Chapter 1

1. EVERYDAY ARITHMETIC
Ratio, Proportion and Direct Variation
In this chapter let us see how we use airthmetic in our day-to-day life directly
or indirectly.

1.1 Introduction
Some information about Ishwarya and Krithika are given below :
S.No.

Information

Ishwarya

krithika

1.

Age

17 years

15 years

2.

Height

136 cm

123 cm

3.

Weight

31 kg

29 kg

4.

Quantity of drinking water

5 litres

3 litres

5.

Studying Time

4 hours

3 hours

6.

Playing Time

2 hours

2 hours

7.

No. of note books used

13

14

8.

Speed of cycling

10 km/hr

15 km/hr

From the above table we can compare their information easily. Ratio is used
to compare two quantities of the same kind.
From the above table we can easily nd out
1.

Ratio of their ages

17:15

2.

Ratio of their Height

136 : 123

3.

Ratio of their Weight

31 : 29

4.

Ratio of their Quantity of drinking water

5:3

5.

Ratio of their Studying Time

4:3

6.

Ratio of their Playing Time

2:2

7.

Ratio of their No. of note books used

13 : 14

8.

Ratio of their Speed of cycling

10 : 15

Everyday Arithmetic
1.2 Ratio
-

Ratio is a comparison of two quantities of same units.

The ratio of two quantities a and b is written as a : b. It is read as a is to b
The symbol : is read as is to
The ratio of b and a is written as b : a.
It is understood that a : b is different from b : a.
When compared the units of a and b must be the same.
The units of a and b are always positive.

For Example : If 1m and 90 cm are given, we can compare only after converting
them into same units.
(i.e.) after converting 1 m as 100 cm, we compare it with 90 cm and write the
ratio as 100 : 90.
Comparison of bigger number may be difcult. It is necessary to reduce them
into their lowest terms. We write the ratios as fractions and reduce them into their
lowest terms.
Example : 1
S.No.

Quantity

Ratio form

Fractional
form

Reduced
form

15 : 10

15
10

3:2

1.

Ratio of 15 men and 10 women

2.

Ratio of 500 gm and 1 kg

500 : 1000

500
1000

1:2

3.

Ratio of 1 m 25 cm and 2m

125 : 200

125
200

5:8

Solution :

Number of note books

11

Number of text books

Ratio of the notebooks to the text books

11 : 7

Example : 3
The cost of a pen is Rs.8 and the cost of a pencil is Rs.2.50
Find

(1) The ratio of the cost of a pen to that of a pencil

(2) The ratio of the cost of a pencil to that of a pen.

Solution : The Cost of a pen

= Rs.8.00 = 8.00x100 = 800 paise

The Cost of a pencil = Rs.2.50 = 2.50x100 = 250 paise

3

MATHEMATICS

Example : 2
1. A student has 11 note books and 7 textbooks. Find the ratio of the notebooks
to that of the text books.

Chapter 1
S.No.

Quantity

Ratio form

Ratio of the cost of a pen to that of

800 : 250
a pencil
Ratio of the cost of pencil to that of
250 : 800
a pen

1.
2.

Fractional
form

Reduced
form

800
250

16 : 5

250
800

5 : 16

Example : 4
In a Village of 10,000 people, 4,000 are Government Employees and the remaining
are self-employed. Find the ratio of
i) Government employees to people of the village.
ii) Self employed to people of the village.
iii) Government employees to self employees.
Solution :
Number of people in the village
= 10,000
Number of Government employees =
4,000
` Self employed

S.No.

Quantity

10,000 4,000 = 6,000

Ratio form

Fractional
form

Lowest
form of
the Ratio

1.

Government employees to
people of the village.

4000 : 10000

4000
10000

2:5

2.

Self employed to people of the

village.

6000 : 10000

6000
10000

3:5

3.

Government employees to self

employed.

4000 : 6000

4000
6000

2:3

Do These
1. Express the following ratios in the lowest form:
(i) 3:5 (ii) 15:25
(iii) 22:55
(iv) 24:48
2. Express the following ratios in the lowest form:
(i) 1kg to 500g
(ii) 24cm to 4m
(iv) 45min to 2hrs
(v) 30paise to 3Rs

(iii) 250ml to 3litres

(vi) 70students to 2teachers

3. Sundar is 50 years old, his son is 10 years old. Write down the ratio between their
ages.
(i) 5 years ago
(ii) At present
(iii) After 5 years
4

Everyday Arithmetic
4. Match the following equivalent ratios:
Column A
Column B
3:4
5:15
1:3
9:12
4:5
20:30
2:7
14:49
2:3
12:15

1.3 Equivalent Ratios

Let us divide an apple into eight equal parts and share it among two people in the
ratio 6 : 2
6 : 2 can be simplied as 3 : 1
So, 6 : 2 and 3 : 1 are equal.
Hence like equivalent fractions we can say this as equivalent
ratios.
So, in the ratio a : b if the terms a and b are multiplied by the same
non zero number, we get equivalent ratios.
Example : 5
Write any 5 equivalent ratios for 5 : 7
Solution :
Given ratio = 5 : 7
The ratio in fractional form = 5

7
5
The equivalent fractions of are 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 55
7
14 21 28 35 77

Exercise : 1.1
1) Say whether the following are true or false
i) The ratios of 4 pens to 6 pens is 4 : 6
ii) In a class of 50 students, the ratio between 30 girls and 20 boys is 20 : 30
iii) 3 : 2 and 2 : 3 are equivalent ratios
iv) 10 : 14 is a equivalent ratio of 5 : 2
2)

Choose the correct answer :

i) The fractional form of 3 : 4 is ________
(1) 4
3

(2) 3

(3) 1

ii) The equivalent ratio of 7 : 8 is ________

(1) 14 : 16
(2) 8 : 9
(3) 6 : 7
5

(4) 3.4
(4) 8 : 7

MATHEMATICS

` The equivalent ratios of 5 : 7 are 10 : 14, 15 : 21, 20 : 28, 25 : 35 and 55 : 77

Chapter 1
iii) Simplied form of 16 : 32 ________
(1) 16
(2) 32
(3) 1:2
(4) 2:1
32
16
iv) If 2 : 3, 4 : _ are equivalent ratios, then the missing term is
(1) 2
(2) 3
(3) 4
(4) 6
v) The ratio of 1 cm to 2mm is
(1) 1:20
(2) 20:1
(3) 10:2
(4) 2:10
3) Simplify the following ratios :
(i) 20:45
(ii) 100:180
(iii) 144:216
4) Write 4 equivalent ratios for the following :
(i) 3:5
(ii) 3:7
(iii) 5:9
5) Write the ratio of the following and simplify :
(i) The ratio of 81 to 108 (ii) The ratio of 30 minutes to 1 hour and 30 minutes
(iii) The ratio of 60 cm to 1.2 m.
6) Seemas monthly income is Rs.20,000 and her savings is Rs.500. Find the ratio of
i) the monthly income to the savings
ii) the monthly income to the expenses
iii) savings to the expenses.
7) Out of 50 students in a class, 30 are boys. Find the ratio of
i) Boys to the total number of students
ii) Girls to the total number of students
iii) Boys to the Girls
8) From the given gure, nd the ratio of
i) Number of triangles to Number of circles
ii) Number of circles to Number of squares
iii) Number of triangles to Number of squares
iv) Number of circles to total number of gures
v) Number of triangles to total number of gures
vi) Number of squares to total number of gures

1.4 Comparison of Ratios

Two ratios can be compared. To compare the ratios, convert the given ratios
into fractions with the same denominator.
Example : 6

Compare 3:5 and 4:7

We have to compare 3 and 4
5
7
The L.C.M of denominator 5 and 7 is 35.
3 = 3 # 7 = 21
5 5 7 35
21 is greater than 20
35
35

4 = 4 # 5 = 20
7 7 5 35

Everyday Arithmetic
` 3 is greater than 4
5
7

Hence 3:5 is greater than 4:7

Example : 7

Divide Rs. 280 in the ratio 3:5

3:5 means the rst quantity is 3 parts and the second quantity in 5 parts.
The Total number of parts = 3 + 5 = 8
Parts
Amount
8 parts = Rs.280
8
280
` 1part = 280 =35
8
3
?
` 3 parts = 3 # 35 = Rs.105
5
?
and 5 parts =5 # 35 =Rs.175
Example : 8

The length and breadth of a rectangle are in the ratio 4:7. If the breadth is
77cm, nd the length?
Breadth = 77cm
The ratio of length to breadth is 4:7
Parts Measurements
Breadth = 7 parts
7
77
1
?
7parts = 77cm
4
?
1part = 77 cm = 11cm
7
length = 4 parts
4parts = 4 # 11 cm = 44cm
` Length of the rectangle = 44cm.
Example : 9
In a village of 1,21,000 people, the ratio of men to women is 6 : 5
Solution : Number of people in the village = 1,21,000
Ratio of men to women
=6:5
Total number of parts
= 6 + 5 = 11
11 parts = 1,21,000
` 1 part =

1, 21, 000
= 11, 000
11

` Number of men in the village

= 6 # 11,000 = 66,000

` Number of women in the village

= 5 # 11,000 = 55,000
7

Parts
11
6
5

No. of people
121000
?
?

MATHEMATICS

Find the number of men and women?

Chapter 1
Exercise 1.2
1.

Which is greater (i) 2:3 (or) 3:4

(ii) 4:5 (or) 5:7

2.

Which is smaller (i) 3:4 (or) 4:5

(ii) 3:7 (or) 7:9

3.

(i) Divide Rs. 400 in the ratio 3:5

(ii) Divide 5kg 500gm in the ratio 5:6
(iii) Divide 2m 25cm in the ratio 5:4

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

(iv) Divide 5hours in the ratio 1:5

If Rs.6,600 is divided between Arun and Anand in the ratio 6:5, who will
get more and how much more?
The length and breadth of a rectangle are in the ratio 7:2. If the length is
49cm. Find the breadth?
The ratio of expenditure and savings in a family is 5:3. If the expenditure
is Rs3,500. What is the savings?
Rahim and Bhashir decides to share the gift money of competition in the
ratio 7 : 8. If they receive Rs.7,500. Find the share of each.
There are 1,00,000 voters in the city. If the ratio of male to female voters is
11 : 9, nd the number of men and women voters in the city.

1.5 Proportion
If the simplied form of two ratios are equal, they form a proportion.
We use = or :: to denote a proportion.
If a, b, c, d are proportion, then a:b = c : d or a : b :: c : d
Example : 10
1. Show that the ratios (i) 2 : 3, 8 : 12, (ii) 25 : 45, 35 : 63 are in proportion.
Solution :
i)

Ratio form

Fractional form

Simplied form

2:3

2
3
8 =2
12 3

2:3

8:12

2:3

` 2:3, 8:12 are in proportion

ii)

25:45
35:63

25 = 5
45 9
35 = 5
63 9
` 25:45, 35:63 are in proportion

5:9
5:9

Everyday Arithmetic
Note : In the above example (ii), multiply 45 by 35 and 25 by 63
We get 25 # 63 = 45 # 35 = 1575
If a : b and c : d are in proportion then a # d = b # c
The proportion is written as a : b :: c : d
In a proportion, the product of extremes is equal to the product of means.

Example : 11
Show that 12 : 9, 4 : 3 are in proportion.
Solution : The product of the extremes = 12 # 3 = 36
The product of the means
= 9 # 4 = 36
` 12 : 9, 4 : 3 are in proportion
(i.e.) 12 : 9 :: 4 : 3
Example : 12
Find the missing term in 3 : 4 = 12 : ____
Solution :
The product of the extremes = The product of the means
Therefore 3 # ____ = 4 # 12 ; By dividing both sides by 3
we get the missing term = 4 # 12 = 16
3

Example : 13

Using 3 and 12 as means, write any two proportions.

Given 3 and 12 are means
So, __:3 = 12 : __
The product of the means 3 # 12 = 36
The product of Extremes must be 36
` 2:3=12:18

4:3=12:19

Two proportions are 2:3::12:18 and 4:3::12:9

Do These

1. Using 4 and 20 as means, write two proportions.

2. Using 6 and 15 as means, write two proportions.
9

MATHEMATICS

36 can be written as 2 # 18 or 4 # 9 etc,

Chapter 1
Example : 14
If the cost of a book is Rs.12, nd the ratio of 2, 5, 7 books to their cost.
What do you observe from this?

Fractional Simplied
form
form

No. of
books

Total Cost

Ratio

2 # 12 = 24

2 : 24

2
24

1 : 12

5 # 12 = 60

5 : 60

5
60

1 : 12

7 # 12 = 84

7 : 84

7
84

1 : 12

From the above table, we nd that the ratio of the number of books to the cost of
books are in proportion.

1.6 Direct Variation

Two quantities are said to be in direct variation if an increase (or decrease) in one
quantity results in increase (or decrease) in the other quantity. (i.e.) If two quantities
vary always in the same ratio then they are in direct variation.
Example : 15
Shabhana takes 2 hours to travel 35 km. How much distance she will travel in 6
hours?
Solution : When time increases the distance also increases.
Therefore, they are in direct variation

Time (hrs)
2
6

2 : 6 = 35 :
missing term = 6 # 35 = 105

Distance (km)
35
?

Shabana has travelled 105 km in 6 hours.

Example : 16
The cost of uniforms for twelve students is Rs.3,000. How many students
can get uniform for Rs.1250.
Solution :
No. of students

Cost of the uniform

Rs.
3,000
1,250

12
?
10

Everyday Arithmetic
When money spent decreases the number of uniform also drecreases.
They are in direct variation
12 : = 3000 : 1250
Missing Term = 12 # 1250 = 5
3000

5 students can be given uniform for Rs.1,250.

Example : 17
Verify whether the following represents direct variation.
Numbers of books
Cost (in Rs.)

10
25

8
20

20
50

4
10

8
20

10
25

20
50

Arrange the data in ascending order.

Numbers of books
Cost (in Rs.)

4
10

Here the ratios are 4 = 2 , 8 = 2 , 10 = 2 , 20 = 2

10

5 20 5 25 5 50
` 4 = 8 = 10 = 20
10 20 25 25

Here all the ratios are equal.

` They are in direct variation.
Exercise : 1.3
i)

2)

1:5

and

3:15 (Yes / No)

ii) 2:7

and

14:4 (Yes / No)

iii) 2:9

and

18:81 (Yes / No)

iv) 15:45

and

25:5 (Yes / No)

v)

and

45:60 (Yes / No)

30:40

Choose the correct answer :

i) Which of the following pair of ratios form a proportion.
(1) 3:4, 6:8

(2) 3:4, 8:6

(3) 4:3, 6:8

(4) 4:8, 6:3

ii) Find the missing term if 2:5 = ___ : 50

(1) 10

(2) 20

(3) 30
11

(4) 40

MATHEMATICS

1) State whether the following ratios are in proportion.

Chapter 1
iii) If the cost of 6 balls is Rs.30 then the cost of 4 balls is
(1) Rs.5
(2) Rs.10
(3) Rs.15
(4) Rs.20
iv) If 5,6,10 _____ form a proportion (in the same order), the missing term is
(1) 60
(2) 50
(3) 30
(4) 12
v) When you divdide 100 in the ratio 3 : 2, we get _____
(1) 30, 20
3)

(2) 60, 40

(3) 20, 30

(4) 40, 60

Verify whether the following represent direct variation or not.

i)

Time (in hrs)

Distance (in kms)

2
80

ii)

Age (in yrs)

Weight (in kg)

2
3.5

6
10.75

4
15

8
23

300
18

450
27

250
15

600
36

iii) Principal (in Rs)

Interest (in Rs)

5
200

4
160

3
120

4) Complete the table if they are in direct variation.

i)
8
10
15
4
2
16
ii)

5
-

28

12
48

15
-

10
-

iii)

45

20
-

60

15
-

10
15

5)

Sarath buys 9 cricket bats for Rs.1,350. How much will Manoj spend to buy
13 cricket bats at the same rate.

6)

If a person reads 20 pages from a book in 2 hours, how many pages will he
read in 8 hours at the same speed?

7)

If 15 people can repair a road of length 150 metres, how many people are
needed to repair a road of length 420 metres.

8)

The rent for a room for 2 months is Rs. 9200 what will be the rent for one
year for that room.

9)

The cost of 15 chairs is Rs. 7500. Find the numbers of such chairs that can
be purchased for Rs.12,000?

10) The cost of 10 k.g. rice is Rs.400. Find the cost of 3 k.g. rice?
11) A car needs 12 litres of petrol to cover a distance of 156 k.m.
How much petrol will be required for the car to cover a distance of 1300 k.m?
12

Everyday Arithmetic
1.7 Proportion - Application.
If we want to draw a plan of a home, it is not possible to draw the plan in actual
dimensions (size). Let the ratio between drawn length and actual length be a : b
1.If a is less than b,we get a reduced gure.
2.If a = b, we get equal scale gure (same size gure).
3.If a is greater than b, we get an enlarged gure.
For Example,
1. A house plan map - a reduced gure.
2. Geometrical gure drawn in note book - equal scale gure.
3. Bacteria seen through microscope - enlarged gure.
Example : 18
A map is drawn to the scale of 1cm to 200km.
(i) What is the representive fraction.
(ii) If the distance between Nellai and Chennai are 3cm on this map, what is
the actual distance between the two places?
Note the drawn length and the actual length are not in the same unit.
Therefore convert them into the same unit.
[ a 1km = 100000cm]

Now 200 km = 200 # 100000 cm

= 2,00,00,000cm
(i) The representive fraction =

1
20000000

(ii) The distance between Nellai and Chennai (in map) = 3 cm

= 3 # 200 = 600 km

Discuss:
Look at the India map showing railway routes.
Note the scale on the map and nd the actual distance between
1. Chennai and Calcutta 2. Chennai and Mumbai 3. Chennai and Delhi
Exercise 1.4
1.

A map is drawn in the scale 1cm to 1000km

a) Express this as a representive fraction.
b) What is the actual distance represented by 3.5cm in the map?
c) What distance on the map will represent an actual distance of 2100km?
13

MATHEMATICS

The actual distance between Nellai and Chennai

Chapter 1
2.

A scale used in a map is 1cm to 500m.

i) Express as a representive fraction.
ii) What is the actual distance represented by 5.5cm on the map?
iii)What distance on the map will represent an actual length of 2500m?

3.

Fill in the blanks .

i)
ii)
iii)

Scale
1 c.m. = 200m
1 c.m. = 250m
1 c.m. =_____m

Actual Length

Drawn Length
4cm

1750m
3700m

5cm

4. The scale of a graph is 1 cm = 200 km. (The distance 1 cm in the graph denotes
200 km in actual length). What would be the length of 3600 km on the graph?
Activity
Draw a rough sketch of a rectangular eld of length 400m and breadth 250m
by taking a suitable scale.
Project
Write the simplest form of ratios in between the total number of boys and
girls in your class and the school.

Find out the ratio for any of your two friends with the help of their height,
weight, study hours and playing times.

Make each student to listout the height and weight of his / her ve friends and
nd out the ratio using it.

Points to remember
The comparison of two quantities of the same unit is called ratio.
When the terms of ratio are multiplied by the same number, we get
equivalent ratios.
The equality of two ratios is called a proportion.
In a proportion, the product of extremes = product of means.
If two quantities vary in the same ratio, then they are in direct variation.

14

Algebra

2. ALGEBRA
Constants, Variables and Expressions
2.1 Introduction
You would have played many games eagerly and enthusiastically. Now, shall
we play with numbers?
Divide the students in the class into small groups. Each group should think of
a two digit number. Then ask them to do the following calculations.
Step 1 :

Multiply the two digit number by 2.

Step 2 :

Add 4 to the result.

Step 3 :

Muliply the result by 5.

Step 4 :

Finally subtract it by 20

From the nal answer the number selected by a group can be found. The result
obtained by dividing the nal answer by 10 is the original number. This is applicable
for all the groups.
For example ;

Check
#
1.
38
2=76
If the nal answer is 380, now divide 380 by 10.
2. 76+4=80
Therefore, the selected number is 38.
3. 80 # 5=400
How do we nd this? Let us list the answers for the different 4. 40020=380

number taken by the group. Observe the pattern formed.

Selected number = 25, Result obtained = 250

Selected number = 40, Result obtained = 400
Selected number = 37, Result obtained = 370
Now, we are able to see the relation between the selected number and its result.
Note : The algebraic explanation for the above is given at the end of the chapter.
Do it Yourself
Try the above game with three and four
digit numbers.
Create and solve a few more mathematical games.
15

MATHEMATICS

For example :
Selected number = 23; 23 # 2 = 46; 46 + 4 = 50; 50 # 5 = 250; 250 20 = 230
If the selected number is 23 the result is 230.
Let us verify this with a few more examples.

Chapter 2
Exercise : 2.1
1) Find the missing number in the sequence. 5, 10, 15, _, 25, 30.
2)

(i) 20
(ii) 2
(iii) 22
Choose the next three shapes from the pattern
(i)

(iv) 23

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)
3.
First number
Second number

1
10

2
20

3 4 5 6
30 40 50 60

What is the pattern obtained from the table?

(i) Second number = 10 + rst number.

(ii) Second number = 10 rst number.

(iii) Second number = 10 ' rst number.

(iv)Second number = 10 # rst number.

2.2 Introduction of constants and variables through patterns

Latha made the following triangular patterns with the match sticks she had.
1.

2.

3.

4.

To nd out the total match sticks used for the above formation she prepared
the following table.
Numbers of
triangles
Number of match
sticks used.

....

12

....

3 # 1 3 # 2 3 # 3 3 # 4 ....

From the above table she found a relation between the number of triangles and
the number of match sticks used. That is
Number of match sticks used = 3 # number of triangles

16

Algebra
Here according to the number of triangles formed there is a change in the
number of match sticks used. We nd that the number of match sticks used to form
a triangle is always the same. Likewise a quantity which takes a xed numerical
value is called a constant. But number of triangles keep changing. Therefore we
denote number of triangles by the letter x.
Therefore number of match sticks used = 3 # x = 3x
The above reduced law can be taken as Laws of patterns.
A quantity which takes different numerical values is called a variable.
Usually variables are denoted by small letters.
a,b,c, ...., x,y,z, ,....
Example : 1
Let us see the fomation of letter E with the help of match sticks. We need 5
match sticks to form letter E
1.

2.

3.

4.

Number of E
formation
Number of
match sticks
used

5.

....

10

15

20

25

....

5 #1

5 #2

5 #3 5 #4

5 #5

Number of match sticks used = 5 # (Number of E formation)

Number of E formation is denoted as the variable x.
Therefore, number of match sticks used = 5 # x = 5 x

17

MATHEMATICS

Law obtained from the above table.

Chapter 2
Example : 2
Look at the pattern of the Asoka tree given. The base is always formed with
two match sticks. The top portion of the tree differs in multiples of 3.

Number of
1
2
top portions
Number of
3
6
match sticks
needed for
#
3# 2
the top portion 3 1
Number of
match sticks
2
2
needed for
the base
Total number of match 3 # 1+2 3 # 2+2
sticks used

....

12

15

....

3# 3

3# 4

3# 5

....

3 # 3+2

3 # 4+2

3 # 5+2

....

Law obtained from the above table,

Number of match sticks used = ( 3 # Number of top portions) + (Number of
match sticks used for the base)
If the number of triangular formations is denoted as the variable x,
Number of match sticks used = 3 # x + 2 = 3x + 2

18

Algebra
Exercise 2.2
1. Choose the correct answer:
a)
First
number
Second
number

16

26

36

46

56

66

10

20

30

40

50

60

Choose the law in which the above pairs are based on?
1) Second number = rst number + 6
ii) Second number = rst number 6
iii) Second number = rst number ' 6
iv) Second number = rst number

b)
First number

Second number

10

11

12

13

2.

If a box contains 40 apples, the total number of apples depends on the

number of boxes given. Form an algebraic term (Consider the number of
boxes as x).

3.

If there are 12 pencils in a bundle, the total number of pencils depends

on the number of boxes given . Form an algebraic term (Consider the
number of bundles as b).

4.

From the following patterns given below, form an algebraic term.

i)

19

MATHEMATICS

Choose the law in which the above pairs are based on?
i) Second number = rst number ' 8 ii) Second number = rst number -8
iii) Second number = rst number + 8 iv) Second number = rst number # 8

Chapter 2
ii)

iii)

Project

Make one square, two squares, three squares ... ten squares using match sticks
and listout how many match sticks are required for each squares.

Note :
Algebraic explanation for the group game
Algebraic explanation for the group game is given in the beginning of the chapter.
Let the number selected by the friend be x multiply the selected number by 2,
2x; and 4(2x+4); Multiply by 5(5x (2x + 4) = 10x + 20)
Subtract 20 (10x + 20 20 = 10x)
Now the number selected can be found by dividing 10x by 10.
Finally we get the number selected.
Points to remember
Variable has no constant value. It takes various values according to the
given situation.
Variables are denoted by small letters a, b, c, ... x, y, z...
Expressions can be related using variables.
In arithmetic and geometry, formulae are obtained using variables.

20

Measurements

3. MEASUREMENTS
Measures of Time
Introduction
Let us observe our activities from morning to evening .
We x certain timings for morning routines, going to school, studying, playing
etc., Our ancestors used to calculate time by just looking at the sun, to perform their
duties.But that would not be possible during cloudy days and rainy seasons.
In olden days,they used many different clock instruments to nd time. Egyptians
used shadow clock, Britishers used candle clock, Chinese used rope clock, Europeans
used oil clock and Indians used water clock. Sand clock was used by many other
countries.

Shadow Clock Candle Clock

Rope Clock

Water Clock

Sand Clock

In course of time mechanized clock were introduced by rectifying the faults in

these clocks. As time is very imporatant in our life, it is necessary to learn about time.

3.1 Units of time

Seconds, minute, hour, day, week, month and year are the units of time. Let us
learn about these units now:

1 day

= 60 seconds
= 60 minutes = 60 # 60 seconds
= 3600 seconds
= 24 hours = 1440 minutes (24 # 60)
= 86,400 seconds (24 # 60 # 60)

Example : 1
Convert 120 Seconds into minutes
Solution:
120 seconds = 120 # 1 = 120 = 2 minutes
60
60
120 seconds = 2 minutes
21

60 seconds
1 sec

= 1 minute
= 1 minute

60 minutes
1 minute

= 1 hour
= 1 hour

60

60

a 60 seconds = 1 minute
1 second
= 1 minute
60

MATHEMATICS

1 minute
1 hour

Chapter 3
Example : 2
Convert 360 minutes into hours
Solution :
360 minutes = 360 # 1 = 360/60 = 6 hours
60
360 minutes = 6 hours.

60 minutes

= 1 hour

` 1 minute

= 1 hour
60

Example : 3
Convert 3 hours 45 minutes into minutes
Solution : 1 hour = 60 minutes
3 hours = 3 # 60 = 180 minutes
3 hours and 45 minutes = 180 minutes + 45 minutes
= 225 minutes.
Example : 4
Convert 5400 seconds into hours
Solution :
5400 Seconds = 5400 # 1 hour

3600 seconds = 1 hour

3600
9
3
= = = 1 1 hours.
6
2
2
5400 seconds = 1 1 hours.
2

` 1 second

1 hour
3600

Do it yourself
1) Convert the duration of the lunch break into seconds.
2) Convert play time in the evening into hours.
Example : 5
Convert 2 hours 30 minutes 15 seconds into seconds.
Solution : 1 hour = 3600 seconds & 2 hours = 2 # 3600 = 7200 seconds
1 minute = 60 seconds & 30 minutes = 30 # 60 = 1800 seconds
2 hours 3 minutes 15 seconds = 7200 + 1800 +15 = 9015 seconds.
We normally denote time from 12 mid-night to 12 noon as a.m. (Ante meridiem) and
the time from 12 noon to 12 mid-night is noted as p.m. (post meridiem).
Note : We denote 4 hours and 30 minutes as 4 : 30 (or) 4 . 30. Even though we are
using the decimal point it is not a usual decimal number.
9.00 hours in the
morning
is
denoted
as 9.00 a.m. and 4.30
hours in the evening is
denoted as 4.30 p.m.
22

Measurements
Exercise 3.1
1. Fill in the blanks
i) 1 hour
=
-----------------minutes
ii) 24 hours
=
-----------------day
iii) 1 minute
=
-----------------seconds
iv) 7 hours and 15 minutes in the morning is denoted as------------------------v) 3 hours and 45 minutes in the evening is denoted as-------------------------2. Convert into seconds
i) 15 minutes
ii) 30 minutes 12 seconds
iii) 3 hours 10 minutes 5 seconds iv) 45 minutes 20 seconds
3. Convert into minutes
i) 8 hours
iii) 9 hours 35 minutes

ii) 11 hours 50 minutes

iv) 2 hours 55 minutes

4. Convert into hours

i) 525 minutes
iii) 11880 seconds

ii) 7200 seconds

iv) 3600 seconds

3.2 Railway time

Sl.No.

Train
Number

1.

2633

2.

2693

3.

6123

4.

2637

5.

6177

6.

2635

7.

2605

Name of the
Train
Kanyakumari
Express
Muthunagar
Express
Nellai
Express
Pandian
Express
Rock Fort
Express
Vaigai
Express
Pallavan
Express

Place of
Destination
Departure

Departure
Time

Arrival
Time

Egmore

Kanyakumari

17.25 hrs.

6.30 hrs.

Egmore

Tuticorin

19.45 hrs.

6.15 hrs.

Egmore

Nellai

19.00 hrs.

8.10 hrs.

Egmore

Madurai
Junction

21.30 hrs.

6.15 hrs.

Egmore

Trichirappalli

22.30 hrs.

5.25 hrs.

Egmore

Madurai

12.25 hrs. 20.10 hrs.

Egmore

Trichirappalli

15.30 hrs. 20.50 hrs.

23

MATHEMATICS

Observe the following table :

Have you seen a table like this anywhere else?

Chapter 3
Observe the timing given in the above table.
How many hours are there in a day?
Ans. 24 hours.
We generally call 24 hour clock time as railway time. Railway timings are not
expressed in a.m. and p.m. All timings are expressed as just hours. In the above
table, departure time and arrival time of some express are more than 12.00 hours.
While converting these hours into ordinary timings we should subtract 12 from the
hours column.
Shall we learn to convert timings?
Example : 6
1. Convert into railway timings
(i) 8.00 a.m. (ii) 10.25 a.m. (iii) 12 noon
(i) 8.00 a.m.
= 8.00 hours
(ii) 10.25 p.m.
= 10.25
+ 12.00
---------= 22.25 hours
---------(iii) 12.00 noon
= 12.00 hours

2. Express in ordinary timings

(i) 23.10 hours (ii) 24 hours
(iii) 9.20 hours
Solution :
i) 23.10 hours = 23.10 -12.00 = 11.10 p.m.
ii) 24 hours = 24.00 = 12.00 midnight
iii) 9.20 hours
= 9.20 a.m.

Do it yourself
List your daily routines in railway timings and convert them into ordinary timings.

Exercise 3.2
1. Express in railway timings.
(i) 6.30 a.m.

(ii) 12.00 midnight (iii) 9.15 p.m.

(iv) 1.10 p.m.

2. Express in ordinary timings.

(i) 10.30 hours

(ii) 12.00 hours

(iii) 00.00 hours

(iv) 23.35 hours

3.3 Calculating time interval

Deepa said to her friend Jancy that she studied for 3 hours from 8.00 a.m. to
11.00 a.m. How did Deepa calculate the duration of time as 3 hours?
Example : 7
Find the duration of time from 4.00 a.m. to 4.00 p.m.
Solution :
4.00 p.m.

= 4 hrs. 00 min + 12 hrs. 00 min.

= 16 hrs. 00 min = 16 hrs.

` duration of time = 4.00 p.m. - 4.00 a.m.

= 16.00 hrs - 4.00 hrs. = 12 hours.

24

Measurements
Example : 8
Cheran Express departs from Chennai at 22.10 hours and reaches Salem at 02.50
hours the next day. Find the jouney time.
Solution :
Arrival at Salem
= 02.50 hrs.
Departure time form Chennai = 22.10 hrs.
(previous day)
Journey time
= (24.00 22.10) + 2.50 = 1.50 + 2.50 = 4.40
` Journey time = 4 hours 40 minutes.
Example : 9
A boy went to school at 9.00 a.m. After school, he went to his friends house and
played. If he reached back home at 5.30 p.m. nd the duration of time he spent out
of his house.
Solution :
Starting time from home
= 9.00 a.m.
Duration between starting
time and 12.00 noon = 12.00 9.00
= 3.00 hours
Reaching time (home)
= 5.30 p.m
` Duration of time he spent out of his house = 3.00 + 5.30 = 8.30 hours.
Exercise 3.3
1. Calculate the duration of time
(i) from 3.30 a.m to 2.15 p.m.

(ii) from 6.45 a.m. to 5.30 p.m.

2. Nellai Express departs from Tirunelvelli at 18.30 hours and reaches Chennai
Egmore at 06.10 hours. Find the running time of the train.

3.4 Leap Year

Rama was celebrating his birth day happily. His friend Dilip was sitting aloof
at a corner. Rama asked Dilip why are you sad?. Dilip replied I cant invite you
every year for my birthday. When Rama asked why, Dilip said I can celebrate
my birth day only once in 4 years. Rama exclaimed why is that so?
Because my birthday falls on 29th February replied Dilip.
25

MATHEMATICS

3. Sangavi starts from her uncles house at 10.00 hours and reaches her house at 1.15
p.m. What is the duration of time to reach her house?

Chapter 3
Satish asked 29 February! what are you talking Dilip? But February has only
28 days. Yes Satish, generally it is 28 days. But once in 4 years February has 29
days. We call that year as a leap year. There are 366 days in a leap year and 365 days
in an ordinary year Dilip said.
Why do we have an extra day in a leap year?
I dont know. Let us ask our teacher replied Dilip.
Both went to meet their teacher and expressed their doubt. The teacher explained
the reason as follows:
You know that the earth takes one year to make one complete revolution around
the sun and 365 days make 1 year. But in fact the earth takes 365.25 days to make one
revolution. So this extra 0.25 day is added to every February and it amounts to one day
in 4 years (0.25 # 4 = 1). Such a year is known as leap year. So February has 29 days in
a leap year.
1day
= 24 hours
1 week
= 7 days
Know yourself
1 year
= 12 months
1. Which century are we in?
1 year
= 365 days
2. Which is a millennium year?
1 leap year
= 366 days
10 years
= 1 decade
100 years
= 1 century
1000 years
= 1 millennium
How will you identify a leap year?
A year which is exactly divisible by 4 is a leap year.
But the years which are multiples of 100, should be exactly divisible by 400 to
be a leap year.
The years 1900, 1800, 1700, 1500 are not leap years why?
Because, these numbers leave remainders when we divide by 400.
But 1200, 1600, 2000, 2400 are all leap years as they leave no remainder
when divided by 400.
Example : 10
Which of the following are leap years?
(i) 1400

(ii) 1993

(iii) 2800

solution : (i) Divide 1400 by 400

1400 ' 400 gives
Quotient 3, Remainder 200
` 1400 is not a leap year
26

(iv) 2008

Measurements
(ii) Divide 1993 by 4
1993 ' 4 gives Quotient 498 remainder 1
` 1993 is not a leap year.

(iii) Divide 2800 by 400

2800 ' 400 gives Quotient = 7, Remainder = 0
` 2800 is leap year.
(iv) Divide 2008 by 4
2008 ' 4 gives Quotient = 502, Remainder = 0
` 2008 is leap year.

Example : 11
Find the number of days from 15th August to 27th October.
Solution :
Note :
There are 31 days in August.
Since it is given from 15th
Number of days in August = 31 14 = 17 days
August Substract 14 days
Number of days in September
= 30 days
(Prior to 15th) from 31 (The
Number of days in October
= 27 days
total number of days of the
Total = 74 days
month)

Example : 12
Convert 298 days into weeks.
Solution :
298 days = 298 weeks
7
` 298 days = 42 weeks and 4 days.

1 week = 7 days.
1 day = 1 week.
7

Find the number of days between 12th January 2004 and 7th March 2004.
Solution :
Find whether the given year is a leap year or not.
2004 ' 4
Quotient = 501, remainder = 0.
` 2004 is a leap year and has 29 days in February.
27

MATHEMATICS

Example : 13

Chapter 3
Number of days in January

= 3112 = 19 days

Number of days in February

= 29 days

Number of days in March

= 6 days

Total Number of days

= 54 days

` Number of days between 12th January 2004 and 7th March 2004 are 54 days.

Exercise 3.4
1. Fill in the blanks.
(i)

1 week = _________ days.

(ii) In a leap year, February has _________days.

(iii) 3 days = _________ hours.
(iv) 1 year = _________ months.
(v)

1 hour = _________ seconds.

2. Which of the following are leap years?

(i) 1992

(ii) 1978

(iii) 2003

(iv) 1200

(v) 1997

3. Find the number of days from 4th January 1996 to 8th April 1996.
4. Convert into weeks.
(i) 328 days

(ii) 175 days

Example : 14

An ofce functions from 10 in the morning till 5:45 in the evening with a
lunch break in the afternoon from 12:45 to 1:30. If an ofce works for 6 days
in a week. Find the total duration of working hours in a week.
Solution :

hrs. min.
The closing time of the ofce =
17
45
The opening time of the ofce =
10
00 5.45 p.m. = 17.45 hrs
----------1.30 p.m. = 13.30 hrs.
Time in between
=
07
45
Hrs. Min.
Lunch break [13:30-12:45]
=
00
45
12
90
----------13
30
Working hours for 1 day
=
07
00
12
45
----------0
45
` Total working hours for 6 days = 7 # 6 hrs.
= 42 hrs.
` Total duration of working hours in a week = 42 hrs.
28

Measurements
Example : 15

A clock is fast by 5 seconds per hour nd the time that it will show at 4 p.m.
if it was adjusted to correct time at 6 a.m.
Solution :

4 p.m. = 16.00 hrs.

6 a.m . = 06.00 hrs.
----------Duration of time
= 10.00 hrs.
----------In 1 hr, the clock runs fast by 5sec.
In 10 hrs, it runs fast by 10 # 5sec. = 50sec.
Hence, the clock will show 50sec more than the correct time at 4 p.m.
(i.e.) at 4 p.m., the clock will show 4 hrs 00 Min 50 sec in the afternoon.
Try these
1. A bank functions from 9 in the morning till 3:30 in the afternoon with a
lunch break in the afternoon from 12:30 to 1:15. If the bank works for 6
days in a week, nd the total duration of working hours in a week.
2. A clock is slow by 6 seconds. per hour. If it was adjusted to correct time at
5.a.m. nd the time the clock will show at 3.00.p.m.
Activity
Divide the class into different groups. Ask them to compare their ages and nd out
the eldest. Compare all the groups and nd the eldest and youngest in the class.

Make them to nd out the leap years between 1980 to 2012.

Go to the nearest railway station and prepare a project using the destination,
departure time, arrival time and distance of different trains.

Find out the years of your birthday and family members as ordinary year or
a leap year.

29

MATHEMATICS

Project

Chapter 3
Try These
1.

2.

3.

4.

Convert the following into seconds:

i)

2 minutes

sec

ii)

5 minutes 7 seconds =

sec

iii)

2.5 minutes

sec

iv)

3.5 hrs

sec

Convert the following into minutes

i)

30 seconds

min.

ii)

2.4 hrs

min.

iii)

1 hr. 16 min.

min.

iv)

2 days 1 hr.

min.

Convert the following into hours.

i)

90 minutes

hrs.

ii)

2.25 days

hrs.

iii)

2 days 14 hrs

hrs.

iv)

1 week 2days

hrs.

Calculate the time interval for the following

i)

4.45 p.m. to 9.50 p.m.

Ans :

hrs.

mins.

ii)

7.15 a.m. to 7.25 p.m.

Ans :

hrs.

mins.

iii)

2.05 p.m. to 6.45 a.m. the next day.

Ans :

hrs.

mins.

iv)

5.36 a.m. yesterday to 9.38 p.m. today.

Ans :

hrs.

mins.

Points to remember
Seconds, minutes, hours, day, week, month and year are the units of time.
12.00 midnight to 12.00 noon is forenoon.
12.00 noon to 12.00 midnight is afternoon.
12 hours in forenoon and 12 hours in afternoon together gives 24 hours of
railway timings.
An ordinary year has 365 days. But a leap year has 366 days.
30

Geometry

4. GEOMETRY
Angles
4.1 Introduction
Mark a point O on a sheet of paper. From O
draw two rays OA, OB as shown in the gure.
In this gure both the rays start from a single point
O. An angle is formed at O. Two rays OA, OB are
called as arms (or sides) of the angle. The common
point O is called as the vertex of the angle. The angle
is represented by a small curve as shown in the gure 1.
So, an angle is formed when two rays are drawn
from a common point.
The angle shown in g. 1 is represented as +AOB
or +BOA . We read it as angle AOB or angle BOA.
Vertex of the angle is always written in the middle.
Sometimes the angle is represented as +O .
Observe the adjacent gure (g.2)
g.2

+O, +COA, +DOA, +COB, +DOB, +AOC, +AOD, +BOC, +BOD

In g.3, with O as the centre, OA rotates in the

anticlockwise direction and reaches OB .
The rotation made by the ray is called the measure of
that angle.
31

g.3

MATHEMATICS

We know that rays are named by two points - one

at its start and one on the remaining portion. So, OA, OB
represent the same ray. Likewise OC, OD also represent
the same ray. Therefore, the angles can be represented
by the following ways.

Chapter 4
Rigth angle

Fold a piece of paper as shown in the

gure and unfold it. We get two intersecting
line segments. Name these as AB and CD.
These line segments make four angles at
the point of intersection O. We see that
the four angles
The measure of the
angle at 3 o clock.

+AOC, +BOC, +DOB, +AOD are equal.

Each of them is called a right angle.

In the g. +XOY is a right angle

Right angle measures 90o.

Straight angle
An angle whose measure is 180o is
called a striaght angle.
Measure of the angle
at 6 o clock.

Acute angle

An angle whose measure is greater than

0o but less than 90o is called an acute angle
Example : 2o, 10o, 37o, 80o, 89o.
Measure of the
angle at 11.55.
32

Geometry
Obtuse angle

An angle whose measure is greater than 90o and less

than 180o is called an obtuse angle
Example : 91o, 96o, 142o, 160o, 178o.

Measure of the
angle at 8 o clock.

Zero angle

If both the rays coincide, the angle formed is 0o.

Measure of the
angle at 12 o clock.
Exercise 4.1
1. State whether the given angles are acute, right or obtuse angle.
(i) 45o

(ii) 138o

(iii) 100o

(iv) 175o

2. What is the measure of the angle formed by the hour hand and minute hand of a
clock for the following timings?
(ii) 4.00

(iii) 9.00

(iv) 7.45

3. Name the angles and write its kind.

(i)

(ii)

33

MATHEMATICS

(i) 12.10

Chapter 4
Activity
1. Through how many degrees does the minute - hand turn in 15 minutes?
2. Through how many degrees does the minute-hand turn in 30 minutes?
3. Through how many degrees does the minute-hand turn in 1 hour?
4. Through how many degrees does the hour-hand turn in 3 hours?
5. Through how many degrees does the hour-hand turn in 6 hours?
6. Give some examples for right angle from your environment?
4.2 Complementary angles and Supplementary angles
Complementary angles
In the gure given +AOB = 90c, we know that it is a
right angle. The other angles are
+AOC = 30c, +COB = 60c. Sum of +AOC and +COB

is 90o.
(i.e) 30o + 60o = 90o
30o and 60o are complementary angles.
If the sum of the measures of two angles is 90o then they
are called complementary angles.
For Example :
When a ladder is leaning on a wall, the angles made by
the ladder with the oor and the wall are always complementary.
The complement of 40o = 90o 40o = 50o
The complement of 66o = 90o 66o = 24o
The complement of 35o = 90o 35o = 55o
Supplementary angles
In the given gure the angle formed by AB with O is a
straight angle (ie) 180o.
Here +AOC = 50c, +COB = 130c.
Moreover the sum of these two is 180o.
(i.e.) 130o + 50o = 180o
130o and 50o are supplementary angles.
34

Example : 1

Geometry
If the sum of measures of two angles is 180o then they
are called supplementary angles.
Example : The angles formed at the centre point of a
see-saw are always supplementary angles.
supplement of 40o = 180o 40o = 140o
supplement of 110o = 180o 110o = 70o

supplement of 78o = 180o 78o = 102o

supplement of 66o = 180o 66o = 114o

Exercise 4.2
1.

Find the complementary angles for the following.

(i) 37o

2.

(iii) 88o

(iv) 0o

(iv) 16o

Find the supplementary angles for the following.

(i) 6o

3.

(ii) 42o
(ii) 27o

(iii) 88o

(iv) 104o

(v) 116o

(vi) 146o

(vii) 58o (viii) 179o

Find the measures of the angle from the gure.

+BOC = ______

4.

State whether true or false.

(i) Measure of a striaght angle is 180o.
(ii) If the sum of the measure of two angles is 90o, then they are called
complementary angles.
(iii)Complement of 26o is 84o.
(iv) If the sum of the measures of two angles is 180o, then it is called a right
angle.
(v) The Complement of an acute angle is an acute angle.
(vi) The supplement of 110o is 70o.
State whether the given angles are complementary or supplementary
(i) 25o, 65o

6.

(ii) 120o, 60o (iii) 45o, 45o

(iv) 100o, 80o

(i) Find the angle which is equal to its complement?

(ii) Find the angle which is equal to its supplement?

7.

Fill in the blanks

(i) Supplement of a right angle is ................
(ii) Supplement of a acute angle is ................
(iii) Supplement of a obtuse angle is ................
(iv) Complement of an acute angle is ................
35

MATHEMATICS

5.

Chapter 4
Project
List the measure of angles using the paper folding.

Colour the complementary angles and supplementary angles using papers.

Prepare a model clock and draw the pictures of acute, obtuse and right angles.

Collect and paste the pictures which represents acute, obtuse and right angles.

List ten places where angles are being produced which we see in our day
today life.
Try These

1.

State the type of angle (acute, right, obtuse or straight) for the following:
45o Type of angle :

ii) 62o Type of angle :

iii) 90o Type of angle :

iv) 105o Type of angle :

v) 180o Type of angle :

vi) 32o Type of angle :

vii) 155o Type of angle :

viii) 162o Type of angle :

i)

2.

Calculate the complementary angles for

15o complementary angle =

degrees

ii) 79o complementary angle =

degrees

iii) 56o complementary angle =

degrees

i)

3.

a and b are complementary angles. If a = b nd the value of a.

degrees

a=
4.

x and y are complementary angles. If x = 2y nd the values of x and y.

x=

5.

degrees,

y=

degrees

Calculate the supplementary angles for

56o supplementary angle =

degrees

ii) 92o supplementary angle =

degrees

i)

iii) 105 supplementary angle =

6.

a and b are supplementary angles. If a = 2b nd the values of a and b.

a=

7.

degrees

degrees, b =

degrees

x and y are supplementary angles. If x = 5y nd the values of x and y.

x=

degrees,

y=

degrees

36

Practical Geometry

5. PRACTICAL GEOMETRY
Constructing and Measuring Angles
5.1 Constructing and Measuring Angles
We have studied the concept of an angle and the different kinds of angle in the
previous chapter. We shall now learn how to measure and draw the given angle.
The unit for measurement of an angle is degree and an angle is measured with
the help of the protractor.
Example : 1

Construct an acute angle of 60o.

Sept 1 : Draw a line segment PA.
Sept 2 : (i) Place the protractor on the line
segment PA
(ii) Place the mid point of the protractor
at point P as shown in the gure.
Sept 3 : (i) On PA from the right start counting
from 0o in the ascending order
(anticlock wise direction and
nally mark a point Q using a
sharp pencil at the point showing
60o on the semi-circular edge of
the protractor.
(ii) Remove the protractor and join PQ
(iii) We get the required angle m+APQ = 60c

37

Example : 2

MATHEMATICS

Construct an obtuse angle 125o

Follow the procedure given in example 1 for
step 1 and step 2
Sept 3 : (i) On PA from the right start counting from
0o in the ascending order (anticlock wise
direction ) and nally mark a point Q
using a sharp pencil at the point between
120o and 130o showing 120o on the semicircular edge of the protractor.
(ii) Remove the protractor and join PQ
(iii) We get the required angle m+APQ = 125c

Chapter 5
Exercise 5.1
1. Draw and name the following angles.
(i) 65o (ii) 35o (iii) 110o
(iv) 155o
(v) 69o
2. Draw and measure the angles made by the hour hand a minute hand of a clock
when it shows 9 o clock, 4 o clock and 12 o clock respectively.
3. Measure and name the angles for the following gures.

4. From the given gure measure and

write m+ABC, m+BCD, m+CDE

5. Measure the following six angles

in the gure given below.
1. m+AOB
2. m+AOC
3. m+AOD
4. m+BOC
5. m+BOD
6. m+COD

6. Measure and name the angles in the following gure.

Do These
1.
2.

Draw different angles and measure them.

Draw angles for different measures as you like.
38

ANSWERS
Exercise 1.1
1.
2.
3.
5.
7.
8.

(i) True
(ii) False
(iii) False
(iv) False
(i) 2
(ii) 1
(iii) 3
(iv) 4
(v) 3
(i) 4 : 9
(ii) 5 : 9
(iii) 2 : 3
4. (i) 6 : 10, 9 : 15, 12 : 20, 24 : 40
(ii) 6 : 14, 12 : 28, 15 : 35, 30 : 70
(iii) 10 : 18, 15 : 27, 30 : 54, 40 : 72
(i) 3 : 4 (ii) 1 : 3 (iii) 1 : 2
6. (i) 40 : 1 (ii) 40 : 39 (iii) 1 : 39
(i) 3 : 5 (ii) 2 : 5 (iii) 3 : 2
(i) 1 : 2 (ii) 4 : 3 (iii) 2 : 3 (iv) 4 : 9 (v) 2 : 9 (vi) 1 : 3

Exercise 1.2
1.
3.
4.
5.
8.

(i) 3 : 4
(ii) 4 : 5
2. (i) 3 : 4
(ii) 3 : 7
(i) 150, 250 (ii) 2k.g 500g, 3kg. (iii) 1m 25c.m, 1m.
Arun got Rs. 600 more than Anand
14c.m,
6. Rs. 2,100
7. Rs. 3,500, Rs. 4,000
55,000, 45,000

(iv) 50 min, 6hr 10min.

Exercise 1.3
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

(i) yes
(i) 1
(i) yes
(i) 20, 30, 8, 4
Rs. 1950

(ii) No
(iii) Yes
(iv) No
(v) Yes
(ii) 2
(iii) 4
(iv) 4
(v) 2
(ii) No
(iii) No
(ii) 20, 7, 60, 40
(iii) 30, 30, 40, 22.5
6) 80
7) 42
8) Rs. 55,200 9) 24
10) 120

11) 100

1)
2)
3)

1
10, 00, 00, 000
1
(i)
50, 000

(i)

(i) 800 m.

(ii) 3,500 k.m.

(iii) 2.1 c.m.

(ii) 2,750 k.m.

(iii) 5 c.m.

(ii) 7 c.m.

(iii) 740 m

4) 18 c.m.

Exercise 2.1
1)

(i) 20

2) (ii)

3) (iv) Second number = 10 x First number

39

MATHEMATICS

Exercise 1.4

Exercise 2.2
1)
4)

a) (ii)
(i) 6x

b) (iii)
(ii) 6y

2) 40x
(iii) 7z

3) 12b

Exercise 3.1
1)
2)
3)
4)

(i) 60
(ii) 1
(i) 900 seconds
(i) 480 minutes
(i) 8 hours 45 minutes

(iii) 60
(ii) 1812 seconds
(ii) 710 minutes
(ii) 2 hours

(iv) 07.15 a.m.

(v) 3.45 p.m.
(iii) 11,405 seconds (iv) 2720 seconds
(iii) 575 minutes
(iv) 175 minutes
(iii) 3 hours 18 minutes (iv) 1 hour

Exercise 3.2
1)
2)

(i) 6.30 hours

(i) 10.30 a.m.

(ii) 0 hour
(ii) 12 noon

(iii) 21.15 hours

(iii) Midnight 12

(iv) 13.10 hours

(iv) 11.35 p.m.

Exercise 3.3
1)
2)

(i) 10 hours 45 minutes

11 hours 40 minutes

(ii) 10 hours 45 minutes

3) 3 hours 15 minutes

Exercise 3.4
1)
2)

(i) 7
(i), (iv)

(ii) 29
3) 96

(iii) 72
(iv) 12
4) (i) 46 weeks and 6 days

(v) 3600
(ii) 25 weeks

Exercise 4.1
1.
2.
3.

(i) Acute angle

(ii) Obtuse angle
(iii) Obtuse angle
(iv) Obtuse angle
(i) Acute angle
(ii) Obtuse angle
(iii) Right angle
(iv) Acute angle
(i) +AOB Straight angle
+DOB Obtuse angle +BOA Straight angle
+AOD Acute angle +DOC Acute angle +AOC Right angle
(ii) +AOB Acute angle +AOC Acute angle +AOD Right angle
+BOC Acute angle +COD Acute angle

Exercise 4.2
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

(i) 53
(ii) 48
(iii) 2
(iv) 90o
(v) 74o
(i) 174o (ii) 153o
(iii) 92o
(iv) 76o
(v) 64o
(vi) 34o (vii) 122o
(viii) 1o
50o
(i) True
(ii) True
(iii) False
(iv) False
(v) True
(vi) True
(i) Complementary (ii) Supplementary (iii) Complementary (iv) Supplementary
(i) 45o (ii) 90o
(i) Right angle (ii) Obtuse angle
(iii) Acute angle (iv) Acute angle
40

Science
Standard Six
Term II
Textbook Team
Authors
S.Shameem, Senior Lecturer, DIET, Triplicane, Chennai.
R.Sivagama Sundari. DEEO, Chennai.
V.Balamurugan. P.G.Teacher, Dr. Radhakrishnan GHSS (B), Tiruttani, Thiruvallur Dist.
H.Jayala Irince, P.G.Teacher, GHSS, Maduravoyal, Thiruvallur Dist.
M.Shanthi, P.G.Teacher, Sri Vidhyalaya Mat.HSS, Gobichettipalayam, Erode Dist.
M.Srivellingiri, H.M, P.U.M.School, Pongaliyur, K.M.Pattinam, Pollachi. Coimbatore Dist.
N.Saravanan, B.T.Asst, Govt. High School, Kuppichipalayam, Erode Dist.
S.Jayapriya, B.T.Asst,P.U.M.S, Kattumalayanur, Thiruvannamalai Dist.
P.Devarajan, BRTE, Zone-2, Royapuram, Chennai.
T.S.Sarasvathi, B.T.Asst, Municipal Hr.Sec.School, Jameen Royapetrtai, Kanchipuram Dist.
A.Julia Mary, BRTE, Villivakkam Block, Thiruvallur District.
Translators
B.Ilangovan, Asst Head Master, Karnataka Sanga Hr. Sec. School, T.Nagar, Chennai.
R.Soundarapandian, P.G.Asst, Sir.M.Ct.M. Hr. Sec. School, Purasawalkam, Chennai.
R.Madhumidha, P.G.Asst, Wesley Hr. Sec. School, Royapettah, Chennai.
E.Sampath Kumar, B.T.Asst, Jg.V.V.Mat.Hr. Sec. School, Anna Nagar, Chennai.
G.Angelin Ruby, T.G.T.Zion Mat Hr. Sec. School, Selaiyur,Tambaram, Kanchipuram District.
Josephine Rosalind Eugene, B.T.Asst, St.Joseph A.I.Hr.Sec.School, Perambur, Chennai.
P.Preetha, M.G.B.T.Asst., St.Joseph A.I. Hr. Sec.School.Perambur,Chennai.
S.Usha, T. G .T., S.B.O.A Mat. Hr. Sec. School, Anna Nagar, Chennai.
Illustration
A.Kasiviswanathan, Art Master, Govt. Hr. Sec.School, Udayapatti, Salem District.
M.Chinnasamy, Art Master, Govt. Hr. Sec.School, Kottur, Coimbatore District.
Laser Typeset & Book layout: K.Sivakumar, M.S.Nagarajan, J.Sankaran

41

SCIENCE

S.Thapasi, P.G.Asst, Wesley Hr. Sec. School, Royapettah, Chennai.

Note to the teacher

As we present this revised edition of the Science Textbook, we would like to
express our deepest gratitude to the learners and the teaching community for
their enthusiastic responses.
In science some concepts could be subject to change from time to time as
new theories and principles are constantly being evolved.
We have tried to present facts and concepts of science (both concrete and
abstract) in a visually appealing manner without detracting from the content.
Activity based learning is now accepted as the basis of science education.
These activities should be regarded as a means for open-ended investigation
rather than for verication of principles/content given in the textbook are has
been designed to facilitate low cost activities and experiments using locally
available materials. With a view to streamlining the activities, we have now
segregated them into three groups:
I Do

- activities to be done by an individual learner.

We Do

- activities to be done by a group of learners. and

We Observe - activities to be demonstrated by the teacher.

The third group of activities have a higher degree of difculty or require
careful handling as it may involve dealing with chemicals, electricity etc.,
The More to know snippets in the text represents some unusual and
interesting facts or information in which the students need not be examined.
The evaluation section is nothing but another space for learning in a different
manner. As the focus is on understanding, rote learning is to be discouraged
thoroughly. Application of learnt ideas, problem solving skills and critical thinking
is to be encouraged. There could be scope for more than one answer to a
question, which should be acknowledged always.
To facilitate further reference, books and websites have been suggested
at the end of each lesson. Suggestions and constructive criticism are most
welcome. Valuable suggestions will be duly incorporated.
- Authors
sciencetextbook@gmail.com

42

Cell structure

Cell Structure

What is a building made up of?

Activity 2

What is our human body made up of?

Just as a building is made up of
many bricks, the human body is also
made up of several small units called
cells. Cell is the basic structural and
functional unit of all living organisms.

We Observe

If there is a microscope in your

school laboratory, observe the
cells of an onion peel under it with
the help of your teacher.

Can you see a cell with naked

eyes? No, cells are very minute
and cannot be seen with our naked
eyes. They can be observed only
through a scientic instrument called
microscope
Activity 1

Do you know who saw the cell rst?

It was Robert Hooke, an optic seller. In
those days glass bottles were closed
with lids made of cork. He made thin
sections of the cork and observed
them through his hand-made lens and
saw many small identical hexagonal
chambers. In Latin the word 'cellula'
means "a small chamber". So Robert
Hooke named this chamber as cell in
1665. He became a famous scientist
by showing the cell magic through his
lens.

We Observe

To show the parts of a compound

microscope.
Eyepiece lens

Adjustment
knob

SCIENCE

When we see the cells in an onion

peel and those on the wall, we nd
that they are similar in structure.
Objective lens

Arm

Stage
Mirror

wall of a building

Base

Compound microscope
Not only human beings, but other
organisms like plants and animals are
also made up of cells.

cells of an onion peel

43

Unit 1

Can we see the inner part of the cell?

The same thought arose in the
mind of Robert Hooke. Following
him, Robert Brown, a school teacher,
invented an advanced microscope
through which the inner parts of a
cell can be observed. He discovered
the nucleus.He found that there is a
different world within a cell.

a well dened nucleus is called

Prokaryotic cell. i.e., simple cell.
e.g: Bacteria.
A cell that contains a well-dened
nucleus, nuclear membrane and
membrane bound cell organelles is
called Eukaryotic cell, i.e., complete
cell. e.g., cells of plants and animals.

He understood that the cell is a

small factory with nearly twelve to
thirteen cell organelles which are
involved in a heavy task.
Classication of cells :
Cells of plants and animals are not
similar. Bacteria and some algae are
made up of a single cell. They lack
membrane bound organelles.
A cell that does not contain
membrane bound organelles and

As discussed earlier, even cells

of plants and animals are not alike.
Though they vary in their size and
structure according to their function,
they are similar in their basic
organisation.
Now, let us observe an animal cell.

Structure of an Animal cell

Plasma membrane
Mitochondrion
Centriole
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Ribosome
Nucleus
Lysosome
Golgi bodies
Cytoplasm
Vacuole

44

45

Mitochondrion
Golgi bodies
(Dictyosomes)
Endoplasmioc reticulum
Ribosome
Lysosome
Vacuole
Plastids

Cytoplasm

Nuclear membrane
Chromatin reticulum
Nuclear sap
Nucleolus

Animal cell

Mitochondrion
Golgi bodies
Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome
Lysosome
Vacuole
Centrosome

Cytoplasm

Plasma membrane

Eukaryotic cell

Cell and its components

Nucleus

Protoplasm

SCIENCE

Plant cell

Cell wall
Plasma membrane

Prokaryotic cell

Cell

Nuclear membrane
Chromatin reticulum
Nuclear sap
Nucleolus

Nucleus

Protoplasm

Cell structure

Unit 1

and nucleus of the cell. My name is

protoplasm".

Cell is a small factory. Let us

learn the specic function of each
component of an animal cell.

J.E. Purkinjee coined the term

protoplasm. 'Proto' means 'rst' and
'plasma' means 'colloid'.

Shall we enter the cell factory and

view it?

Cytoplasm :

I can hear someone calling me........

Plasma membrane :

"Hello! I am cytoplasm, found in

between the plasma membrane and
the nucleus. I include organelles,
proteins,carbohydrates and lipids.

"Hi! Animal cell welcomes you.

I am the plasma membrane,
enveloping the cell. I give shape to
the cell.I check the entry and exit of
the cell and act as a guard.Come on
my friends, come one after another
and introduce yourselves".

Nucleus :
"I am the controlling centre of the
cell. But I need not be present at the
centre.

"Get inside. Protoplasm is waiting

for you."

I am called nucleus. I am spherical in

shape. I have nucleoplasm, nucleolus
and chromatin reticulum and am
enclosed by the nuclear membrane.
I carry the genetic characters from
generation to generation.

Protoplasm:
"I am a colloid, found inside
the plasma membrane. I have two
components
namely
cytoplasm

White Blood cell

Ostrichs egg
Muscle cell
Neuron
Fat cell
46

Cell structure
Nuclear membrane
Chromatin reticulum

Nuclear sap
Nucleolus

Nucleus

Mitochondria- singular :
Mitochondrion :

Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Cristae

"We are involved in cell respiration.

We help in the oxidation of food
materials that you eat and provide
energy. We do not rest. We are also
known as Power houses of the cell".

Mitochondrion
"Hi, come on! We are tubular
structures, involved in the secretion
of digestive enzymes and formation of
lysosomes.We separate proteins from
the ingested food and give strength to
the cells and the body. In plant cells
we are known as Dictyosomes"

Golgi bodies

Endoplasmic reticulum :
"Hello! I am the endoplasmic
reticulum. I help in transportation of
materials from one part of the cell to
another".

Ribosomes :
"Come, Look at us! We are
granular structures. We are called
Protein factories of the cell. We help
in protein synthesis".

Endoplasmic reticulum
47

SCIENCE

Golgi bodies:

Unit 1

Lysosomes :
"Are you interested looking at us?
We are spherical yellow coloured
bodies. We help in cell protection. We
destroy the pathogens entering into
the cell. We are called Suicidal bags
of the cell. In addition to this we also
help in cell digestion".

Vacuoles :

centrosome

"Wait! Don't neglect us. We

are light blue in colour and appear
like bubbles. We store cell sap. We
maintain intracellular pressure. Oh!
this work is very difcult. Plasma, my
friend, good bye to all".
Did you meet the workers of the
animal cell factory? Now, let us know
about the plant cell.

Lysosome

Centrosome :

"Let me introduce myself. I am

centrosome.I'm found only in the Plant cell :
animal cell. I appear as microtubule
Have you ever wondered about
and am stick like. I am near the the different features of a plant
nucleus. I have centrioles in me.. Cell cell structure? Centrosome is
division is my function i.e., formation absent in plant cells. Before listing
of new cells."
Structure of a plant cell
Cell Wall

Chloroplast

Plasma membrane

lysosome
Vacuole
Nucleus

Endoplasmic
reticulum

Ribosome
Mitochondrion

48

Cell structure

the differences between a plant cell and an animal cell, let us know the reason
for herbs, climbers and trees being rigid in nature.
Plants are more rigid than animals due to the presence of the cell wall.
Cell wall :
It is an outer layer which gives shape to the cell. It is made up of cellulose.
Its function is to protect the inner organelles and to give shape to the cell.
Plastids :
These organelles are found only in plant cells. They contain pigments.
Based on the pigments, they are classied into three types.
Type
Chloroplast

Pigment
Chlorophyll

Functions

- green pigment

gives green colour to

the stem and leaves

Chromoplast Carotene
- orange pigment
Xanthophyll - yellow pigment

gives colour to the

owers and fruits

Leucoplast

found in roots and

underground stems

Activity :3
3
Activity

We Do

We divide ourselves as various components of the cell factory and enact

their functions.
Let us now list out the differences between a plant cell and an animal cell.
Plant cell

Animal Cell

1.

Presence of cell wall

Absence of cell wall

2.

Presence of plastids

Absence of plastids

3.

Centrosome is absent

Centrosome is present

4.

Vacuoles are larger in size

Vacuoles are smaller in size

All activities like eating, drinking of water, jumping, playing, and breathing,
thinking and even sleeping are due to the functioning of the cells. Each cell is
a small factory. The brain has several millions of cells.
When the cells, the so called small factories are affected and injured,
diseases are caused and we visit a physician.
e.g. cancer, hereditary diseases, diabetes, etc.

49

SCIENCE

Sl.No.

Unit 1

Activity 4

We Do

Making a cell model

We divide ourselves into groups and make the structure of a plant cell
using the easily available materials.
We build the model of a cell and learn about the cell organelles.

Materials required :
A thick cardboard from any old note book, a white sheet, paste, broom
sticks, coloured thread, sand, bangle pieces, bindhi, groundnut shells, green
gram, cow peas, broken chick peas, pepper, peas, mustard, cardamom,
colour papers.

Method we follow:
We take a thick card board and paste a white sheet over it.
We draw the outline of the plant cell from the text book on
the white sheet.
We draw the nucleus at the centre of the plant cell.
We make the organelles by pasting the materials as listed below.
Organelles
Nucleolus
Chromatin reticulum
Nuclear membrane
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome
Lysosome
Golgi bodies (dictyosomes)
Mitochondria
Plastids
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
Cell wall

Materials we use
bindhi
coloured thread
bangle pieces
paste, sand
coloured thread
mustard
broken chick peas
bangle pieces, pepper
groundnut shells
green gram/peas/cardamom
bits of paper
thread
broom stick

By sticking black threads, We label the parts one below the other.

We have learnt
We have understood the structure of a plant cell.

50

Cell structure

Activity:55
Activity

We Do

We divide ourselves into groups. We discuss and present the structure

and function of the cell components and their names with the help of the
model made by us.
Having the learnt various components of the cell, shall we now learn their
functions too?

Cell organelles and their functions

S.
No

Cell components

Functions
It gives shape to the cell

1.

Plasma membrane

It selects the substances required by the cell

and transports them in and out
It gives protection to the cell

2.

Cytoplasm

It distributes the nutrients within the cell

It controls all the activities of the cell

3.

Nucleus

It carries the hereditary characters from one

generation to another

4.

Mitochondria

They provide energy to the cell

They secrete enzymes and hormones

5.

Golgi bodies

They store protein

6.

Endoplasmic
reticulum

It helps in transportation within the cell

7.

Ribosomes

They synthesize protein

8.

Lysosome

9.

Centrosome

10.

Vacuoles

11.

Plastids

12.

Cell wall

It helps in protein synthesis

It destroys the germs that enter into the cell
It helps in intra and extra cellular digestion
It helps in cell division
They control the intra cellular pressure
They store cell sap
They help in photosynthesis
They give colour to owers and fruits
It gives shape and protection to the plant cell

51

SCIENCE

They help in formation of Lysosome

Unit 1

Facts at a glance
1. There are about 6,50,00,000 cells in the human body.
2. Bones are made up of special type of dry cells.
3. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1675) discovered that blood contains RBC
(Red Blood Cells).
4. Nerve cell is the longest cell in animal cells.
5. Bone cell is the toughest cell in animal cells.
6. Mature Red Blood Cells of mammals do not contain nucleus.

EVALUATION
I. Choose the correct answer
1. Structural and functional unit of living organisms is ________.
a) nucleus

b) cell

c) mitochondria d) ribosome

2.The instrument used to magnify the things placed on the slide is______.
a) telescope

b) microscope

c) binocular

d) periscope

3.Select the prokaryotic cell from the given cells.

(a)

(c)

(b)

(d)

4.Power house of the cell is known as

a) mitochondria

b) ribosome c) lysosome

d) nucleus

5.The organelle which is known as suicidal bag is ________.

a) dictyosome

b) ribosome c) centrosome
52

d) lysosome

Cell structure

6.The spherical organelle which controls the activities of the cell is ________.
a) golgi bodies

b) ribosome

c) nucleus

d) lysosome

7. The organelle that involves in destroying the germs which enters into the
cell is ______.
a) dictyosome

b) ribosome

c) centrosome

d) lysosome.

8. The organelle which is found only in animal cell is _______.

a) mitochondria
d) chloroplast

b) centrosome

c) plasma membrane

9. The cell which contains a large vacuole is __________.

a)cell of onion peel

b) bacteria

c) nerve cell

d) cell of muscle

10. The longest cell is ________.

a)bone cell

b)nerve cell

c) cell of a muscle

d) blood cell

II. Who am I?
1. I'm a tiny organelle. Cell respiration occurs in me. I'm otherwise called
"Power house of the cell". Who am I?
2. I help in Photosynthesis. I am found only in plants. Who am I?
3. I give shape and protection to the plants. I'm made up of cellulose. I'm
found only in plants. Who am I?

5. Im a colloid, found inbetween the plasma membrane and the nucleus. I

distribute the nutrients within the cell. Who am I ?
III. Pick the odd one out
1. nucleus, nucleolus, chromatin reticulum, plasma membrane
2. Robert Hooke, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden and Schwann,
Newton
3. lysosome, centrosome, ribosome, chromosome
4. cell wall, chloroplast, larger vacuole, centrosome

53

SCIENCE

4. I help in cell division. I'm seen only in animal cell. Who am I?

Unit 1

IV. Match:
Cell Organelle

Other names

Functions

Mitochondria

Suicidal bag

protein synthesis

Ribosome

Power house of the cell

transfer of hereditary
character

Lysosome

Controlling centre of the

cell

production of energy

Nucleus

Protein factory of the cell

cell destruction

V. Draw and label:

1.Nucleus(nuclear membrane, chromatin reticulum, nuclear sap, nucleolus )
2. Mitochondria (outer membrane , cristae, inner membrane)
VI.Colour the following diagram of the animal cell and label the parts

VII. Answer the following questions from the diagram given

below:
1. Name the organelle given here.
2. How is this organelle known in a plant cell?
3. What is the function of this organelle?
VIII. Explore and answer
1. The leaves appear green due to the presence of green pigment chlorophyll.
A ripened mango appears yellow. Give reason.
2. Nucleus is known as the controlling centre of the cell. Give reason in
your own words.
54

Cell structure

IX. Fill in
Lysosome

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Nuclear
membrane

Vacuole

Plant cell

Further reference

www.enchanted learning.com
www.biology4 kids.com
www.teacher vision.fen.com
www.diffen .com
www.wiki.answers.com

55

SCIENCE

Websites :

Unit 2

Separation of Substances

Ibrahim is very much interested in science. Last week, he won the

rst prize at a science talent search competition . The competition was
very interesting and challenging. Each participant was provided with
(i) an empty bucket (ii) a bucket full of water (iii) a bag of sand and (iv) gravels.
Participants were asked to ll the empty bucket with water, sand and
gravels. They had to use every material and see that water did not overow.
Some of them poured water into the empty
bucket rst and then dropped the gravels.
Immediately the water over owed.
Some put the sand rst and then poured
water. The bucket became full and gravels could
not be put in to it.
Do you want to know what Ibrahim did?
First he put the gravels in the bucket, and then
he put the sand gently on it and poured water
slowly over it. The bucket was full. Everyone
appreciated him and there was a loud applause. Then, Ibrahim was asked to
separate the mixture. How did Ibrahim separate the mixture? First he poured
out the water slowly from the bucket, and spread the wet sand and gravel
mixture on a newspaper and dried it. Later he picked up the gravels using his
hands. Thus he separated the three components.
In the above competition Ibrahim
used the methods of separation like
hand picking and ltration.
We drink water after ltering and
boiling it. We know that before cooking
rice, it is cleaned with water. While
preparing tea, we separate tea dust
by ltration. We purify rava and wheat
our by sieving, and rice and pulses
by winnowing. Do you know why we
do so?
_________________________

What do we understand from this?

We need to use different methods
of separation
to
remove
substances

the

unwanted

to remove substances which are

harmful to our body
to obtain the substances which are
useful to us in a pure state
Let us learn about the different
methods of separation we use in our
daily life.

_________________________
56

Separation of Substances

Methods used to separate mixture of solids:

Solid mixtures can be separated using methods like hand picking, winnowing,
sieving and magnetic separation.

Handpicking
How do we separate vegetables at home? We
separate them into its kinds like tomato, chilly etc. by
using our hands. Separation is easier as they differ in
size, colour and shape.
The method of separating the substances based
on size, colour and shape using hands, is called
handpicking.

1. By which method does the woman in the given

picture separate the substances?
2. Mention some substances which can be separated
by this method.
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
Hand picking method can be applied only when the
quantity is small.

Winnowing
Farmers allow the mixture of grain and husk to fall from a height when wind
blows. Grains, being heavier fall down and form a heap. Husk, being lighter
is carried away by wind and forms a separate
heap.
The method of separating lighter particles
from heavier particles with the help of wind is
called winnowing.
Lighter particles present in a mixure
can be separated by winnowing.

57

SCIENCE

...............................................................................................................

Unit 2

Sieving:

Magnetic separation :

We can separate the impurities

like bran, husk, stone, worms, stalk
and tiny insects from our by sieving.
It allows the ne particles to pass
through the pores while the coarser
particles remain on the sieve .

Insert a magnet into a heap of

sand and take it out. If iron particles
are present in the heap of sand, we
can see them clinging to the ends of
the magnet.
Magnetic separation is used
to separate mixtures containing
components which are attracted by
magnet.

Can we separate iron substances

from water using a magnet?
Components of a mixture can be
separated by the method of sieving
only when they differ in their size.
At construction sites, you would
have seen the separation of pebbles
and stones from sand by sieving using
a sieve.

Activity 1

I Do

I need : Beaker, water, bell pins and

a magnet
I take a beaker and ll half of it
with water.
I drop some pins into it.
I hold a magnet over the surface
of water or by the side of the beaker.

My inference:
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________

58

Separation of Substances

Shall we complete the table?

Method of
separation

Mixture

States of components
(Solid, Liquid, Gas)

Paddy and chaff

Ragi and pulses
Sand and stone
Rava and Iron particles

of

sedimentation. The clear liquid above

the sediment is called super natant
liquid.

Can we separate a mixture of

sand and water by using methods
like hand picking, sieving, winnowing
or by magnetic separation? No we
can not separate them. why? Since
water is in liquid state, the methods
used to separate solid mixtures
cannot be used here. The method of
separation depends on the nature of
the substances to be separated.

e.g. a mixture of sand and water

Decantation
Transferring the clear liquid
(super natant liquid) into another
container using a glass rod is called
decantation.

Hence we can separate insoluble

solids from liquids by using the
method of decantation, sedimentation
and ltration.

glass rod

Sedimentation
The mixture of insoluble solids
and liquid is taken in a beaker and the
solid subtances are allowed to settle
down as sediments. This is known as

beaker

Filtration

Observe the liquid obtained by

decantation and see whether it
contains suspended impurities. Try
to lter the impurities using a clean
cotton cloth. As there are tiny pores
in the cloth(like the pores in a sieve),
the clear water passes through the
pores and the suspended impurities

water
(super natant
liquid)
Sedimentation

Decantation

sand
(sediment)

59

SCIENCE

Methods of separation
insoluble solids from liquids

Unit 2

like sand remain on the cloth. In the

laboratory we use a lter paper instead
of a cloth to purify water. There are
tiny pores in the lter paper also.
Let us lter the mixture in the
laboratory using a lter paper.
Take a lter paper and fold it like
a cone. Fix it inside a glass funnel.
Fix the funnel in a stand and place a
beaker below it. Pour the impure liquid
containing suspended impurities into
the funnel. Liquid drains through
pores of the lter paper. The clear
liquid that is collected in the beaker
is known as ltrate. The dust particles
which remain on the lter paper are
called "residue".

Methods of separation of solid

substances dissolved in liquids
Evaporation
and
condensation
processes are used to separate solid
substances dissolved in liquids.
Activity 2

We Observe

Take a small amount of salt

solution in a beaker and place it
over a wire gauze on a tripod stand.
Heat the solution well. After the
complete evaporation of water, see
what is left in the beaker.

Our observation and

inference:

______________________________
______________________________

Evaporation
lter
paper

cone

rst
fold

Thus we have separated salt from

water by evaporation method.

secondfold

Evaporation is a process in which

a liquid changes into its vapour on
heating. Evaporation method is used
to separate the dissolved solids from
the liquids.
Salt pan

lter paper cone in

the funnel

Do you know?
One litre of sea water contains about
3.5 grams of salt. Sea water contains
not only common salt but also more
than 50 other mineral salts. These
salts are industrially important.

stand
ltrate

60

Separation of Substances

Condensation
Take a mixture of sand and salt in
a beaker. Add water to this mixture
and stir. Salt gets disloved. How
can we separate the components
from this mixture? Filter this solution
using a lter paper. The sand can be
separated from the salt solution by
ltration.

Salt water

Set up the apparatus as shown in

the picture. Take the salt solution in
a conical ask and heat it strongly.
The water vapours pass through the
delivery tube and get collected in a test
tube. The test tube is placed inside a
pack of ice cubes. The water vapours
get cooled and condense into water.
Salt remains as residue in the conical
ask, once the whole water gets
evaporated. When the vapours of a
substance get cooled, they condense
into liquid. This process is known as
condensation.

Condensation

Ice cubes

water

Need for applying more than one

method of separation

For example, in the preparation

of sugar from sugarcane juice, the
methods of separation like ltration,
evaporation and crystallization are
used. More than one method of
separation are used to extract metals
like iron, gold, alluminium and copper
in pure state from their ores.

I want to get back

both salt and water.
What should I do for
this?

Shall we complete the table?

Mixture

Method of separation

Physical states of the

components
(Solid,Liquid, Gas)

sand and water

rava and water
salt and water
Do you know?
Evaporation and Condensation are the basic processes involved
in the Water cycle. Formation of rain involves these two processes.
61

SCIENCE

The various substances which we

use in our life, reach our hand only
after undergoing different methods of
separation and purication.

Unit 2

Activity 3

We Do

We are going to separate the iron lings, salt and chalk power from the
given mixture.
We need: bar magnet, beaker, water, lter paper, funnel, tripod stand, glass
rod, watch glass, match box, wire gauze, spirit lamp.
1. We take the mixture in a watch glass and stir it using a bar magnet.
Our observation

Substance separated

2. We take the remaining portion of the mixture containing salt and chalk
powder in a beaker. Then we add water and stir it well using a glass
rod. We allow the liquid to remain undisturbed.
Our observation :
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. We fold the lter paper into a cone shape and keep it inside a funnel.
4. We keep the funnel on a tripod stand and place a beaker below it.
5. We transfer the liquid mixture slowly into the funnel using a glass rod.
Our observation

Substance separated

6. We take the beaker containing the salt water and place it over a
wire gauze on a tripod stand. We heat the solution strongly using
a spirit lamp.
Our observation

Substance separated

62

Separation of Substances

Our inference:
S.No.

Separated substance

Method used for separation

Facts at a glance:
1. Crude oil is a mixture from which nearly eighty six substances like
petrol, kerosene and naphtha are obtained.
2. Air is a mixture of gases.

I. Choose the correct answer

1. Suitable method to separate lighter impurities from a mixture
a) winnowing
b) handpicking
c) evaporation
d) magnetic separation
2. In a mixture, solids of different size can be separated by
a) magnetic separation
b) winnowing
c) sieving
d) evaporation
3. The method used to separate the seeds from the fruit juice is
a) ltration
b) sieving
c) crystallization
d) winnowing
4.Separation of common salt from the sea water is by
a) sieving
b) evaporation
c) magnetic separation
d) winnowing
5. The method used to separate substances differing in colour, size and
shape from a solid mixture
a) magnetic separation
b) decantation
c) handpicking
d) sieving
II. Encircle the odd one and give reason:
3. hand picking, evaporation, winnowing, sieving
4. ltration, sedimentation ,decantation, condensation
63

SCIENCE

Evaluation

Unit 2

5. evaporation, magnetic separation, condensation, crystallization

6. lter paper, sieve, funnel, glass rod
III. Write the correct method of separation instead of the wrong method given
in the following statements.
a) We can separate the different kinds of vegetables by winnowing.
b) Lighter particles present in a mixture can be separated by magnetic
separation.
c) The method of converting liquid into vapour by heating is known as
condensation.
d) Sieving method is used to separate a magnetic substance
from a mixture.
IV. Draw and label the apparatus used for ltration in the laboratory.
V. Explore and answer
1. Amudhas family gets drinking water from the nearby pond which is turbid
in nature. Suggest her some methods to convert the water into pure
drinking water.
2. We do not apply the same method of separation to separate a mixture of
chalk powder and water, a mixture of green peas and ground nuts, and
iron objects from garbage. why?
3. Why is separation of substances necessary in our daily life?
4. You are given a sample of salt solution. You are asked to separate the
salt from it. Filtration method cannot be applied here. Why? Mention the
correct method of separation.
5. Differentiate the following:
a. ltrate and residue
b. winnowing and sieving
6. While preparing lemonade, how will you remove the seeds of the fruit
from the juice? We add ice cubes to get chilled juice. When will you add
sugar to the juice before or after adding ice cubes? Why? When can you
dissolve more amount of sugar?
7. A mixture contains saw dust and iron nails. Which method will the
carpenter use to separate the iron nails from the saw dust?
8. During winter season we see dewdrops on grass and plants. Can you
give reason for this?

64

Separation of Substances

9. Can we separate tiny white stones from 100kg of rice by the method of
hand picking? Give reason for your answer.
VI. Fill in the boxes with suitable answers:
Crystallization

Filtration

Separation
of dissolved
solids from
liquids

Separation
of insoluble
solids from
liquids

Separation of
substances

Separation of
solid mixture

Sieving

P
Q
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65

C
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I
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N

SCIENCE

VII. Spot out the different methods of separation in this word puzzle

Unit 2

VIII. Observe the pictures given and arrange them in proper order based on
the activities given in them. Encircle the methods of separation found in
them.

Sowing

Cooking

Ploughing

Thrashing

Winnowing

Hand picking

Eating

Harvesting

1. _____________________________

2. _____________________________

3. _____________________________

4. _____________________________

5. _____________________________

6. _____________________________

7. _____________________________

8. _____________________________

Project:
1. List the various methods of separation used in our day-to-day life. Describe
the method and places they are used in. Mention their signicance.
3. Discuss in groups how salt is obtained from sea water. Collect relevant
pictures and stick them in your scrapbook. Find out the places of salt pans
in Tamil Nadu.
.

Further reference
Web sites:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/separation_process
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574279_2/evaporation.html.

66

Types Of Energy

Do you watch television? What

a wonderful invention it is! We can
only hear radio programmes. But, we
can both hear and watch programmes
on Television. You like to watch quiz
programme on television, don't you? It
is interesting to see people participating
and answering questions in a quiz
competition live.
Recently, an English television
channel conducted a programme an
interesting question was put forth where
to the participated. The T.V. programme
was about a science conference held
on the terrace of a multistoreyed
building. Many students took part in
this conference. Each student used
different modes of transport to reach
that building.
A student reached the terrace
directly by a parachute.
Another student reached the by
terrace lift
Two other students sailed in a boat
A student reached the building by
claimbing the stairs.
Yet another student rode very fast on
a bicycle and reached the terrace.

The question is:

What type of energy did each student
use? This is a thought-provoking
question. To answer this question, we
should rst know about energy. Let us
learn about the various forms of higher
energy in this lesson.
In the pictures given , we see people
in various activities, and the machines
used by them.
67

SCIENCE

Types Of Energy

Unit 3

How do they perform these

activities? Don't they need energy
to do these activities? From where
do they get this energy? Moving air,
working machines and owing river
do the work, don't they? To do this
work energy is spent.

Energy in day-to-day
activities

Walking, running, washing etc.

will not take place without energy.
The energy required to do these
activities is obtained from the food
we eat.
Do you know why you feel
hungry? Have you seen ants and
bees working busily? They too
spend energy to do their work.
To perform these activities what
type of energy do we need? Shall
we learn about them now?

Activity
Activity1 1(Teacher)

We Observe

Take a pinch of baking soda in a bottle and add a few drops of lime juice
or vinegar in to it. Cover the bottle with a cork. What happens to the cork after
some time?
The cork jumps out of the bottle, doesn't it? What is the reason for this? It
is due to the release of energy.

68

Types Of Energy

Activity 2

I Do

Where do we get energy to do our day-to-day activities? Think of it and

list out a few.
My list
Sl.No
1
2

Activity
To dry clothes

Required energy
heat energy from the sun.

To run a bus

energy from diesel (or) petrol.

3
4
I have inferred
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
From the above activity, we learn
that energy is dened as the capacity
or ability to do work don't we? The unit
of energy is Joule.

this potential energy is changed into

kinetie energy. This kinetic energy will
make the wheels of a turbine to rotate.
This mechanical energy is changed
into electrical energy with the help of
magnetic eld.

Let us learn about the different

types of energy now.

SCIENCE

Mechanical
energy,
chemical
energy, light energy, sound energy,
electrical energy, heat energy, wind
energy are the different types of
energy. Let us learn about some types
of energy we use.

1. Mechanical energy
Water stored in a dam, a owing
river, a moving bus, a galloping horse,
a freely falling stone, and water stored
in a tank possesses energy.
When water is stored in a dam the
stored water will have potential energy.
When water is allowed to ow down,
69

Unit 3

Similarly things like a compressed

spring, stretched rubber band etc.
have potential energy.

Potential energy and kinetic energy

are the two types of mechanical
energy.

Uses:

stretched
rubber band

i) Mechanical energy can bring a

moving body to rest or can make a
resting body move.
(ii) Using wind energy we can generate
electricity through wind mills.

compressed
spring

2. Chemical energy

Hence, the energy possessed by

an object with respect to its position
or conguration is called potential
energy.
Similarly, a moving bus, a galloping
horse and running water possess
kinetic energy.

The energy released during a

chemical reaction is called chemical
energy. For example, chemical energy
is released due to the chemical
reaction that takes place when wood,
charcoal, petrol etc., are burnt.
The food we eat undergoes
chemical reaction and releases
energy to enable us to work.

The energy possessed by a body

by virtue of its motion is called kinetic
energy.

Uses:

Chemical energy

1. The chemical energy stored in the

food of plants and animals is used
for their growth and function.

Mechanical energy
"Heat is a form of
energy" - James Joule.
The unit of energy
(Joule) is named after
him.

In Mettur and Bhavanisagar, electricity is

generated using
hydroelectric power.

70

Types Of Energy

2. A battery or a cell converts chemical

energy into electrical energy.
3. While using fuels, chemical energy
is converted into heat energy and
light energy.

3. Electrical energy
Do you know why a fan rotates or
an electric bulb glows when we switch
them on? In an electric bulb, electrical
energy is converted into light energy
and in an electric fan, electrical energy
is converted into mechanical energy.
In a wind mill, the wind energy (kinetic
energy) is converted into electrical
energy.

Wind mill- (Electric power

generation) at Kayathar
(Thirunelveli), Aralvoimozhi
(Kanyakumari) and also in
Coimbatore,Tirupur Districts.
The chemical energy stored in
wood and cooking gas is converted
into heat energy. Due to friction and
chemical reaction heat energy is
produced. Discuss with your friends
and nd out the various other sources
of heat energy.

Uses:
Electrical energy

2. In a thermal power station electricity

is generated from the heat energy
obtained by burning coal.

1. In industries, electrical energy is

used to operate machines and is
also used in telecommunication.
2. In cities, electrical energy is used
to run electric trains.
Shall we discuss and nd out the
various sources of electrical energy?

4. Heat energy

Heat energy

Do you know what the primary

source of heat energy is? It is the Sun.

Activity 3

In your house do you use wood or

cooking gas for cooking? What energy
is released when you burn wood or
cooking gas?

We Observe

Hold a magnesium ribbon with

tongs and burn it. Observe the
energy changes in it.
71

SCIENCE

Uses:

1. We get rain from the heat energy

obtained by the sun.

Unit 3

3. In an electric stove, electric iron

etc., electrical energy is converted
into heat energy.

5. Solar energy
The energy obtained from the sun
is called solar energy. What are the
types of energy obtained directly from
the sun? can you list?

Uses:
(i) Solar energy is directly used in
solar heater, solar cooker etc.,
(ii) Solar cells are used in articial
satellites and calculators.
(iii) Solar energy is used to operate
solar vehicles.

Do you know?
ln 212 BC, Archimedes the
Greek scientist, used magnifying
glasses to burn Roman warships
with solar energy.

Different ways of using solar

energy

Activity 4

We Do

Let us know how energy is obtained directly from the sun

We need :
Magnifying lens, bits of paper
1. Using the magnifying lens focus the sunlight
on the bits of paper.
2. Observe the changes on the bits of paper after
some time.
We observed and inferred
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Share what you have observed in this activity with your friends.
72

Types Of Energy

Can we convert one type of

energy into another?

5. During photosynthesis plants

convert light energy from the sun
into chemical energy and store it.

Look at the pictures given below.

What do we understand from them?

6. In electric bells and horns of

automobiles electrical energy is
converted into sound energy.

We know that most forms of energy

are obtained from the sun.

7. In a torch light, the chemical

energy of the cell is rst converted
into electrical energy and then into
light energy.

1.In Tamillnadu at the Neyveli and

Ennore Thermal Power Stations
coal is burnt to generate electricity.
Here the chemical energy of coal is
rst converted into heat energy and
then into electrical energy.

From the above examples, we learn

that one type of energy is converted
into another type of energy. We know
that when one type of energy is used,
an equal amount of another energy is
released.

2. Loudspeaker converts electrical

energy into sound energy
3. When water stored at a height
ows down, its potential energy
is converted into kinetic energy.
The water rotates the turbines of a
generator and electrical energy is
generated.

Therefore, energy can neither

be created nor destroyed, but can
be transformed from one form into
another form. This is called Law of
Conservation of Energy.

4. When wood, charcoal, petrol,

diesel and other fuel are burnt,
chemical energy is converted into
heat energy.

SCIENCE

Moreover in any conversion of

energy the total amount of energy will
not be changed.

73

Unit 3

Activity 5

We Do

We discuss the small groups the various uses of solar energy in our daily
life and list them out.
My list
1. To get salt from sea water
3. ____________________
5 . ____________________

2. For rain
4 . ___________________
6. ___________________

Activity
Activity6 6

We Do

Discuss in small groups how diesel and petrol can be consumed

economically . Present a report.
For example, let us see how the energy conversion is taking place when the
electric motor pumps water.
To operate the electric motor electrical energy is used. This electrical energy
is converted into kinetic energy, sound energy and heat energy.
Electric energy Kinetic energy + Sound energy +
(To operate the

(to lift water)

Heat energy

(released when electric motor works)

electric motor)

Activity 7

We Do

A man carried a heavy load on his head to his house which is

at the top of a mountain. He left the load by the side of his house
and took rest. After sometime he came back and noticed that the
load had rolled down and had reached the ground.
1. From where did he get the energy to lift the load?
2. What energy did the load possess when it was placed on the mountain?
3. From where was the energy obtained for the load to roll down?
4. What energy did the load possess while rolling?
5. What energy did the load possess on reaching the ground?
6. Write down the energy changes in the above activity,in sequential order.

74

Types Of Energy

We answer
Shall we discuss and answer the following questions related to this event?
Our answers
1 . ___________________________________________________
2 . ___________________________________________________
3 . ___________________________________________________
4 . ___________________________________________________
5 . ___________________________________________________
6 . ___________________________________________________
We have learnt
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Evaluation
I. Choose the correct answer.
a) solar energy

b) sound energy

c) kinetic energy

d) potential energy

2. "Heat is a form of energy". This was discovered by _______

a) Voltas
c) Thomas Alva Edison

b) James Joule
d) Galileo

3. Which of the following requires electrical energy?

a) windmill

b) industry

c) bicycle

d) parachute

4. The energy that cannot be used to run vehicles

a) solar energy

b) chemical energy

c) electrical energy

d) sound energy

75

SCIENCE

1. Energy required to dry clothes quickly ______

Unit 3

5. When charcoal is burnt, chemical energy is converted into

a) heat energy

b) sound energy

c) mechanical energy

d)solar energy

II. Tick the correct answer:

1. Energy obtained by wind energy in wind farms
(Chemical energy/Electrical energy)
2. Energy possessed by a rustling leaf
(Kinetic energy/Chemical energy)
3. Energy possessed by a person landing from a parachute
(Kinetic energy of wind/ Chemical energy in food)
4. Energy produced by rubbing the two palms of your hands
(Heat energy/Electrical energy)

III. Match the following

1. Electric bell

: Electrical energy

Solar cooker

: ______________

2. The sailing of yacht

Air lled in a balloon
3. For the growth of living things
To run vehicles

: ______________
: potential energy
: Chemical energy in food
: Chemical energy in__________

IV. Say true or false?

1. Energy is the capacity or the ability to do work
2. Potential energy and kinetic energy are the types of mechanical energy
3. Electrical energy is released during chemical reaction
4. Heat energy is released due to friction
5. One type of energy cannot be converted into another type of energy

V. Find out what type of energy, the following possess.

1) sun

2) charcoal

3) water in a lake

4) solar cell

5) waterfalls

6) compressed spring

7) fuel

8) moving cloud

9) rewood

76

Types Of Energy

VI. Find out the change in energy that taken place in the following
1. Torchlight

_________

_________

2. Radio

_________

_________

3. Iron (box)

_________

_________

4. Generator

_________

_________

VII. Explore and answer

1. We know that we need energy when we go to school by bicycle , while
playing or doing any work. How do we dene the energy used in these
activities? What is its unit?
2. The coconut in the picture possesses
three types of energy. Can you nd out
what they are?
1. ______________
2. ______________
3. ______________

SCIENCE

3. What type of energy is stored in the abject shown in the pictures given
below? In which way this energy is useful to us?

Diesel can

Gas cylinder

Plant

(1)

(2)

(3)

1.__________________________________________________
2.__________________________________________________
3.__________________________________________________
4. We know that water stored in dams like Mettur, Bhavanisagar, etc is used
to generate electricity. List out the conversion of energy in the hydro
electric power stations.
77

Unit 3

5. Observe the given pictures below and write down the energy possessed
by the stone at each level.
a stone is thrown upwards....

....when the stone falls down

energy stored
in the muscles

the stone at
a particular
height

stone moves
up

Chemical energy

_________

when the stone

falls down
When the stone
hits the ground

_________

_________

Heat energy

VIII. Answer the following

1. Differentiate potential energy from kinetic energy.
2. Explain the Law of Conservation of Energy with an example.

IX. Project work

Write down the names of the gadgets used in your house, the changes in
energy and their uses in the tabular column given below.
S.No
1.

Name of the
gadget
Electric bulb

Change in energy
Electric energy into light
energy

2.
3.
4.
5.

FURTHER REFERENCE
Websites
http://www.tutorvista.com
http://www.arvindguptatoys.com
http://www.wikipedia.org
78

Uses
to get light