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Exhaust Air
Tdb,4=40 C
4 = 90%
Warm Condenser
Water
Inlet Air
mw,1=15000 kgw/s
T1 =45 C
Va,3=8000 m /s
Tdb,3=30 C
Twb,3=20 C
3
5
Cooled
Condenser Water
Make-up Water
mw,2 = mw,1
T2 =? C
mmw =? kgw/s
T5 =20 C
T (C)
1 (sat. liquid)
2 (sat. liquid)
5 (sat. liquid)
45
M. Bahrami
m w (kg/s)
15000
15000
h (kJ/kg)
20
Air
3
4
Tdb (C)
30
40
Twb (C)
20
(%)
w (kgv/kga)
v (m3/kga)
h (kJ/kga)
90
m a ,3
v3
(Eq1)
The specific volume of the air entering the cooling tower can be
determined using the state point of location 3 on the psychrometric chart
found with Tdb,3 = 30C and Twb,3 = 20C.
From the psychrometric chart,
v3 = 0.873 m3/kga
Substituting this value and the given volumetric flow rate into Eq1 the
mass flow rate of dry air is determined as shown below.
m a ,3
V a ,3
v a ,3
m3
8000
s 9163.8 kg a
s
m3
0.873
kg a
Answer a)
Part b)
the cooling tower from the condenser, which will be denoted as m w,1 . At
location 2 there is a stream of water exiting the cooling tower (to be
(Eq2)
m w,1 m w, 2 m w
by the exiting air, which will be denoted as m v , 4 . The mass balance on the
cooling tower water is performed in Eq3.
m w m w m v ,3 m v , 4 m mw 0 m mw m v , 4 m v ,3
(Eq3)
Note: Eq3 could have been developed immediately by reasoning that the
amount of water that needs to be made-up for will be equal to the
amount of moisture that is picked up in the cooling tower by the air and
exhausted. The mass flow rate of water vapor at 3 and 4 can be
expressed in terms of the corresponding mass flow rates of dry air at
location 3 and 4 and their respective humidity ratios w3 and w4 as shown
in Eq4 and Eq5.
(Eq4)
m v ,3 w3 m a ,3
(Eq5)
m v , 4 w4 m a , 4
Substituting Eq4 and Eq5 into Eq3, Eq6 is obtained.
m mw m v , 4 m v ,3 w4 m a , 4 w3 m a ,3
(Eq6)
Since steady operation of the cooling tower has been assumed. The mass
flow rate of air through the tower should remain constant. This is
expressed in Eq7.
m a ,3 m a , 4 m a
M. Bahrami
(Eq7)
3
(Eq8)
m mw m a ( w4 w3 )
Recall that the mass flow rate of dry air was determined in part a). The
humidity ratio of the air entering the cooling tower can be determined
from state point 3 on the psychrometric chart.
From the psychrometric chart,
w3 = 10.6 gv/kga = 0.0106 kgv/kga
Unfortunately, state point 4 (Tdb,4 = 40C and =90%) is off the
psychrometric chart so w4 will have to be calculated using equation 1311b from Cengel and Boles as shown below.
From Table A-4 @ T= 40C, Pg = 7.384 kPa.
w4
0.622 4 Pg
P 4 Pg
kg
0.622(0.9)(7.384)
0.0437 v
101.3 0.9(7.384)
kg a
Substituting these values into Eq8, the mass flow rate of the make-up
water can be determined.
kg
kg
m mw m a ( w4 w3 ) 9163.8 a 0.0437 0.0106 v
s
kg a
m mw
Answer b)
kg
303.3 v
s
Part c)
The temperature of the cooled liquid water exiting the cooling tower can
be determined if its enthalpy is known. Since the liquid exiting the
cooling tower is assumed to be a saturated liquid, its enthalpy can be
used to interpolate in Table A-4 to determine its temperature. To find the
enthalpy of the water exiting the cooling tower an energy balance on the
cooling tower control volume can be performed. At location 1, the rate of
energy entering the control volume carried by the stream of water coming
M. Bahrami
3, the moist air carries energy into the control volume at a rate of m a h3
into the control volume. At location 4, the moist air leaving the cooling
(Eq9)
hw, 2 hw,1
m a (h3 h4 ) m mw hmw
(Eq10)
mw
kg w
h3
Using state point 3 on the psychrometric chart h3 can be determined.
kJ
h3 58
kg a
h4
As stated previously, state point 4 is off the psychrometric chart so h4
must be calculated. Using equation 13-1a from Cengel and Boles, the
enthalpy of DRY AIR alone can be determined as shown below.
kJ
(40 C ) 40.2 kJ
ha , 4 c p T 1.005
kg a
kg a C
ha , 4 0 c p T4 [ C ] 273[ K ] 273K
ha , 4 c p T4 [ C ]
kJ
kJ
ha , 4 1.005
(40 C ) 40.2
kg a
kg a C
The enthalpy of the MOISTURE in the air can be determined from Table
A-4 for hg@ T = 40C.
kJ
hv , 4 hg (T ) 2574.3
kg v
To combine the dry air and moisture enthalpies at location 4 into one
term, h4, the enthalpy of the moisture must be converted to a per kg of
dry air basis, which is accomplished by multiplying it by the humidity
ratio, w4.
kJ
kg v
kJ
kJ
h4 ha , 4 w4 hv , 4 40.2
2574.3
152.7
0.0437
kg a
kg a
kg v
kg a
hmw
Since saturated liquid water was assumed at location 5 hmw can be
determined from Table A-4 using T5 = 20C.
kJ
hmw 83.96
kg w
Substituting these values into Eq10, the enthalpy of the water at location
2 can be determined as shown below.
hw , 2
kJ
kJ
kg w
kg
9163.8 a (58 152.7)
(83.96)
(303.3)
s
kg
s
kg
kJ
w
a
188.45
kg
kg w
15000 w
s
kJ
kJ
kJ
hw, 2 188.45
56.16
132.3
kg w
kg w
kg w
M. Bahrami
T2 30 C
132.3 125.79
146.68 125.79 35 C 30 C
T2 31.6[ C ]
Answer c)
Step 5: Summary
a) the mass flow rate of dry air is 9163.8 kga/s
b) the mass flow rate of make-up water is 303.3 kgw/s, and
c) the temperature of the cooled liquid water exiting the cooling tower
is 31.6C.
M. Bahrami