Blood

Functions of blood
Transport of gases nutrients and waste products
Processed molecules
Regulatory molecules
Regulation of ph and osmosis
Maintenance of body temperaure
Protection. Against foreigh substances
Clot formation

Characteristics
Liquid CT
Sticky
Heavier than water
02 content determines color
Temp slightly higher than rest of body
Males(5-6L), females(4-5L)
Males have more muscle thats why have more blood
55% plasma
% water 7% proteins 2 others
45% formed elements
Buffy coat platelet and WB Anti
coaulgulated-serum

Albumin 58 water balance

Globulins 38 immune system

Fibrinogen 4 clot formation
Erythrocytes rbc
Disk shaped with thick edges
Purpose is flexibility
Nucleus is lost during development
120 days life span of blood
Immature reticulocytes
7-8 micrometer diamter

Hemoglobin
Hemo = heme = iron
Globin = protein amino acids
Transports 02 forms bond with heme
One iron atom
Oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin with an 02 attached
Methemoglobin vs hemoglobin Dapsol - nuclephilic
diseases

Production of erythrocytes

Decreased blood oxygen levels tells kidney oxygen is

down kidney releases EPO (erythropoietin) stimulates
bone marrow to produce rbc
Fate of old erythrocytes and hemoglobin -old rbc are removed
by macrophage in spleen and liver
-Hemoglobin is broken down
-Globin is broken down into amino acids
-Hemoglobin's iron is recycled
-Heme is converted to bilirubin -Bilirubin is taken up by the
liver and released into small intestine as part of bile
-bilirubin emulsifies fat build up jaundince

Spleen graveyard
Liver breaks down rbc
Erythrocytosis over blood
Leukocytes
Wbc
Lack hemoglobin
Larger than rbc
Contain nucleus

Functions
Fight infections
Remove dead cells and debris by phagocytosis
Granulocytes
Contain granules (purple)

Neutrophils (pmns or segmenters)

Most common
Remains 1 0-1 2 hours and move to tissues Phagocytes
Eosinophils
Cytoplasm red acidic
Reduce inflammation
Parasitic and allergic
Basophils
Cytoplasm blue
Least common
Release of histamine and heparin
Allergy
Least common
Agranulocytes
No granules

Monocytes biggest
Produce macrophage
Lymphocytes
Immune response
Several different types (T bells and B cells)
Lead to production of antibodies Viral
Hematocrit packed rbc Wbc 5-1 0 normals check
neutrophil and lymphocytes

T cells eat macrophage

B cells puke antibodies
Antibodies = vaccine
Platelets
Blood clotting cells
Hematopoiesis
Process of blood cell formation

Infant liver, thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes, and red marrow

Adults red bone marrow

Stem cell original cell line
Oncogene - cancer gene
Proeryhtrocytes
Myeloblast
Lymphoast
Monovlast
Megakaryoblast
Blood loss
Blood vessels are damaged blood can leak into other tissues and

Prevent blood loss

Vascular spasm tenporary blood vessel constriction Platelet
plugs

Clot networ thread like proteins called fibrin that trap

blood cells and fouid depends on clotting factor

Clotting factor
Protein in plasma
Only activated following injury
Made in liver
Require vitamin K phito andayo
Production of plasma protein
Steps in clot formation
Injury to blood vessel causes jnactive clotting factors to
become activated due to exposed conn tissue or release
thromboplstin
Prothrombinase formed and acts upon prothrombin
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrin forms network that traps blood

Heart attack coronary arteries

Stroke brain blood vessel

Anticoagulants
Prevent clots from forming
Heparin and antithrombin
Injury causes enough clotting factors to

be avtivated

Clot retraction
Condensing of clot
Serum in the plasna is squeezed out of clot
Helps enhance healing

Fibrinolysis
Process kf dissolving clot
Plasminogen plasma protein
Plasmin
Blood reactions
Transfusion reactions\agglutination Clumping of blood cells
Antigens molecules on surface of erythrocytes
Antibodies
Proteins in plasma
Blood group
According to antigen abo

Rh group antigen
85-95 rh+
Rh - exposed to rh+
Hemolytic disease of the neborn
Anti-rh antibodies
That cross placenta and agglutination and hemolysis of fetal
erthrocytes occurs

Cbc
Disease wbc
Leukopenia
Leukocytosis
Philia cytosis many
Penia less