IRON AGE RITES AND RITUALS

IN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN

Proceedings of the International Colloquium
from Trgu Mure

79 October 2011

Edited by
Sndor Berecki

Editura MEGA
Trgu Mure
2012

Content
Preface ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Hrvoje POTREBICA
Religious Phenomena of the Hallstatt Communities of Southern Pannonia ............................................ 9
Marcella NAGYPl SMEGIGerg PERSAITSSndor GULYSTnde TRCSIK
Iron Age Hoard Found at Ikervr (Vas County, Hungary) in the Western Region of the
Carpathian Basin. A Study to the Reconstruction of the Cultic Life of the Hallstatt Period
in the Light of Archaeological and Scientific Analyses............................................................................... 31
Zoltn CZAJLIKGza KIRLYAttila CZVEKSndor PUSZTABalzs HOLLGbor BROLLY
The Application of Remote Sensing Technology and Geophysical Methods in the
Topographic Survey of Early Iron Age Burial Tumuli in Transdanubia................................................... 65
Robert SCHOLTZ
Scythian Age Burial at Tiszalk ..................................................................................................................... 77
Lszl SZATHMRY
Scythian Age Human Skeletal Remains from Tiszalk ............................................................................ 101
Florin GOGLTANJzsef-Gbor NAGY
Profane or Ritual? A Discovery from the End of the Early Iron Age from VlahaPad,
Transylvania.................................................................................................................................................... 105
Imola KELEMEN
The Archaeozoological Analysis of the Animal Bones Discovered in the Early Iron Age Pit
at VlahaPad .................................................................................................................................................. 133
Aurel RUSTOIUSndor BERECKI
Thracian Warriors in Transylvania at the Beginning of the Late Iron Age.
The Grave with Chalcidian Helmet from Ocna Sibiului .......................................................................... 139
Peter RAMSL
Late Iron Age Burial Rites in Eastern Austria ............................................................................................ 159
Maciej KARWOWSKI
An Ithyphallic Celtic Figurine from Oberleiserberg ................................................................................. 165
Jan BOUZEK
The North-Western Part of the Carpathian Basin in the Period of Early Celtic Princes ..................... 189
Zoltn PILLINGFerenc UJVRI
Iron Age Settlement and Cemetery from SzegedKiskundorozsma. Some New Data
on Iron Age Burial Rite at the Southern Part of the Great Hungarian Plain ......................................... 193
va TANKKroly TANK
Cremation and deposition in the Late Iron Age cemetery at Ludas ....................................................... 225
Gertrda BEZINOV
The Biritual Cemetery at uranyNitriansky Hrdok, District of Nov Zmky, Slovakia................... 235

Martin FURMAN
The Interpretative Value of Annular Ornaments for the Study of Early Celtic Populations
in the Middle Danube Area .......................................................................................................................... 249
Gabriela BREZANOV
Reflections of the Contacts between Celtic Communities in North-West Romania
and South-West Slovakia in the Grave Inventories ................................................................................... 265
Jnos NMETI
Funerary Rites and Rituals of the Celtic Cemeteries in North-Western Romania
and a Comparison with the Funerary Discoveries in the Tisza Plain and Transylvania...................... 271
Tiberius BADER
Meine Begegnungen mit den Keltenfrsten: am Beispiel der Frstengrber von Ciumeti
und Hochdorf ................................................................................................................................................. 279
Paul PUPEZ
The Local Tradition Pottery from the Eastern Carpathian Basin Celtic Graves ................................... 293
Drago MNDESCU
Killing the Weapons. An Insight on Graves with Destroyed Weapons
in Late Iron Age Transylvania ...................................................................................................................... 319
Aurel RUSTOIU
The Celts and Indigenous Populations from the Southern Carpathian Basin.
Intercommunity Communication Strategies ............................................................................................. 333
Marija LJUTINAMilo SPASI
Celtic Newcomers between Traditional and Fashionable: Graves 63 and 67 from Karaburma .......... 367
Mircea BABENicolae MIRIOIU
Verlngerte, Mehrstufige Birituelle Bestattungen im DonauKarpaten-Raum
(5. bis 3. Jh. v. Chr.)........................................................................................................................................ 377
Ctlin Nicolae POPA
Till Death Do Us Part. A Statistical Approach to Identifying Burial Similarity and Grouping.
The Case of the Late La Tne Graves from the Eastern Carpathian Basin............................................. 399
Beatrice S. KELEMENIosif Vasile FERENCZCristian C. ROMANDelia M. ROMANOana
PONTASimon SIMION
Cremated Human Remains from HunedoaraGrdina Castelului / Platou.
Additional Information Inferred by XRD, FT-IR and SEM/EDX Analyses .......................................... 411
Andreea DRGAN
Late Iron Age Burials in the Iron Gates Area. A Functional Approach to Funerary Expression
in the Late La Tne......................................................................................................................................... 423
Milica TAPAVIKI-ILIVojislav FILIPOVI
A Late Iron Age Grave Find from Syrmia .................................................................................................. 451
Marcin RUDNICKI
Finds and Context of imleul Silvaniei Type Bracelets North of the Carpathians and the Sudety ..... 459
Horea POPZsolt CSK
The Tumuli Necropolis from imleu Silvaniei ........................................................................................... 491
Mariana EGRI
A Warrior Never Dies. The Manipulation of Tradition in Early Funerary Contexts from Pannonia ... 501
Abbreviations...................................................................................................................................................... 529

Celtic Newcomers between Traditional and Fashionable:

Graves 63 and 67 from Karaburma
Marija LjutinaMilo Spasi
Faculty of Philosophy
Belgrade, Serbia
mljustin@f.bg.ac.rs
Belgrade City Museum
Belgrade, Serbia
spasicmilos@gmail.com

Keywords: Late Iron Age, necropolis, Karaburma, Scordisci, indigenous

population

More than sixty years elapsed since the first excavation reports on Celtic necropolis Karaburma in
Belgrade, and the site still stands out as one of the focal points for understanding of Celtic culture in the
central Balkans and southernmost Pannonia. Archaeological research in the new residential complex in
the part of Belgrade called Karaburma started in 1958 and lasted continuously until 1963, conducted by J.
Todorovi. Karaburma was geographically a headland peaking into the Danube. When the neighbouring
island of Ada Huja was connected to the mainland thus becoming a peninsula, Karaburmas area on the
right bank of Danube also became known as Ada Huja, so Karaburma is now a few hundred meters away
from the river. Building of the new residential area resulted in discovering some new archaeological sites.
Big advantage was that at that time earthworks were carried out by hand without any machinery. It was
also possible to explore archaeologically both the building area and the area not affected by the building
activities, so that the more accurate picture of prehistoric Karaburma could be formed (Todorovi 1972,
7). For the same purpose, it is necessary to take into consideration finds from the site Rospi uprija, which
is an integral part of the same geographic and cultural whole. Much to our regret, it was not possible to
carry out more extensive archaeological research of the area on the Danube bank, where the remains of
the Early and Late Iron Age settlements had been identified.
The Iron Age necropolis and the Bronze Age necropolis (with more than 200 graves with urns) partially overlap. The necropolis attributed to proto-historic Singidunum comprises 96 graves (Fig.1). There
are only 6 graves with inhumations, while the rest are graves with cremation. The graves were discovered
in the area measuring 1200 200m. They were dug in without definite order. It should be emphasized that
the grave pits could not be defined and described in the documentation due to soil structure and the fact
that the Karaburma slopes have been subject to denudation during the last two millennia (Todorovi
1972, 910). The graves in the necropolis formed groups with 1040 graves in each. Some of the groups
were positioned very near one to another, while some were couples of meters away from the neighbouring
groups. Graves in the groups belong to all the burial phases. The graves dated at the younger phases of La
Tne did not disturb the graves from the older phases, which suggest existence of above-ground marks
(Todorovi 1972, 45).

Iron Age Rites and Rituals in the Carpathian Basin, 2011, p. 367375

368 | Marija LjutinaMilo Spasi

KARABURMA
Early Iron Age and Early La Tne cemetery
Early LT female cremation
Early LT male cremation
Early Iron Age cremation
Early LT warrior cremation
Dux fibula

50m

Fig.1. Plan of the necropolis at the site of Karaburma.

Among the few skeletal graves, our attention was focused on the graves No.63 and 67 which were
identified as the earliest inside the necropolis and dated at the end of the 4th and beginning of the 3rd c. BC.
It turned out that both of the graves were found at the part of the necropolis overlapping the necropolis
from the Bronze Age. This fact was more than helpful, because the position of the grave 67, which was not
known from the publication, was reconstructed using the original documentation of the Bronze Age urn
field cemetery.

N
0

50cm

Fig.2. Karaburma, graves 63 and 67 (artefacts appearing on the figure are not in scale).

Grave 63 belongs to an inhumed deceased, lying on the back with arms stretched next to the body
(Fig.2). Lower parts of the stretched legs were damaged. The head is slightly turned leftwards. The skeleton is well preserved. Its orientation is WE, the head being on the west and the legs on the east. The grave
was at the depth of 115cm. The length of the preserved part of the skeleton (without feet bones) is 138cm
(Todorovi 1972, 26). The skeleton was attributed to a female deceased, on the basis of the grave inventory. No detailed anthropological analysis has been performed so far. Two silver earrings made of twisted
wire were on the left and right side of the head (Pl.1/3). Both of the earrings are well preserved (3cm
and 2.8cm in diameter respectively) with crossing and overlapping ends, one of which being pointed and
the other broader and roll-shaped. B. Jovanovi ( 1994, 112) defined them as belonging to

Celtic Newcomers between Traditional and Fashionable: Graves 63 and 67 from Karaburma | 369

the variant a of this type of jewellery. There were 7 multicoloured glass beads on the neck of the deceased
(Pl.1/4). They are small in size (27mm) and their colours vary from dark blue to ochre and pale yellow.
A bronze fibula of Dux type, 4.8cm in length, with decorated arch and two pairs of chain pendants was on
the right shoulder (Pl.1/1). Its foot is bent and spherically ended. Its widened arch has elliptical ornamentation. The spring is bilateral, with three pairs of coils, into which a pivot bar is inserted. The four chain
pendants, their lengths varying from 6 to 17cm, hang from the pivot bar. It was dated at the end of the 4th
and the beginning of the 3rd century BC (Todorovi 1972, 62). A large wheel thrown clay bowl (10cm
in height, 29cm in width and 12cm in bottom diameter) was placed some 40cm from the left side of the
head (Pl.1/5). Its rim is widened and thickened, bent on the inside, and its bottom is flat and pronounced.
According to J. Todorovi (1972, 49) this type of bowl is one of the oldest types in the necropolis. Next to
the right side of the head there was a fragment of biconical iron object (Pl.1/2), some 1.2cm in diameter
(Todorovi 1972, 2627).
Grave 67 belongs to an inhumed deceased (Fig.2). Based on the original documentation from the
field excavation, it can be stated that the skeleton was found in the immediate vicinity of the grave 63 and
that it was orientated likewise, WE, which is opposite to the situation published by J. Todorovi (1972,
28, pl. XLII/3). Preserved length of the skeleton is 156cm. It was lying at the depth of 99cm. The head
was on the east, the legs on the west. Both the arms and the legs were in stretched position.1 On the left
and right side of the head two twisted silver earrings were found (Pl.1/6). Both of them are made of thin
twisted wire, with a loop at one end, belonging to the variant b by B. Jovanovi ( 1994, 112).
The earrings are damaged and deformed, and their approximate diameter is 3cm. A string of 25 blue
biconical glass beads was hanging around the neck (Pl. 1/7). A conical foot of a handmade kantharos
(preserved height is 3.8cm and the foot diameter is 9cm) was discovered by the right elbow, below which
there was a damaged iron object. Actually, a number of amorphous iron fragments were interpreted as
parts of a small knife (Todorovi 1972, 28). An alternative approach to the identification of the iron
object, since it was found in the waist area, is that one is dealing with a belt hook (cf. Rustoiu 2011 - in
print). An analogous find is the iron belt hook from the grave CX041 from the site Aradu Nou, Romania.2
Approximately contemporaneous skeletal grave G3991 from the site KostolacPeine comprised a belt
buckle ( 1994, 112; Jovanovi 2007, 822823), which makes the explanation of the iron object
from the Karaburma grave 67 as a belt hook more plausible.
According to J. Todorovi (1972, 42, 87) the skeletal graves 63 and 67 are the oldest in the necropolis and can be dated at the 3rd century BC, in the period of Celtic settling and stabilisation (320280 BC),
and there is a chance that they belonged to the autochthonous population. Inhumation as a funerary
practice is typical for both the Celts in their homeland (Todorovi 1972, 42) and the indigenous Late
Hallstatt communities in the Serbian part of the Danube Basin (cf. graves of the Srem group in Medovi
2007; Trajkovi 2008; Ljutina 2010).
In the inventory of the graves 63 and 67 J. Todorovi (1972, 87) recognized objects with autochthonous origin: earrings in both of the graves and the ceramic vessel in the grave 67; and objects which were
imported from the Celtic, at that time already bordering territories: the fibula and the bowl from the grave
63, glass beads in both of the graves. The glass necklaces/beads are characteristic for the skeletal graves of
the 3rd century BC exclusively (Todorovi 1972, 71).
The silver earrings made of twisted wire found in the graves 63 and 67 were a unique find at the
time they were discovered (Todorovi 1972, 60, 70). Analogies can be found in the necropolis Kostolac
Peine, where in the skeletal grave G3991, two silver earrings made of twisted wire with a conical end
were found along with a belt buckle, a fibula of Certosa type, an early Duchcov type fibula and two simple
bronze loop-shaped earrings ( 1994, 112; Jovanovi 2007, 822823). The earrings from the
Peine grave G3991 are not the closest analogy for the finds from either of the Karaburma graves, since
they belong to the variant c by B. Jovanovi ( 1994, 112). The closest analogy for the earrings
from the Karaburma grave 67 comes from an isolated grave with incineration from Kostolac in which the
twisted earrings were accompanied by two iron fibulae of later Duchcov type ( 1994, 11113;
Jovanovi 2007, 823). The pair of twisted silver earrings with roll-shaped ends from the grave CX50
1 Thanks to the well preserved skeletal remains, which are kept in Belgrade City Museum, a preliminary anthropological analysis could be performed. The authors are very grateful to colleague S. Kruni, whose analysis revealed that the grave belonged
to a female, aged 4550.
2 The results of the excavations at Aradu Nou, which had been conducted by Adrian Ursuiu, have not been published up to
now; information given here by courtesy of Aurel Rustoiu.

370 | Marija LjutinaMilo Spasi

from the site Aradu Nou3 is almost the same in shape and size as the earrings from the grave 63 from
Karaburma.
It is interesting to notice that direct analogies for the earrings from more remote Early La Tne sites
are not easy to find. Use of silver loops, typologically close to the variant b by B. Jovanovi, as pendants/
beads or, larger in size, as bracelets, is confirmed in the Early La Tne graves from Slovakia and Austria
(Benadik Et Al. 1956, 66, T. XXV/3; Pauli 1978, 34, T. 138; 1994, 113114). Bronze bracelets
from a childs grave 54 from Doroslovoepfeld necropolis of the late phase of the Early Iron Age Srem
group (Trajkovi 2008, 44, 78; Ljutina 2010, 62), shaped in almost the same manner as the earrings
of the variant a by B. Jovanovi, suggest possible origin of such type of jewellery. The closest parallels can
be found in the material from the Late Hallstatt period. This type of jewellery is common in the northwestern Balkans and south and east Pannonia. Not only were twisted earrings usual part of jewellery sets,
but also twisted bracelets, made of bronze or silver wire, which was in some cases multiplied and twisted
together. Earrings belonging to Jovanovis variants c and b came from Glasinac (made of silver) and
Donja Dolina (made of bronze) respectively, and bronze bracelets from the grave 8 from the necropolis
of the Iapodes at Jezerine ( 1994, 114 with references). Two pairs of twisted silver bracelets
from Beremend (Jerem 1973, 68, fig.7/25) show close typological parallels, too. Silver jewellery from
the SzentesVekerzug cultural circle of south-eastern Pannonia shows much similarity to the earrings
from the Early La Tne graves from the north Balkans. In this respect remarkable are ends of twisted silver
bracelets and loops-earrings (Chochorowski 1985, 68, fig. 13; Duek 1961, 161, T. IV/2;
1994, 114; Jovanovi 1999, 3738).

Fig.3. Distribution of Duchcov-Mnsingen fibulae (LT B2). Adapted after Popovi 1996, fig.14.
1. Osijek; 2. Dalj; 3. Bogdanovci, Vukovar; 4. urug; 5. Baaid; 6. Peine, Viminacium, Kostolac; 7. Negotin; 8.
Karaburma, Rospi uprija; 9. Zemun; 10. Novi Banovci; 11. Kupinovo; 12. Sremska Mitrovica; 13. abac; 14. Gradina
na Bosutu; 15. Rapani Polje; 16. Gosinja Planina, Podilijak, Rusanovii; 17. Pod; 18. Majdan; 19. Donja Dolina; 20.
Pleternica; 21. Sanski Most; 22. Ribi, Jezerine, Golubi; 23. Vrebac.

Celtic newcomers vs. indigenous population

By the end of the 4th century BC, on their way towards the south through the Pannonian plain, the
Celts reached the central Balkans, including Belgrades confluence, where they made a stop. According to
the archaeological record, consequences of these events are considerable cultural changes. Funerary practices, pottery production, weaponry, tools, dress and jewellery significantly changed. With the appearance
of La Tne style, the forms of the Early Iron Age gradually integrated with the new ones, until most of the
3 Unpublished material; excavations by Adrian Ursuiu, information by Aurel Rustoiu.

Celtic Newcomers between Traditional and Fashionable: Graves 63 and 67 from Karaburma | 371

area was dominated by La Tne culture. This fact is especially marked along the main directions of the
Celtic movements the area along the middle Danube and the parts of Transdanubia. Southern Pannonia
and western Balkans retained the Late Hallstatt character for a long time (Popovi 1996, 105).
The Danube valley and the western Balkans in the Early La Tne period bear several common characteristics in material culture. A prominent one is represented by the fibulae with ornamented bow bearing an oval plaque with a frame, one of which is the fibula from the grave 63 from Karaburma. The same
characteristic, the bow in the shape of a medallion, is apparent on three fibulae with chains from
Bogdanovci, as well as on a pair of fibulae from Osijek. The piece form Karaburma has the closest analogy
in the fibula from Rusanovii, at Glasinac (Popovi 1996, 119). Chronologically, these fibulae are placed
into the period from the 4th till, at least the middle of the 3rd c. BC (LT B2), and their distribution can be
seen on the map (Fig.3). The entire series of these finds bear some similar solutions, appearing as early as
in the Early La Tne period, but as P. Popovi (1996, 120, 124) noted, it seems that they were not actual
import from original Celtic lands, which was the model proposed by J. Todorovi (1972, 87). The fibulae
were presumably manufactured somewhere between the Sava and the Danube, after the older examples.
These forms were transported to the western Balkans and were later manufactured there after the similar
examples. It is more likely that one is faced with an indirect influence of La Tne style, or a technology
transfer, coming over Slovakia and Transdanubia into this part of the Balkans (Popovi 1996, 120, 124).
The model of a direct Celtic influx by means of imported objects should not be eliminated in total, but
should be taken with less probability. Remains the question of both the workshops which produced the
goods and the final recipients, the persons who wore them during the lifetime and were buried with them.
Besides the grave 63, there are two more graves in which fibulae of Duchcov type were found at
Karaburma. The grave 60 (Todorovi 1972, 2526) contained a wheel-thrown urn with cremated human
bones in it, two bronze earrings, three small iron knives, an iron buckle, an iron ring and four fibulae of
Duchcov type (Pl.1/910, 12). Such a big concentration of Duchcov fibulae in a single grave has not been
attested on the territory of Serbia yet. The grave 66 probably represents the cremation of a male warrior.
Besides a wheel-thrown urn with burnt human bones in it, parts of a shield, two iron knives, an iron
spear, an iron chain and a fibula of Duchcov type (Pl.1/11) were found near the urn (Todorovi 1972,
2728). Thus, the distribution of Duchcov fibulae in the necropolis at Karaburma clearly shows that this
type of fibulae was not exclusively worn by female or male. Also, the situation from the grave 60 offers
a good starting point for the reconstruction of the modes of wearing of Duchcov fibulae, since four of
them were found in that grave. On the other hand, such a big number of fibulae could be also interpreted
as a solid signal for the accumulation of
wealth, weather the lady that was buried
with them actually possessed them, or
they were put near the urn as a symbolic
offering or so.
1
In the grave 23, at the nearby site
13
BelgradeRospi uprija (Fig.4), one more
Duchcov fibula was found (Pl.1/8). As in
the case of the grave 63 from Karaburma,
this is a skeletal grave, whose gender has
not been determined. The deceased was
lying with the hands on the pelvis and
2
the feet crossed. Alongside the big iron
3
fibula (Fig.4/1; Pl.1/8), two parts of an
iron buckle and a wheel-thrown bowl,
which was placed by the feet, were found
in it ( 1956, 46, 50). Unusual
position of the deceased resembles
the funerary practice of the Early Iron
Age Srem Group (cf. the grave 18 from
4
the necropolis Doroslovoepfeld in
Ljutina 2010, pl.5), although the grave
inventory reveals undoubtedly Early La Fig.4. Rospi uprija, Grave 23. 1. iron fibula of Duchcov type; 23.
Tne features.
iron parts of a belt buckles (?); 4. wheel-thrown bowl (no scale).

372 | Marija LjutinaMilo Spasi

In M. Dizdars opinion, the female skeletal graves 63 and 67 from Karaburma could be attributed to
the women of autochthonous Pannonian origin (Dizdar 2004, 76). He based his opinion on the burial
customs and grave inventory. His attention is particularly focused on the hand-made kantharoi from the
settlements and necropolises of the Scordisci, one of which is found in the grave 67 at Karaburma. He
presumed that the finds of the hand-made kantharoi are result of influences of autochthonous Early Iron
Age traditions on the material culture of the Scordisci. It is possible that some of the Pannonian population survived and kept their own identity through certain hand-made ceramic forms, as well as ornamental techniques and motifs noticed on some of La Tne sites in the Middle Danube Bassin (Dizdar
2001, 101103). That is how material heritage of the Scordisci embraced two lines of development of the
kantharoi: the autochthonous Pannonian, rooted in the Early Iron Age forms, and the one established by
copying Hellenistic models of the kantharoi, which increase in number during the late phase of the Early
and Middle La Tne (Dizdar 2004, 76).
According to A. Rustoiu (2011) the graves of the early phase of the Karaburma necropolis preserve
local traditional jewellery amongst their goods. This is the expression of a maintained native identity defined
by the display of body ornaments and dress accessories different than those of the newcomers, especially
recognisable in the female dress. In that respect, Karaburma would provide a number of elements illustrating the specific pattern of interactions between the colonists and the local communities they overlaid.
The so-called Celtic migrations in the 4th and 3rd century BC are the historical background. During
this time La Tne culture expanded from its main area in Central Europe to Southern France, Northern
Italy, the Danube region and Romania. The Celts extended their area to Greece and even reached Asia
Minor. But the question arises if the expansion of La Tne culture is identical with the historical Celtic
migrations (Hauschild 2010, 171). Archaeological sources suggest the first appearance of La Tne culture in the Middle Danube region already at the end of the 5th c. BC (Zirra 1991; Szab 1998). The
Carpathian-Danube area was during the late Hallstatt period already complexly populated with the presence of different cultures, which developed during the Early La Tne period from a substrate of different groups of population. Objects of Early La Tne character, like Duchcov, Mnsingen or Certosa type
fibulae, bracelets with Steckverschluss or Stempelenden, Hohlringe and Hohlbuckelringe, typical La Tne
weapons, horse harness and wheel thrown pottery, date the first appearance of Celtic immigrants in the
CarpathianDanube area. Today we must consider that this is usually an emigration of small parts of
tribal communities, small groups or only single persons (Hauschild 2010, 172173). Marrying-in into
a family of another tribe is to be understood as migration (Hauschild 2010, 174) and should be taken
into consideration when the female deceased from Karaburma are in question. The inventory of graves
is the key to each individual, but this way one may detect mobility of objects and manners instead of
buried persons themselves. It is difficult, almost impossible to exactly determine ethnical identity of individuals based on several objects. For recognizing foreignness, differences in cultural assets and significant
change in funeral traditions must be available (Hauschild 2010, 174). Physical anthropology with its
bioarchaeometric research can offer a solution how to detect foreign individuals. The isotope analysis
performed on bone material provides solid evidence of indigenous as well as immigrated persons within
a local community (Hauschild 2010, 175).

At first glance burial practice of the autochthonous populations belonging to the Srem group look
very similar to the practice noticed at the graves 63 and 67 from Karaburma. In both cases we deal with
inhumation. The deceased were placed into a grave pit in stretched position, with personal belongings,
jewellery in the first place (fibulae, strings of glass beads), and some food for the afterlife, put into ceramic
vessels. The most significant differences are concerning position of arms of the deceased, as well as the
place where the food offerings were placed inside the grave. Late Hallstatt practice is to put arms on the
chest and food by the feet. In the case of Karaburma arms were stretched next to the body, and the vessels
were near upper part of the body, next to the head or the elbow. These archaeologically traceable differences in burial practice suggest differences in funerary rituals and afterlife concepts of the two populations.
The differences in types of jewellery (Certosa vs. Duchcov fibulae, more opulent glass strings in the Late
Hallstatt graves) and pottery (hand-made vs. wheel-thrown vessels) may reflect changes in fashion or local
availability of certain goods. In this sense, a special attention should be paid to the skeletal grave G3991
from KostolacPeine, where the set of jewellery of the deceased comprised both a fibula of Certosa type
and an early Duchcov type fibula.

Celtic Newcomers between Traditional and Fashionable: Graves 63 and 67 from Karaburma | 373

Remains the question to what extent grave inventory reflects the deceased and to what extent the
living community who took care about the funeral. Were the two ladies from Karaburma Celticised or
Assimilated during their lifetime? Where they of Celtic origin and married-in into an autochthonous family or vice versa? We should be aware, as B. Jovanovi (2007, 824) noted, that the selection of personal
belongings in the female graves reflects individual preferences of each of the women.
We argue that occurrence of jewellery typical for two different communities is profound articulation
of cultural interactions that might not developed just through the acts of actual contacts of new-coming
and autochthonous population. Instead, we see it as one of the physical manifestations of long term process that led to construction of Scordiscian identity.
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praehistoria in honorem Biba Teran, Ljubljana, 821827.
Dizdar, M., Latenska naselja na vinkovakom podruju, Zagreb.
Dizdar, M., Grob LT 11 iz Zvonimirova - primjer dvojnog pokopa latenske kulture, OpArch,
28, 4188.
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October 2009, Cluj-Napoca, 171180.
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Pauli, L., Der Drnberg bei Hallein III, Mnchen.
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374 | Marija LjutinaMilo Spasi

List of figures
Fig.1. Plan of the necropolis at the site of Karaburma.
Fig.2. Karaburma, graves 63 and 67 (artefacts appearing on the figure are not in scale).
Fig.3. Distribution of Duchcov-Mnsingen fibulae (LT B2). Adapted after Popovi 1996, fig.14.
Fig.4. Rospi uprija, Grave 23. 1. iron fibula of Duchcov type; 23. iron parts of a belt buckles (?); 4. wheel-thrown
bowl (no scale).

List of plates
Pl.1. 15. Karaburma, grave 63: 1. Duchcov fibula; 2. biconical iron fragment; 3. silver earrings; 4. glass beads; 5.
wheel-thrown bowl. 67. Karaburma, grave 67: 6. silver earrings; 7. glass beads. 812. Duchcov fibulae: 8.
Rospi uprija, grave 23; 910, 12. Karaburma, grave 60; 11. Karaburma, grave 66.

Celtic Newcomers between Traditional and Fashionable: Graves 63 and 67 from Karaburma | 375

12

9
8

10

11
812
1, 34, 67

Pl.1. 15. Karaburma, grave 63: 1. Duchcov fibula; 2. biconical iron fragment; 3. silver earrings; 4. glass beads;
5.wheel-thrown bowl. 67. Karaburma, grave 67: 6. silver earrings; 7. glass beads. 812. Duchcov fibulae:
8.Rospi uprija, grave 23; 910, 12. Karaburma, grave 60; 11. Karaburma, grave 66.

Plate 1. 15. Karaburma, grave 63: 1. Duchcov fibula; 2. biconical iron fragment; 3. silver earrings;
4. glass beads; 5. wheel-thrown bowl. 67. Karaburma, grave 67: 6. silver earrings; 7. glass beads.
812. Duchcov fibulae: 8. Rospi uprija, grave 23; 910, 12. Karaburma, grave 60; 11. Karaburma, grave 66.

ABBREVIATIONS

ActaAA
ActaArchHung
ActaArch Carpatica
ActaArch Kbenhavn
ActaB
ActaMN
ActaMP
ActaTS
ActaUL
AFN
Agria
AIH
AJB
Alba Regia
Analele Banatului
AnnalenWien
Angustia
AnthrKzl
Apulum
ArchAustr
ArchBaltica
ArchBulg
Archechch
ArchE
Archrt
ArchHung
ArchIug
ArchKorr
ArchKzl
ArchPol
ArchRoz
ArchS
ArhMold
ArhPregl
ArhRR
ArhVest
Arrabona
ASF
ASM
AuF
Balcanica
Banatica
BAR
BAW
BCS

Acta Antiqua et Achaeologica, Szeged

Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest
Acta Archaeologica Carpathica, Academia Scientiarum Polona Collegium Cracoviense,
Krakw
Acta Archeologica, Kbenhavn
Acta Bernensia, Bern
Acta Musei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca
Acta Musei Porolissensis, Zalu
Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis, Sibiu
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, Folia Archaeologica
Archologische Forschungen in Niedersterreich
Agria, Annales Musei Agriensis / Az Egri Mzeum vknyve (1982), Eger
Rgszeti Kutatsok Magyarorszgon / Archaeological Investigation in Hungary, Budapest
Das archologische Jahr in Bayern
Alba Regia, Annales Musei Stephani Regis, Szkesfehrvr
Analele Banatului, Muzeul Banatului, Timioara
Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien
Angustia, Muzeul Carpailor Rsriteni, Sfntu Gheorghe
Anthropolgiai Kzlemnyek, A Magyar Biolgiai Trsasg Embertani Szakosztlynak
folyirata, Budapest
Apulum, Acta Musei Apulensis, Alba Iulia
Archaeologia Austriaca, Wien
Archaeologia Baltica, Vilnius
Archaeologia Bulgarica, Sofia
Archeologie ve stednch echch
Archologie in Eurasien, Mainz am Rhein
Archaeologiai rtest, Budapest
Archaeologia Hungarica, Budapest
Archaeologia Iugoslavica
Archologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Rmisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum in Mainz
Archeologiai Kzlemnyek
Archeologia Polona
Archeologick Rozhledy, Prague
Archologie in Salzburg
Arheologia Moldovei, Iai
Arheoloki Pregled, Arheoloko drutovo Jugoslavije
Arheoloki radovi i rasprave, Zagreb
Arheoloki vestnik (Acta Archaeologica), Intitut za arheologijo, Lubljana
Arrabona, a Gyri Mzeum vknyve
Archaeologia Slovaca Fontes, Bratislava
Archaeologica Slovaca Monographiae
Ausgrabungen und Funde, Nachrichtenblatt der Landesarchologie
Balcanica, Beograd
Banatica, Muzeul de istorie al judeului Cara-Severin, Reia
British Archaeological Reports, International Series, Oxford
Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mnchen
Buletinul Cercurilor tiinifice Studeneti, Alba Iulia

530 |
Beitrge UFM
BerRGK
BHAUT
BMA
BMAK
BMBistria
BMM
BMMK
BMP
BT
CA
CAJ
Carpica
CCA
ComArchHung
Corviniana
Crisia
CurrA
Us
Dacia (N. S.)

Beitrge Ur- und Frhgeschichte Mitteleuropa, Weissbach

Bericht der Rmisch-Germanischen Kommission
Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Universitatis Timisiensis
Biblioteca Mvsei Apvlensis, Alba Iulia
Biblioteka Muzeum Archeologicznego w Krakwie
Biblioteca Muzeului Bistria
Bibliotheca Mvsei Marisiensis, Seria Archaeologica, Trgu Mure / Cluj Napoca
Bks Megyei Mzeumok Kzlemnye, Bkscsaba
Bibliotheca Mvsei Porolissensis, Zalu
Bibliotheca Thracologica, Bucureti
Cercetri Arheologice
Cambridge Archaeological Journal
Carpica, Muzeul Judeean de Istorie i Art Iulian Antonescu, Bacu
Cronica Cercetrilor Arheologice din Romnia
Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae, Budapest
Corviniana, Acta Musei Corviniensis, Hunedoara
Crisia, Muzeul rii Criurilor, Oradea
Current Anthropology
asopis Uen Spolenosti afkovy, Bratislava
Dacia, Recherches et dcuvertes archologiques en Roumanie, IXII (19241948),
Bucureti; Nouvelle srie (N. S.), Dacia. Revue darchologie et dhistoire anciene,
Bucureti
DissPann
Dissertationes Pannonicae, ex Instituto Numismatico et Archaeologico Universitatis de
Petro Pzmny nominatae Budapestinensis provenientes, Budapest
DMB
Dissertationes et Monographiae Beograd
DolgKolozsvr (. S.) Dolgozatok az Erdlyi Nemzeti Mzeum rem- s Rgisgtrbl, (j sorozat, 2006),
Kolozsvr
DolgSzeged
Dolgozatok, Szeged
EA
Eurasia Antiqua, Deutsches Archologisches Institut
Ea-online
European archaeology online (www.archaeology.ro)
C
tudes Celtiques, Paris
EM
Az Egri Mzeum vknyve
EphemNap
Ephemeris Napocensis, ClujNapoca
ET
Etudes Touloises, Toul
FAP
Fontes Archaeologici Pragenses
FAPos
Fontes Archaelogici Posnanienses
FHA
Fontes Historiae Antiquae, , Pozna
FolArch
Folia Archeologica, a Magyar Nemzeti Mzeum vknyve, Budapest
F
Fundberichte aus sterreich, Wien
FS
Fundberichte aus Schwaben, Stuttgart
Germania
Germania, Frankfurt am Main
Glasnik SAD
Glasnik Srpskog Arheolokog Drutva, Beograd
Glasnik ZM
Glasnik Zemaljskog Muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine u Sarajevu
Hierasus
Hierasus, Muzeul Judeean Botoani
HOM
A Herman Ott Mzeum vknyve, Miskolc
HOMO
HOMO, Journal of Comparative Human Biology
IA
Internationale Archologie, Buch am Erlbach, Espelkamp, Rahden/Westf.
IPH
Inventaria Praehistorica Hungariae, Budapest
ISPRS
International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing International Archives
of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
Istros
Istros, Buletinul Muzeului Brilei, Brila
JAA
Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, Amsterdam
Jahrbuch Liechtenstein Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins fr das Frstentum Liechtenstein, Vaduz
Jahrbuch Mecklenburg Jahrbuch fr Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg
Jahrbuch RGZM
Jahrbuch des Rmisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz

| 531
JahrOM
JAM
JAS
JBAA
JEA
JPM
JRA
JSP
KK
Kzlemnyek Kolozsvr
Litua
MAB
Marisia
Marmatia
MatArch
MatStar
MAZ
MBVF
MCA
MFM
MittAGW
MittAIUAW
MKCSM
MMO
MPK
MSVF
NMM
OIAS
OJA
OpArch
AW
srgszeti levelek
PA
PamArch
PAS
PB
PBF
Peuce
Prace odz NK
Prace odz Arch
Pontica
PPP
PPS
Prilozi IAZ
PrzArch
PZ
PUD
RadMV
RAO
RAP
RBPA

Jahrbuch des Obersterreichischen Musealvereines, Linz

A Nyregyhzi Jsa Andrs Mzeum vknyve, Nyregyhza
Journal of Archaeological Science, London
Journal of the British Archaeological Association
Journal of European Archaeology, Durham, UK
A Janus Pannonius Mzeum vknyve, Pcs
Journal of Roman Archaeology
Journal of Sedimentary Petrology
Kulturlis rksgvdelmi Kismonogrfik, Budapest
Kzlemnyek az Erdlyi Nemzeti Mzeum rem- s Rgisgtrbl, Cluj
Litua, Muzeul Gorjului
Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica, Krakw
Marisia (V), Studii i Materiale, Trgu Mure
Marmatia, Anuarul Muzeului Judeean Maramure
Materiay Archeologiczne, Krakw
Materiay Staroytne (i Wczesnoredniowieczne)
Mainzer Archologische Zeitschrift
Mnchner Beitrge zur Vor- und Frhgeschichte, Mnchen
Materiale i Cercetri Arheologice, Bucureti
A Mra Ferenc Mzeum vknyve, Szeged
Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft Wien
Mitteilungen des Archologischen Instituts der Ungarisches Akademie der Wissenschaften, Budapest
Mzeumi kutatsok Csongrd megyben
MMO, skoros Kutatk sszejvetelnek konferenciaktete
Mitteilungen der Prhistorischen Kommision, Viena
Marbuger Studien zur Vor- und Frhgeschichte, Marburg
Ngrd Megyei Mzeum vknyve
Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae
Oxford Journal of Archaeology
Opuscula Archaeologica, Arheoloki zavod, Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu
sterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien
srgszeti levelek / Prehistoric newsletter, Budapest
Patrimonium Apulense, Alba Iulia
Pamtky Archeologick, Praha
Prhistorische Archologie in Sdosteuropa, Berlin, Kiel, Mnchen
Patrimonium Banaticum, Timioara
Prhistorische Bronzefunde, Mnchen / Stuttgart
Peuce, Studii i cercetri de istorie i arheologie, Institutul de Cercetari Eco-Muzeale
Tulcea, Institutul de Istorie si Arheologie, Tulcea
Prace i Materiay Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w odzi. Seria Numizmatyczna i Konserwatorska
Prace i Materiay Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w odzi. Seria Numizmatyczna i Konserwatorska
Pontica, Anuarul Muzeului de Istorie Naional i Arheologie Constana
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, London
Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju iz Zagreba
Przegld Archeologiczny, Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Praehistorische Zeitschrift, Berlin
Publications de lUniversit de Dijon, Paris
Rad Muzeja Vojvodine
Revue archologique de louest, Rennes
Revue archologique de Picardie, Amiens
Regensburger Beitrge zur Prhistorischen Archologie

532 |
RgFz
RevBis
RevMuz
RGF
RGZM
RoczK
Sargetia
Savaria
SBA
SBHM
SCIV(A)
SHN
SMA
SlovArch
SMMK
SNMB
SNMP
SpecNova
SprArch
SSUUB
Starinar
StCom Satu Mare
StCom Sibiu
StudiaUBB
Studii
tudijn zvesti
Swiatowit
SymThrac
TAT
Thraco-Dacica
UPA
VAMZ
VDBMB
VMMK
VKGLBW
VMUFP
VNMW
VSADS
VsP
VTLF
VVSM
WA
WArch
WFA
WissSchrN
WMBH
WPZ
WZGK
Zalai Mzeum
Zbornk SNM
Ziridava

Rgszeti Fzetek, Budapest

Revista Bistriei, Complexul Judeean Muzeal Bistria-Nsud
Revista Muzeelor, Bucureti
Rmisch-Germanische Forschungen, Mainz / Berlin
Rmisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Monographien, Bonn / Mainz
Rocznik Kaliski
Sargeia, Buletinul Muzeului judeului Hunedoara, Acta Musei Devensis, Deva
Savaria, a Vas Megyei Mzeumok rtestje, Szombathely
Saarbrcker Beitrge zur Altertumskunde, Bonn
Schriften des Bernischen Historischen Museums, Bern
Studii i Cercetri de Istorie Veche (i Arheologie 1974), Bucureti
Studia Historica Nitriensia
Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology
Slovensk Archeolgia, Nitra
Somogy Megyei Mzeumok Kzlemnyei, Kaposvr
Sbornik Narodnog Muzeija Beograd
Sbornk Nrodnho muzea v Praze, ada A Historie / Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae,
Series A Historia, Praha
Specimina Nova Dissertationum ex Institutom Historico Universitatis Quinqueecclesiensis de Jano Pannonio nominatae, Pcs
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, Krakw
Schriften des Seminars fr Urgeschichte der Universitt Bern
Starinar, Arheoloki institute, Beograd
Studii i Comunicri Satu Mare
Studii i Comunicri, Muzeul Brukenthal, Sibiu
Studia Universitatis BabeBolyai, series Historia, Cluj-Napoca
Studii. Revist de tiin i filosofie
tudijn zvesti, Archeologickho stavu Slovenskej Akadmie Vied, Nitra
Swiatowit, Rocznik katedry archeologii pierwotnej i wczesnosredniowiecznej Universytetu
Warszawskiego
Symposia Thracologica, Institutul Romn de Tracologie, Bucureti
Tbinger Archologische Taschenbcher
Thraco-Dacica, Institutul de Tracologie, Bucureti
Universittsforschungen zur prhistorischen Archologie, Bonn
Vjesnik Arheolokog muzeja u Zagrebu
Verffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Bergbau-Museum Bochum
A Veszprm Megyei Mzeumok Kzlemnyei
Verffentlichungen der Kommission fr geschichtliche Landeskunde in
Baden-Wrttemberg
Verffentlichungen des Museums fr Ur- und Frhgeschichte Potsdam
Verffentlichungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum, Wien
Verffentlichungen des Staatlichen Amtes fr Denkmalpflege Stuttgart
Vchodoslovensk pravek, Archeologick stav Slovenskej Akadmie Vied, Nitra
Verffentlichungen des Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck
Verffentlichungen des Vorgeschichtlichen Seminars Marburg, MarburgEspelkamp
Wiadomoci Archeologiczne, Pastwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne, Warsaw
World Archaeology, Oxford, Oxbow
Wiener Forschungen zur Archologie, Wien
Wissenschaftliche Schriftenreihe Niedersterreich
Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus Bosnien und der Herzegowina, Wien
Wiener prhistorische Zeitschrift, Wien
Westdeutsche Zeitschrift fr Geschichte und Kunst
Zalai Mzeum, Kzlemnyek Zala megye mzeumaibl, Zalaegerszeg
Zbornk Slovenskho Nrodnho Mzea, Bratislava
Ziridava, Muzeul Arad