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Abstract:
Wage inequality is an issue that has been brought up throughout the years because
progress has been made but the wage gap has not been able to fully close. After being able to
define what wage inequality is, the other research questions will be easier to answer. The
research questions are as follows: What is wage inequality, what are the causes of wage
inequality, what can we do to close the wage inequality gap, and what benefits will closing the
gap do to the economy. The wage inequality gap can be observed further apart or closer
together depending on its location. Many may argue that the wage gap is due to poor decision
of women of all categories (regardless of age, race, or sexual orientation). Women are accused
to cause the wage gap that affects their low wage by poor decisions in education and prioritizing
in family, although discrimination has more support for the wage gap. To reduce the wage gap
it can be broken down to different levels within the system, not only must women have to learn
more in regards to math or science (skills that are mostly strived on) but the government can
implement laws that will prevent further discrimination, and employers can have programs that
will be unbiased and fair on the distribution of pay. In closing the gap the economy will strive
because that money will be going back to the government in more than one way, such as
making more women join the workforce because they have that extra income that they need.
Letter of Transmittal
From: Areli Garcia
Executive Summary
Introduction
The wage inequality gap is still an issue
that is brought up till this day. The gap
is not only between men and women but
other factors such as race, age, and
perhaps sexual orientation actually might
affect the wage gap in the US.
Purpose
The purpose is to find out that sex, race,
age, sexual orientation in individuals
might cause the wage gap instead of the
argument that it is just due to education.
Scope
Through the use of these research
questions it can help identifying the
cause of the wage inequality gap and
actually discover more details of the
problems and potential solutions.
1. What is wage inequality?
2. What are the causes of the gender pay
gap?
3. How do people reduce the wage gap?
Table of Contents
Abstract..Cover Page
Letter of Transmittal.2
Executive Summary....3
Table of Contents...4
Introduction5
Study Focus One:...6-8
Study Focus Two:...9-10
Study Focus Three:...11-12
Study Focus Four:13-14
Results Discussion.15
Conclusions and Recommendations.16
Appendix A. Focus Study Questions...................................17
Appendix B. References...18
Glossary of Terms19
Introduction
The wage gap has been argued to exist
due to the lack education of an
individual but throughout the years,
education is not the only factor to
contribute to the wage gap. Things such
as sex, race, age, and even sexual
orientation might contribute to the wage
gap as due to location. This is an issue
that has been brought up for a long time
and although the wage gap is not as wide
as it used to be there is still a gap big
enough to show that there is inequality.
Recent studies show that education does
not necessarily explain the wage gap
because educational levels may be the
same between two individuals and yet
still have one earning more than the
other. The difference between these
individuals ranges from race, age, sexual
orientation, but especially sex. The
wage inequality gap is mostly seen
between men and women and the factors
of race, age, and sexual orientation add
to how much bigger the gap is for these
individuals. The wage gap can actually
get bigger depending on location as well.
Source: Pinterest
The remainder of this report will present
four methodology focuses which are
outlined as the following research
questions:
Source: inequality2.comm.csu.edu
Transgender women make less after they
transition, one-third to be exact. Lesbian
women have a median personal income
of $38,000, compared to $47,000 for
homosexual men and $48,000 for
heterosexual men. Women of 15-24
working full time, year round are
typically paid 91 cents for every dollar
their male counterparts are paid.
Source: AAUW
Regions where earnings are low across
the board is where we the slimmest gap
in wages by gender. These same states
are often regions with high proportions
of unemployment. Therefore, if there is
no good job opportunities for either men
or women, a job is a job. Nevada suffers
from a 9.5 percent unemployment rate,
more than two points higher than the
national average of 7.6 percent (2016).
Summary:
Education as well as gender, ethnicity,
sexual orientation, age, and location can
affect people to get paid lower than their
coworkers despite doing the same job.
3
Measuring
wage
inequality
within
and
across
U.S.
metropolitan
areas,
200313:
Monthly
Labor
Review:
U.S.
Bureau
of
Labor
Statistics.
(2015,
September).
Retrieved
from
http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2015/
article/measuring-wage-inequality-
within-and-across-metropolitan-
areas-2003-13.htm
Areli GarciaNovember 2016--Page 8
Source: Prezi
1. Behaviors
2. Less men
1. Behaviors
The causes of the gender pay gap can
range from education, occupation
(profession or trade), sector, large or
small company, working part time or full
time, and additional training on the job.
Men and women typically make
4
Miller,
K.
(2016).
The
Simple
Truth
about
the
Gender
Pay
Gap
(Spring
2016).
Retrieved
from
http://www.aauw.org/research/the-
simple-truth-about-the-gender-pay-
gap/
Areli GarciaNovember 2016--Page 10
Source: ThinkProgress
The reason that the wage gap is brought
up over the years in political elections is
because there are several ways to solve
the issue. Not only are the individuals
that are affected by the wage gap
directly but companies also have to get
involved in acquiring equal pay to those
that do the equal amount of work as the
others. Trade Unions and political
organizations can also have a big push to
the issue by either advocating on its
behalf or by informing everyone of the
issue.
There are several ways to reduce the
gender wage gap. The way women can
reduce the wage gap is by the following;
women can choose to further education
knowing what is demanded to be
employed, to finish this education once
you started, choose an occupation that is
many sided (learn skills that can be
applied widely), negotiate your salary at
each new career step, keep learning and
use training-on-the-job offers or workrelated courses (the labor market
changes constantly), and to keep an eye
on your pension fund/rights.
5
Dragstra,
D.,
&
Osse,
P.
(2016).
Frequently
Asked
Questions
about
Gender
Pay
Gap.
Retrieved
from
http://www.wageindicator.org/main/
wageindicator-15-years/frequently-
asked-questions-about-gender-pay-
gap
Areli GarciaNovember 2016--Page 11
Source: LinkedIn
Trade unions and employers association
can agree to not allow pay gaps in
companies to surpass certain levels,
stating a legal minimum wage that is
easy to enforce. Both organizations
have an interest that allow women to
grow in their jobs and make careers
which is helpful for women to at least be
in the same plane field as men6.
7
Bassett,
L.
(2012,
October
24).
Closing
The
Gender
Wage
Gap
Would
Create
'Huge'
Economic
Stimulus,
Economists
Say.
Retrieved
October
16,
2016,
from
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/201
2/10/24/gender-wage-gap-economic-
stimulus_n_2007588.html
Areli GarciaNovember 2016--Page 12
Source: InsideSources
1. What higher income signifies
The undervaluing of womens work and
the underutilization of womens skills is
8
Gupta,
P.
(2015,
October
24).
Equal
pay,
gender
wage
gaps
and
"constantly
moving
goalposts":
Review
of
40
years
of
research
-
Journalist's
Resource.
Retrieved
from
http://journalistsresource.org/studie
s/society/gender-society/equal-pay-
gender-wage-gaps-moving-
goalposts-research-review
Areli GarciaNovember 2016--Page 13
Source: Pinterest
9
Gupta,
P.
(2015,
October
24).
Equal
pay,
gender
wage
gaps
and
"constantly
moving
goalposts":
Review
of
40
years
of
research
-
Journalist's
Resource.
Retrieved
from
http://journalistsresource.org/studie
s/society/gender-society/equal-pay-
gender-wage-gaps-moving-
goalposts-research-review
Areli GarciaNovember 2016--Page 14
Results Discussion
Study Focus One: Defining what the
Wage Gap is
The research revealed what the wage
inequality gap is and who are the people
affected. Although, it was argued that
the wage gap was only due to education
it can be proven that education does take
a role, sometimes. Education as well as
gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age,
and location can affect people to get paid
lower than their coworkers despite doing
the same job. The wage gap can be
argued to be due to discrimination more
than education and discrimination is
mostly targeted to individuals that are
not white males.
Study Focus Two: Causes of the
Gender Pay Gap
The research revealed that there are
several causes for the wage gap and it is
usually blamed on womens behavior as
opposed to employers. Women are said
to choose jobs and are not as flexible
when it comes to their schedules due to
their motherly duties and have their
hours cut and paid less. Men on the
other hand are rewarded when they are
acknowledged to be juggling both kids
and work and is still able to fulfill his
work duties and are compensated with a
bonus check. Women are also said that
they can only advance in their career if
they were in the working environment of
just women when in fact women can rise
Appendix B. References
Mendelson, A., & Priester, M. (2015,
November). Income Inequality |
Inequality.org. Retrieved from
http://inequality.org/incomeinequality/
N. (2016). Merriam-Webster. Retrieved
from
http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/inequality
The Wage Gap: The Who, How, Why,
and What To Do - NWLC. (2016, April
1).
Retrieved from
https://nwlc.org/resources/thewage-gap-the-who-how-whyand-what-to-do/
Gould, E. (2016, March 10). Wage
inequality continued its 35-year rise in
2015. Retrieved from
http://www.epi.org/publication/
wage-inequality-continued-its35-year-rise-in-2015/
Measuring wage inequality within and
across U.S. metropolitan areas,
200313 : Monthly Labor
Review: U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics. (2015, September).
Retrieved from
http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/20
15/article/measuring-wageinequality-within-and-acrossmetropolitan-areas-2003-13.htm
Glossary
D
discrimination The practive
of unfairly trating a person or
group of people differently
from other people or groups of
people.
distribution The way that
something is divided or spread
out.
G
gender The behavior,
cultural, or psychological
traits typically associated with
one sex.