GE6162 ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY

GROUP B (ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS)

III ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE 10
1. Residential house wiring using switches, fuse, indicator, lamp and energy meter.
2. Fluorescent lamp wiring.
3. Stair case wiring
4. Measurement of electrical quantities voltage, current, power & power factor in RLC circuit.
5. Measurement of energy using single phase energy meter.
6. Measurement of resistance to earth of electrical equipment.
IV ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICE 13
1. Study of Electronic components and equipments Resistor, colour coding measurement of
AC signal parameter (peak-peak, rms period, frequency) using CR.
2. Study of logic gates AND, OR, Ex-OR and NOT.
3. Generation of Clock Signal.
4. Soldering practice Components Devices and Circuits Using general purpose PCB.
5. Measurement of ripple factor of HWR and FWR.
CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS
1. PN Junction Diode Characteristics

STUDY OF ACCESSORIES, TOOLS USED IN WIRING & SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

AIM:
To study the various types of accessories and tools used in house wiring. To study safety
precautions for electrical engineering practice.
ACCESSORIES REQUIRED:
Switch, Lamp Holder, Lamp holder adopter, Ceiling roses, Mounting blocks, Socket
outlets, Plugs, Main switch, Distribution fuses boards.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Cutting pliers, Flat nose pliers, Screwdriver, Neon tester, Hammer, knife, Poker, Pincer,
Center punch, twist drill, Soldering rod.
ACCESSORIES:
1. Switch
A switch is used to make or break an electric circuit. Under some abnormal conditions it
must retain its rigidity and keep its alignment between switch blades and contacts correct
to a fraction of centimeter.
2. Lamp Holders
A lamp holder is used to hold the lamp required for lighting purposes.
3. Lamp Holder Adopter
It is used for tapping temporary power for small portable electric appliances from lamp
holders. Such a practice is not advised.
4. Ceiling Roses
It is an end point of an electrical wire, which provides a cover to the wire end. These are
used to provide a tapping to the lamp holder through the flexible wire or a connection to a
fluorescent tube or a ceiling fan. It consists of a circular base and a cover made of bake
lite. One end of the plates is connected to supply and the other end to a flexible wire
connected to appliances.
5. Mounting Blocks
These are nothing but wooden round blocks. They are used in conjunction with ceiling
roses, batten holder, surface switches, ceiling switches, etc
6. Socket Outlets
It is a wiring accessory to which electrical appliances are connected for power supply.
These have insulated base with molded or socket base having three terminal sleeves. The
two thin terminal sleeves are meant for making connection to the load circuit wires and
the third terminal sleeve, larger in cross section, is used for an earth connection.
7. Plugs
These are used for tapping power from socket outlets. Two-pin plugs and three-pin plugs
are commonly available.

8. Main Switch
This is used at the consumers premises so that he may have self-control of the entire
distribution circuit. This switch is a master control of all the wiring circuit made in the
building. The different classifications are double poled and triple poled switches.
9. Distribution Fuse Boards
In industries or in very big buildings, where a number of circuits are to be wired,
distribution fuse boards are used. They are usually iron clad and are designed with a large
space for wiring and splitting the circuits. The fuse bank in the distribution board can
easily be removed.
10. Fuse
A fuse is a protective device, which is connected such that the current flowing through
the protected circuit also flows through the fuse. There is a resistive link inside the fuse
body that heats or melts up when current flows through it. If the current is beyond the
permissible limit, the resistive link burns open, which stops all current to flow in the
circuit. At this condition we say that the fuse is blown.
11. Earthing
When a wire is connected from the ground to the outer metal casing of the electrical
appliances, then it attain zero potential and the appliance is said to be earthed and this
process is known as earthing.
12. Purpose of Earthing
Under normal condition, there is no electrical potential is available in the outer metal
casing of the electrical appliances. When some fault develops in the appliances, then
electrical potential leaked to the metal casing causes heavy current flow due to earthing.
This heavy current blows the fuse and cutoff electrical supply to the appliances. Thus
earthing provides protection to human being and electrical appliances
TOOLS:
1. Cutting Pliers
They are used to cut the wires, nipping by hand and twisting the wires and also to hold them.
Long nose pliers are used to hold the wires in small space and also to tighten and loosen small
nuts.
2. Nose Pliers
Long nose pliers are used to hold the wires in small space and also to tighten and loosen small
nuts.
3. Screw Driver
They are used to drive and tighten screws into pointed holes in the switches and electrical
machines. They are generally insulated.
4. Hammer
Ball peen and claw hammers are commonly used in electrical work where greater power is
required in striking. It is best suited for riveting purposes in sheet metal works.

5. Line Tester
It is used to check the electric supply in the line or phase wire. It has a small neon bulb, which
indicates the presence of power supply. It can also be used as a screw driver.
6. Knife
It is generally used for removing the insulation from the wire. The closing type knife is always
preferred.
7. Poker
It is a long sharp tool used for making pilot holes in wood before fixing and tightening wood
screws.
8. Pincer
The pincer is used for extracting nails from the wood.
9. Center Punch
When a hole is to be drilled in a material, the center punch is always used for making the starting
hole.
10. Twist Drill
It is used for drilling holes into metals and woods.
11. Soldering Rod
It is used for soldering wires to small joints with solder. It consists of pointed oval Cu bit fixed to
an iron rod, which is heated by an electric element only.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
1. While work on electrical installations, wear always rubber shoes and avoid loose shirting.
2. Do not work on live circuits, if unavoidable use rubber gloves, rubber mats etc
3. Use wooden or PVC insulated handle screwdrivers when working on electric circuits.
4. Do not touch bare conductors
5. Replace or remove fuses only after switching OFF the circuit switches.
6. Never extend wiring by using temporary wiring.
7. Stand or rubber mats while working or operating switch panels, control gears etc.
8. Always use safety belts while working on poles or high rise points.
9. Do not connect earthing to the water pipe lines.
10. Only skilled persons should do electric work.
11. Wear all the protective clothing and use all the necessary safety equipment.
12. In case of any person suffered by electrical shook and if the victim is still in contact with
the supply, break the contact either by switching off or by removing the plug or pulling
the cable free.
13. Do not give an unconscious person anything to eat or drink and do not leave an
unconscious person unattended.

14. First restore the normal breathing to the victim and ensure that the patient can breathe
normally unaided. Then we can render other first aids.

RESULT:
Thus a study on the various types of accessories, tools used in house wiring and safety
precautions for electrical engineering practice was performed.

EX.NO: 1

STAIR CASE WIRING

AIM:
Wiring a staircase using a two way switch.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
1.Screw driver 2.Hammer 3.Cutting Plane 4.Line tester.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
S.NO
COMPONENTS
1.
Two Way Switch
2.
Bulb Holder
3.
Bulb
4.
Clamps
5.
Screws
6.
Switch Board
7.
Connection Wire
8.
PVC Pipes
9.
Wooden board

QUANTITY
2
1
1
required
required
2
Required length
Required length
1

THEORY:
The two way switch allows a person to turn OFF & ON a light from two different
locations. For example: you may have a dining room that has two separate entrances. It is more
efficient to be able to control the lighting from separate entrances. It is more efficient to be able
to control the lighting from separate point. It is actually quite standard in most of the homes,
where multiple rooms & staircases are located.
PROCEDURE:
1. Mark the location of switch & bulb on the given wooden board.
2. Mark lines for wiring on the wooden board.
3. The required length of PVC pipe can be fixed along the lines with the help of clips.
4. The wires of required length & colour was choosen & the wiring is being made
through the PVC pipe.
5. The bulb holder & switches are fixed in the corresponding location.
6. Use the red colour wire for phase line to the bulb through two way switch.
7. The another point of the bulb is connected to the neutral line. Using black wire.
8. The red & black wire terminals are connected to main switch.
9. The supply was given to the circuit.
10. The bulb was being made to glow by operating the switches as shown in the tabular
column.
RESULT:
Thus the staircase wiring has been constructed, tested and the results are tabulated.

DIRECT LINK:
POSITION OF
SWITCH(S1)

POSITION OF
SWITCH(S2)

CONDITION OF
LAMP(L)

1
2
2
1

1
2
1
2

ON
ON
OFF
OFF

CROSS LINK:

POSITION OF
SWITCH(S1)

POSITION OF
SWITCH(S2)

CONDITION OF
LAMP(L)

1
2
2
1

1
2
1
2

OFF
OFF
ON
ON

EX.NO: 2

FLUORESCENT LAMP WIRING

AIM:
To check and assemble the accessories of a tube light (Fluorescent lamp).
TOOLS REQUIRED:
1. Screw driver 2. Hammer 3.Cutting Plane 4.Line tester.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
S.NO
COMPONENTS
1.
Single way Switch
2.
Tube light(40W)
3.
Choke
4.
Starter
5.
Screws
6.
Switch Board
7.
Connection Wire
8.
PVC Pipes
9.
Wooden board

QUANTITY
1
1
1
1
required
1
Required length
Required length
1

THEORY:
The fluorescent tubes are available in lengths of 0.61m and 1.22m.Thetubes are coated
inside with phosphorous, which is used to convert ultraviolet radiations into visible light and to
give the required colour sensation. A choke is used to give a transient high voltage so as to
initiate the electron movement. With the switch S closed, the circuit gets closed. The current
flows through the choke and the starter. The starter suddenly breaks thereby breaking the circuit.
Due to high inductive property of the choke, a transient high voltage is available across the
filaments. Hence electrons are emitted and travel through the tube. Such a continuous flow of
electrons produces the sensation of light to human eyes.
PROCEDURE:
1. Layout are made as per as the circuit diagram.
2. Lamp holder, Starter & choke are fixed in tube light fitting using screws.
3. 40W tube light is fixed on corresponding holder.
4. A single phase AC supply is connected to circuit.
5. The starter starts flickering & then the fluorescent lamp glows brightly.
RESULT:
Thus the fluorescent tube wiring has been constructed and the working is tested.

EX.NO: 3

RESIDENTIAL WIRING

AIM:
To prepare a residential wiring system with switch control.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
1. Screw driver 2. Hammer 3.Cutting Plane 4.Line tester.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
S.NO
COMPONENTS
1.
Single way Switch
2.
Lamp(40W)
3.
Lamp holder
4.
Indicator Lamp
5.
Main Switch
6.
1 Energy meter
7.
Fuse(5A)
8.
Screws
9.
Switch Board
10.
Connection Wire
11.
PVC Pipes
12.
Wooden Board

QUANTITY
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
required
1
Required length
Required length
1

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Ensure that there is no loose connection before switching on the supply.
2. At any cause, the connecting wires should not be twisted.
3. Do not touch the connections when the supply is ON.
4. Insulation tape should be used in case of joined wires.
5. Check proper fuse rating.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. A single phase AC supply is given to the circuit.
3. Then switch ON the main switch.
4. After switching ON the main switch, the indicator starts glowing.
5. Then switch ON the single way switch, the bulb glows & the energy meter starts
rotate.
RESULT:
Thus the house wiring using switches, fuse, indicator, lamp & energy meter was prepared
& tested.

EX..NO: 4

MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

(VOLTAGE, CURRENT, POWER & POWER FACTOR)

AIM:
To measure electrical quantities Voltage, current, power & power factor.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
S.NO
COMPONENTS
1.
Voltmeter
2.
Ammeter
3.
Wattmeter
4.
1 Resistive Load
5.
Fuse
6.
Connecting Wires

RANGE
(0-300V)
(0-5A)
(300V,5A)UPF
2.5kW,10A
5A
--

QUANTITY
1
1
1
1
2
Required length

FORMULA:
Apparent Power = V*I
Power Factor = cos = W/ (V*I)
THEORY:
Current:
The movement of electrons per second through a conductor is called electric
current. The symbol of electric current is I. The current is measured with the help of ammeter
and unit of current is Ampere (A).
Voltage:
The force which tends the movement of electrons in the conductor or closed
circuit is known as electromotive force. It can be measured with the help of wattmeter and it is
commonly known as voltage. The unit of voltage is volt (V).
Power:
Power is defined as the rate at which work is done or the amount of work done
per unit time. The unit of power is simply the unit of work divided by the unit time. The unit is
also called watt denoted by W.
Power Factor:
Power factor is the ratio of true power or watts to apparent power or volt ampere.
They are identical only when current and voltage are in phase than the power factor is 1.0
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The DPST switch is closed and the supply is affected.
3. The load is gradually increased and the corresponding current, voltmeter, wattmeter
reading are calculated.
RESULT:
Thus the values of voltage, current, power were measured and the apparent power and
power factor were calculated.
TABULATION:

S.N
O

LOAD

CURRENT
(Ampere)

VOLTAGE
(Volt)

POWER
(Watt)

POWER FACTOR

Calculation:

EX.NO: 5

MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USING SINGLE PHASE

ENERGY METER

AIM:
To measure the energy using single phase energy meter at UPF load condition.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
S.NO
1.
2.

COMPONENTS
Voltmeter
Ammeter

RANGE
(0-300V)
(0-5A)

QUANTITY
1
1

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Wattmeter
1 Resistive Load
1 Energy meter
Fuse
Stop Clock
Connecting Wires

FORMULA:
Energy meter specification
3200 rev
1 rev
For UPF conditions,

(300V,10A)UPF
2.5kW,10A
(230V,5A)
5A
---

1
1
1
2
1
Required length

= 3200 rev/ kwhr

= 1 kwhr
= 1 kwhr / 3200 = (3600*1000) / 3200 = 1125watt sec

Power calculated from energy meter reading = 1125/ time for 5 rev
% Error = (Power calculated from energy meter reading)-(Wattmeter reading) *100
Wattmeter reading
PRECAUTIONS:
1. There should be no load at the time of starting.
2. The connections must be made proper for UPF.
THEORY:
Current:
The movement of electrons per second through a conductor is called electric current. The
symbol of electric current is I. The current is measured with the help of ammeter and unit of
current is Ampere (A).
Voltage:
The force which tends the movement of electrons in the conductor or closed circuit is
known as electromotive force. It can be measured with the help of wattmeter and it is commonly
known as voltage. The unit of voltage is volt (V).

Power:
Power is defined as the rate at which work is done or the amount of work done per unit
time. The unit of power is simply the unit of work divided by the unit time. The unit is also
called watt denoted by W.
Energy:
Energy is defined as the product of power and time. E = P*t

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The DPST switch is closed and the supply is affected and the load is adjusted to full
load value.
3. The time taken for 5 revolutions of the aluminium disc in the energy meter is noted.
4. The error is calculated if it is more than + % the brake magnet is adjusted such that
the error is within + 3%.
5. The load is reduced in steps and for each step, the step 3 is repeated & the %error is
calculated.
RESULT:
Thus the given single phase energy meter was measured and the error curve was obtained.

TABULATION:

S.
No

Current
(Ampere)

Calculation:

Voltage
(Volt)

Wattmeter reading
Observed Actual

Time for 5
revolutions

Recorded
Energy

True
Energy

% Error

EX.NO: 6

MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO EARTH OF AN

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

AIM:
To measure the earth resistance using megger.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
S.NO
1.
2.
3.
4.

COMPONENTS
Megger
Rod
Hammer
Connecting Wires

QUANTITY
1
2
1
Required length

THEORY:
Earthing means generally connected to the mass of the earth. It shall be in such a means
as to ensure at all times an immediate & safe discharge of electric current due to leakage, fault
etc. All metallic parts of every electrical insulation such as conduit, metallic sheathing, metallic
panels, motor, gear, Transformer regulator shall be earthed using continuous bus wire if one earth
bus for installation is found impracticable move than one earthing system shall be introduced the
earthing conductors when taken outdoors to the earthing point, shall be incased in pipe securely
supported and continued up to point not less than0.3m below the ground. No joints are permitted
in earth bus whenever there is lighting conductors system installed in a building. Its earthing
shall not be bondedto the earthing of electric installation. Before the electric supply on apparatus
is energized all earthing system shall be tested for electrical resistance to ensure efficient
earthing. It shall not be more than 2ohms including the ohmic value of earth electrode.
PROCEDURE:
1. Collect the materials required for this experiment.
2. The terminal of ohmmeter E is first connected to earth.
3. The two earth rods are fixed to feet away from the ohmmeter. So that they are
triangle with base 50 feet.
4. The wires are connected to each rod and the ohmmeter terminals are shown.
5. The ohmmeter is ranked and the readings are taken.
RESULT:
The earth resistance was measured in the given area.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No

Distance Between
Electrode (Feet)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

Resistance(Ohms)

1. CURRENT ELECTRODE
2. POTENTIAL ELECTRODE
3. EARTH