UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER GENAP

TAHUN AKADEMIK 2015/2016

Nama

: Galih Maulana

NIM

: 2241.14.188

Mata Kuliah : Ekonomi Manajerial

Dosen

: Bapak DR.IR.A.R ADJI HOESODO,MDH,SH,MM,MH

Program Studi/Kelas : S1 MTU / ZU14

SOAL dan JAWABAN

1. A. Terangkan tentang cost theory
B. Definisikan hubungan tentang marginal dan average cost !
Jawab :
A. Cost Theory
Costs are incurred as a result of production.
Economists define cost in terms of opportunities that are sacrificed when a choice is
made. Therefore, economic costs are simply benefits lost . Accountants define cost in
terms of resources consumed. Accounting costs reflect changes in stocks (reductions
in good things, increases in bad things) over a fixed period of time.
B. Average total cost is also the sum of average fixed cost and average variable cost.
ATC = AFC + AVC

Marginal (incremental) cost is the increase in total cost resulting from a oneunit increase in output. Marginal decisions are very important in determining profit
levels.
MC = TC/Q

The marginal cost curve, average variable cost curve and average total cost
curves are generally U-shaped.

The U-shape in the short run is attributed to

increasing and diminishing returns from a fixed-size plant, because the size of the
plant is not variable in the short run.
The marginal cost and average cost curves are related
When MC exceeds AC, average cost must be rising

 When MC is less than AC, average cost must be falling

This relationship explains why marginal cost curves always intersect average
cost curves at the minimum of the average cost curve.

Relationship Between Marginal and Average Costs

If MC > ATC, then ATC is rising

If MC = ATC, then ATC is at its minimum

If MC < ATC, then ATC is falling

If MC > AVC, then AVC is rising

If MC = AVC, then AVC is at its minimum

If MC < AVC, then AVC is falling

2. Terangkan tentang :
A. Fungsi Short Run Cost
B. Hubungan Long Run antara Production dan Cost
Jawab :
A. Short Run Function
In short-run period, some of the firms inputs are fixed and some are
variable, and this leads to fixed and variable costs.
Total costs is the cost of all the productive resources used by the firm. It can
be divided into two separate costs in the short run.
Total Cost = TC = f(Q)
Total Fixed Cost = TFC
Total Variable Cost = TVC

TC = TFC + TVC
Average Total Cost = ATC = TC/Q
Average Fixed Cost = AFC = TFC/Q
Average Variable Cost = AVC = TVC/Q
ATC = AFC + AVC
Marginal Cost = TC/Q = TVC/Q

B. Hubungan Long Run antara Production dan Cost

a. In the long run, all inputs are variable.
b. In the long run, there are no fixed costs
c. The long run cost structure of a firm is related to the firms long run
production process.
d. The firms long run production process is described by the concept of
returns to scale
3. Apa itu Market Structure? Faktor-faktor apa yang perlu diperhitungkan dalam
lingkungan yang kompetitif?
Jawab:
Market Structure
The competitive environment in the market for any product is the market
structure faced by the firm.
a. Is measured in terms of
1.the number of the actual buyers and sellers plus potential entrants
2.Barriers to entry and exit
3.Capital requirements
4.Price vs Non-price competition
5.Etc
b. Potential entrants pose a sufficiently credible threat of entry to affect
price/output decisions of incumbents
4. Berikan contoh hubungan antara teori dan praktek tentang Pricing!
Jawab:
A simplistic interpretation of the Oxford findings is that the economic model of
pricing is incorrect
a. it is clear from the evidence that managers do not describe their pricing
practices in marginalist terms, in terms of MC=MR or in terms of elasticity
and MC.
b. some analysts (including the original researchers and many accountants) have
concluded that the MC=MR model is therefore incorrect.

5. Terangkan secara detail :

A. Economic VS Accounting Profit
B. Opportunity Cost
C. Market Interaction!
Jawab:
A. Economic VS Accounting Profit
Accounting Profits
Economic Profit
Revenue
Total revenue (sales) minus dollar Total
opportunity cost
cost of producing goods or

minus

total

services
Reported on the firms income
statement
Determined by GAAP

Determined by economic principles

Includes explicit costs only

Includes explicit and opportunity

cost

Single entity accounting period Marco market/whole of project

timeline view
view
Used for income tax and financial Used to determine market entry,
stay or exit
performance
B. Opportunity Cost
a) Accounting Costs
- The explicit costs of the resources needed to produce goods or
services
- Reported on the firms income statement
b) Opportunity Cost
The cost of the explicit and implicit resources that are foregone
when a decision is made
c) Economic Profits
Total revenue minus total opportunity cost

C. Market Interaction
a. Consumer-Producer Rivalry
Consumers attempt to locate low prices, while producers attempt to
charge high prices

b. Consumer-Consumer Rivalry
Scarcity of goods reduces the negotiating power of consumers as they
compete for the right to those goods
c. Producer-Producer Rivalry
Scarcity of consumers causes producers to compete with one another
for the right to service customers
d. The Role of Government
Disciplines the market process