When pipe is pulled out of a hole at fast speeds to save time, it may generate large

swab, or negative surge, pressures inside the hole, resulting in kicks. On the other hand,
if pipe is run in too fast, it generates large surge pressures which can fracture the
formation and result in lost circulation.
Swab gas:
Gas that is introduced into the Well bore when the hydrostatic bottom hole pressure is
temporary less than the gas bearing formation pore pressure at the point of interest. The
temporary reduction in pressure is caused by the swabbing effect of the drilling string
moving upward
What is surge pressure?
Surge Pressure: When pipe moves downward with mud circulation through drill string,
additional bottom hole pressure called Surge Pressure is created. If surge pressure is
too much, many problems will occur as formation brake down, partial mud loss and lost
circulation.
What is swab pressure?
Swab Pressure: If a drill string , casing string or logging tool is being pulled out of hole too
fast, due to bigger diameter almost same hole size, BHA/ bit, casing or logging tool will
possibly swab mud out of hole, like pulling small a piston of syringe. For this reason,
hydrostatic pressure of bottom hole will be reduced. Pressure reduction created by this
situation is called Swab Pressure. If swab pressure is too much, kick (wellbore influx)
may be into the hole and well control must be conducted in order to secure well.
What is Trip Margin?
Trip Margin: It is an increase in the hydrostatic pressure of mud that compensates for the
reduction of bottom pressure due to stop pumping and/or swabbing effect while pulling
pipe out of hole. Trip Margin is calculated by following equation:
How do we calculate trim margin?
The formula used to calculate trip margin is listed below;
Trip Margin (PPG) = (Margin needed (Psi) Present Margin (Psi))/ (0.052xTVD (ft))