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Assumptions:
Applies to homogeneous fluid
of constant viscosity and
density; & gases provided
density changes are small
Laminar:
Turbulent/V:
hf =
(Hagen-Poiseuille Flow)
Umax (max velocity)
Shear Stress
= 2V (average velocity)
[Le]
Laminar:
Turbulent:
TURBULENT Flow in SMOOTH Circular Pipe
- Turbulent flow has random eddies that
dissipate KE into heat. (Dragturbulent > Draglaminar)
- Turbulent flow (3 regions) is affected by
surface roughness unlike laminar.
- Wall Layer, Outer Layer & Overlap Layer
- Friction velocity =
& (R-r) = y
Velocity Profile:
3. Transitional Roughness:
- Some submerged some protrude
Average Velocity, V:
[Velocity Profile:]
B from B -
graph
(Independent of Red)
OR
2. Pipes in //:
- Q=Q1+Q2+Q3; HL=HL1=HL2=HL3 (unless got pump Q1=Q2=Q3)