttradewinds
Pacificwarmpoolonwesternsideofocean
Thermoclinedeeperonwesternside
p
UpwellingoffthecoastofPeru

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NormalConditions,WalkerCirculation

ElNio SouthernOscillation(ENSO)
WalkerCellCirculationdisrupted
HighpressureineasternPacificweakens
High pressure in eastern Pacific weakens
Weakertradewinds
Warmpoolmigrateseastward
ThermoclinedeeperineasternPacific
Downwelling
Lowerbiologicalproductivity
Peruvianfishingsuffers

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SouthernOscillation

ENSOConditionsinthePacificOcean

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LaNia ENSOCoolPhase
Increasedpressuredifferenceacross
equatorialPacific
t i l P ifi
Strongertradewinds
StrongerupwellingineasternPacific
Shallowerthermocline
Coolerthannormalseawater
Higherbiologicalproductivity

LaNiaConditions

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Conditions
Normal

ElNino

LaNia

ENSOhasaprofoundeffectontheaveragepositionof
thejetstreamwhich,inturn,affectsthestormtrack.

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ENSOhasGlobalImpacts

2011PearsonEducation,Inc.

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