Chapter 7 - Modularization - SAP ABAP - Hands-On Test Projects With Business Scenarios

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Modularization
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Introduction
IntheABAPenvironment,modularizationinvolvestheorganizationof
programsintomodularunits,alsoknownaslogicalblocks.The
modularizationshouldreduceredundancyandincreaseprogram
readabilityevenasyouarecreatingitandsubsequentlyduringthe
maintenancecycle.Modularizationalsoenablesreusabilityofthesame
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codeagain.ABAP,withitsrootsinprocedureorientedtechnology,has
madeitnecessaryfordeveloperstomodularize:organizetheprograms
relativelymorethanintheOOPSbasedlanguages,whichhaverelatively
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morebuiltinmodularfeatures.
Inadditiontomodularization,ABAPmessagemaintenanceandthe
MESSAGE...statementisalsocoveredinthepresentchapter.The
MESSAGE...statementisusedtoissuemessagesaswellasraiseerror
exceptionsinsideafunctionmodule.Functionmodulesarepartof
modularization.
RecallfromChapter4aboutthestructureofABAPprograms.TheABAP
programsaremadeupofprocessingblocks.Twooftheprocessingblocks
are:
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Theprocessingblockscalledfromoutsidetheprogramandfromthe
ABAPruntimeenvironment(i.e.,eventblocksanddialog
modules).
ProcessingblockscalledfromABAPprograms:
SubroutinesInternalandexternal
Functionmodules(basicallygenericsubroutines)
Methods
Theseprocessingblocksarecalledasthemodularizingprocessingblocks.
Eventprocessingblockshavebeenalreadyintroduced.Asmorecontexts
arise,moreeventswillbeintroduced.Dialogmoduleswillbecoveredin
Chapter14entitledScreenProgramming.
Apartfromallowingthemodularizationwithprocessingblocks,ABAP
alsofacilitatesmodularizationwithsourcecodethroughlocalmacrosand
globalincludeprograms.Thefollowingwillbediscussedinthischapter:
ModularizationatSourceCodeLevel
LocalMacros
GlobalIncludeprograms
ModularizationthroughprocessingblocksCalledfromABAP
programs
Internalsubroutines
Functionmodules
Externalsubroutinesareessentialonlyinonecontext(i.e.,SAPScripts).
Functionmodulesarethepreferredoptionoverexternalsubroutines.
MethodswillbecoveredinChapters11,12,and13.
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Fornow,thecoveragewillconsistof:
Macros
Internalsubroutines
Includeprograms
Functionmodules
Macros
Thisisthemostrudimentarymodeofmodularization.Atypicalsituation
whenamacrocanbeusediswheninanABAPprogram,anumberof
sourcelinesorstatementsarebeingrepeated.Therepeatedstatements
canbelocatedatoneplaceasamacroandinvokedfrommultipleplaces.
Itisacaseofreducingredundancyandavoidingtheclutteringoftoo
manystatements.TheABAPcompileronencounteringthemacrowill
expandthemacro,thatis,replaceitsinvocationwiththestatements
containedinthemacrodefinition.
Aroughsyntaxofamacrodefinitionisasfollows:
DEFINE<macroname1>."DEFINEiskeyword
<statements>
ENDOFDEFINITION."ENDOFDEFINITIONiskeyphrase
........
<macroname1>[<parameters1><parameters2>..]."Macroinvocation
Itisnecessarytodefineamacrofirstbeforeinvokingit.
The<parameter1>...etc.replacetheplaceholders&1...inthe
ABAPstatementscontainedinthemacrodefinition.Therecanbea
maximumofnineplaceholdersinamacrodefinition.
Youcaninvokeamacrowithinanothermacro,butnotthesame
macro.
Youshouldbecarefulwhenusingbothmacrosandinclude
programs,asthereisnosyntaxcheckofincludeprogramsexcept
thetopinclude.
IfyourecallfromChapter4,wehadaprogramDESCRIBEFIELD...It
offersyouthescopeofmacroapplication.Therearealotofrepetitive
linesinthatprogram.Butbeforeyouapplymacrostothisprogram,let
theinternalsubroutinebeintroduced,andyouwillthenapplymacros
andsubroutinestotheChapter4programDESCRIBEFIELD...
Subroutines
Thisdiscussionisconfinedtointernalsubroutines.Whentheword
subroutineisused,internalisimplicit.
Likemacros,thesubroutinesalsoreduceredundancyandenhance
programreadability,butwithsomemoreadvantagesoverthemacros.
Thesubroutinescanacceptalltypesofparametersunlikethemacros,
whichacceptonlystringsintheplaceholders.Thesubroutinescanalso
returnvalues(outputparameters).Errorhandlingorraisingexceptionis
supportedwithinthesubroutines.Thesubroutinescanalsohavelocal
data.Likethemacros,thesubroutineshavetobedefinedandthen
invokedorcalled.
SubroutineDefinition
Aroughsyntaxofasubroutinedefinitionis:
FORM<subroutinename>USING<formalparameter1>
VALUE(<formalparameter2>)TYPE<dataobject2>
CHANGING<formalparameter3>LIKE<dataobject3>
VALUE(<formalparameter4>)."thisisasinglestatementtodefinesubroutine
<statementsblock>
ENDFORM.
Deliberately,fourparametershavebeenspecifiedtomakethe
explanationeasytounderstand.
Theparameter/sspecifiedwiththesubroutinedefinitionistheformal
parameters.
FORMisthekeywordtodefineasubroutine.Thekeywordhasto
befollowedbythenameofthesubroutine.
Parameterscanbepassedbyreference(thedefault),value,and
valueandresult.
IfyouuseeitherofthekeywordsUSINGorCHANGINGfollowed
bytheformalparameter,(withoutthekeywordVALUE),the
parameterispassedbyreference.
IfyouusethekeywordsUSINGVALUEfollowedbytheformal
parameterenclosedinparentheses,thentheparameterispassed
byvalue.
IfyouusethekeywordsCHANGINGVALUEfollowedbythe
formalparameterenclosedinparenthesis,thentheparameteris
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passedbyvalueandresult.
Youcanassignatypetoaparameterbyusingtheappropriate
keywordTYPEorLIKEfollowedbyeitherthepredefinedABAP
elementarytypes,C,D,F,I,N,P,T,X,STRING,andXSTRING)
oralocaltypedeclaredwiththeTYPESstatementoraDDICdata
typeintheDDICtypegrouporadataobjectname(inmostcasesa
DDICdataobject)orasystemfield.Youcanalsoassigntypetothe
formalparametersbyreferringtotheABAPgenerictypes.Atable
oftheABAPgenerictypesistobefoundintheonline
documentationthroughthenavigation:ABAPByTheme
InTypesandDataObjectsandFunctions
Built
BuiltInDataTypes
GenericABAPTypes.Whensubroutineformalparametersare
assignedtypes,thenatcompiletime,theactualparametertypewill
becomparedwiththetypespecifiedforthisformalparameter,and
amismatchwilltriggeracompatibilityerrorcondition.
ThekeywordENDFORMistoindicatetheendofthesubroutine.
Inthesyntaxstatement,youarepassing<formalparameter1>by
reference,<formalparameter2>byvalue,<formalparameter3>by
referenceand<formalparameter4>byvalueandresult.
Youhaveassignedtypetotheparameters<formalparameter2>and
<formalparameter3>.
Asubroutinecannotbelocatedwithinasubroutinenonesting.
Asubroutinecancallitself,andasubroutinecanberecursive.
SubroutinesshouldbelocatedattheendofanABAPprogram.
Youcanalsospecifyalongwithparameters,theexceptionsinthe
subroutine.Theparametersspecificationalongwiththeexceptionsis
calledthesubroutineinterface.InChapter11,theclassbasedexceptions
willbeelaborated,andclassbasedexceptionsraisedinsidesubroutines
willbeillustrated.
Subroutinecalling
Aroughsyntaxofcallingasubroutine:
PERFORM<subroutinename>USING<actualparameter1><actualparameter2>
CHANGING<actualparameter3><actualparameter4>.
PERFORMisthekeywordtocallasubroutine.Thecontroljumpstothe
firstexecutablestatementinthesubroutine<subroutinename>.When
ENDFORMisencountered,controljumpsbacktothestatement
followingthePERFORMstatement.
ThekeywordVALUEisspecifiedonlywiththeformalparametersinthe
subroutinedefinition.ThekeywordVALUEwiththekeywordUSINGisto
indicateparametersarebeingpassedbyvalue.ThekeywordVALUEwith
thekeywordCHANGINGistoindicateparametersarebeingpassedby
valueandresult.
Theorderandnumberoftheformalparametersmustbeidenticaltothe
actualparameters.
SubroutineParameterPassing
ByReference
Youarepassingparametersbyreferencewhenyouareusingeitherof
thekeywordsUSINGorCHANGINGwithoutthekeywordVALUE.The
keywordsUSINGorCHANGINGcanbeusedinterchangeably.They
servethepurposeofdocumentation.Ifyouarechangingthevalueofthis
parameterwithinthesubroutine,usethekeywordCHANGINGorelse
usethekeywordUSING.Thememoryaddressofthedataobjectispassed
ontotheformalparameterofthesubroutine.Thesubroutinewilldirectly
operateonthisdataobjectpassedasparameterbyreference.Ifwithin
thesubroutine,thevalueoftheformalparameterischanged,thevalueof
actualparameteralsochangesbecausetheyareoneandthesame.
ByValue
YouarepassingparametersbyvaluewhenyouusethekeywordUSING
followedbythekeywordVALUEandtheformalparameterenclosedin
parentheses.Inthiscase,thesubroutinecreatesaduplicateoftheactual
parameterwithinthesubroutineasalocalcopy.Anychangesmadetothe
formalparameterareperformedonthelocalcopy,andtheoriginalor
actualparameterremainsunchanged.
ByValueandResult
Youarepassingparametersbyvalueandresultwhenyouusethe
keywordCHANGINGfollowedbythekeywordVALUEandtheformal
parameterenclosedwithinparentheses.Whenaparameterispassedin
thismanner,thesubroutineagainmakesaduplicatelocalcopyofthe
actualparameter.Whentheformalparameterischangedwithinthe
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subroutine,thechangesareperformedonthelocalcopy.Ifthe
subroutineexitsinanormalway(notthroughanerrorexception),the
valuesoftheformalparameterortheduplicatecopyiscopiedbacktothe
originaloractualparameter.Ifthesubroutineexitsthroughanerror
exception,thevalueofformalparameterisnotcopiedtotheoriginalor
actualparameter.ClassbasederrorexceptionsarecoveredinChapter11
andtheeffectofvalueandresultsubroutineparameterisdemonstrated
inChapter11.
SubroutinesInternalTablesandStructuresasParameters
Youcanpassinternaltablesandstructureslikeanyotherelementary
typeparametersbyreference,value,andbyvalueandresult.
InternalTables
Whenpassinginternaltablesbyvalueandvalueandresult,youshould
bearinmind(a)theextraRAMtomaintainaduplicateofinternaltable,
and(b)thatthereisanoperationofcopyingofinternaltables(oncein
thecaseofpassingbyvalueandtwiceinthecaseofpassingbyvalue
andresult).Thiscouldhaveaneffectonperformance.Theinternal
tablesshouldpreferablybepassedbyreference.
Youmustassigntypetoaninternaltableformalparameteras
STANDARDTABLE,INDEXTABLE,ANYTABLE,SORTEDTABLE,and
HASHEDTABLE.Ahandsonexercisedemonstratesthepassingofan
internaltableasasubroutineparameter.Youcanpassastandard
internaltablebyreferenceusingthekeywordTABLESinplaceofUSING
orCHANGING.Butthisnotationisnowconsideredobsolete.
Structures
Whenastructureispassedasaparameterandthecomponentsorfields
ofthestructurearetobeaccessedinthesubroutine,thestructureformal
parametermustbeassignedatypebyreferringtoanappropriateDDIC
orprogramstructure.Whenassigningatypetoastructureparameter,
youcanusethekeywordSTRUCTUREinsteadofthekeywordsTYPEor
LIKE.Ahandsonexercisedemonstratesthepassingofstructure
parameterandaccessingofstructurefieldsinsidethesubroutine.
SubroutinesLocalDataandLocalDataDeclarations
Datacanbedeclaredwithinasubroutinelikeyoudowiththekeywords
DATA,TABLES,andCONSTANTS.Thedatadeclaredwithinasubroutine
islocaltothesubroutineandcanbeaccessedonlywithinthesubroutine.
Thedatadeclaredinasubroutinecomesintoexistenceonlywhenthe
subroutineisenteredbutceasestoexistwhenthesubroutineisexited.In
thiscontext,datadeclaredwithinasubroutineisreferredaslocaldata
visvisthedatadeclaredinthemainprogram,whichisreferredtoas
programglobaldata:datathatcanbereferredanywherewithinanABAP
program.
SubroutineSTATIC:RetainLocalVariableValues
Sometimeswhenyouareexecutingasubroutineamultiplenumberof
times,youwantthedatadeclaredwithinasubroutinetoretainvalues.
Normally,likeithasbeenmentionedintheprecedingitem,everytime
youenterasubroutine,thedatadeclaredwithinthesubroutinecomes
intoexistenceandgetsundefinedonexitingthesubroutine.Sowhatever
valueswereassumedbythevariableswithinthesubroutinearelostwhen
younextenterthesubroutineagain.Ifyouwantthevaluestobe
retained,declarethedatausingkeywordSTATICinsteadofthekeyword
DATA.
SubroutineLOCAL:ProtectGlobalData
Withinasubroutine,ifyoudeclaredatawiththesamenameasdata
objectsinthemainprogram,thelocallydeclareddataobjectswillbe
operateduponwithinthesubroutine.Thelocaldataobjectswillmaskout
themainprogramdataobjectsofthesamename.Thesubroutinelocal
dataobjects(declaredwithkeywordDATA)havingthesamenameasthe
dataobjectsinthemainprogrammightnothavethesameattributes
(type,length,etc.).
Youcouldenforcethesubroutinelocaldataobjectshavingthesamename
asmainprogramdataobjectstohavethesameattributesasthemain
programdataobjectsbyusingthekeywordLOCALtodeclaresuchdata
objects.WiththekeywordLOCAL,thesystemwillnotallowthetype,
length,etc.,tobespecified.Thetype,length,etc.,willbeinheritedfrom
themainprogramdataobjectsattributesofthesamename.The
followingbitofABAPcodewillelucidatethisfurther:
TABLES:TCURT.
DATA:COUNT1TYPEIVALUE100,
COUNT2TYPEIVALUE200,
T005TTYPET005T.
TCURTLTEXT='U.S.Dollar'.
PERFORMSRTN.
WRITE:/5TCURTLTEXT.
WRITE:/5(6)COUNT1,(6)COUNT2.
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**************************************
FORMSRTN.
*TABLESTCURT."erroneous,willgivesyntaxerror
LOCAL:TCURT,
COUNT1."typeIinmainprogram.
DATA:T005TTYPET005T,
COUNT2TYPEP."typeIinmainprogram.
TCURTLTEXT='DOLLAR'.
COUNT1=1000.
COUNT2=2000.
ENDFORM.
SubroutineReferencetoMainProgramGlobalDatawithina
Subroutine
Asubroutinecanrefertoanyofthemainprogramsdataobject(program
globaldataobjects).Thismakestheparameterpassingaredundant
exercise.Inthiscase,therewillbenoencapsulation.Hence,toenforce
encapsulation,allthereferencestothemainprogramsdataobjects
shouldbechanneledthroughthesubroutinesparameterinterface.
SubroutineTerminatingorExiting
YoucanusetheEXITstatementtoexitasubroutine.YouusedanEXIT
statementtoexitaloopinChapter4.YoucanalsousetheCHECK
statement.IftheCHECKstatementconditionistrue,thestatements
followingtheCHECKstatementareexecutedorelsethesubroutineis
exited.
HandsOnExercise:ModifyChapter44ProgramonDESCRIBE
FIELDUseMacroandSubroutinetoMakeItanEfficient
Program
Afterthetheoreticalbackgroundandthesyntaxofmacrosand
subroutines,letthefeaturesbeappliedtoanABAPprogram.InChapter
4,youhadahandsonexerciseusingtheDESCRIBEFIELDstatement.
Inthisprogram,youhavealotofrepetitive,similarstatements.The
repetitivenessgivesscopeforlocatingtherepetitivestatementsin
macrosorsubroutines.
Oneawkwardissueyouwerefacinginthisprogramwasrelatedtothe
determinationofthelengthofafield.Youwantedthelengthtobe
returnedincharacters(INCHARACTERMODE)whenthefieldtypeisC
orDorNorT.Youwantedthelengthtobereturnedinbytes(INBYTE
MODE)ifthefieldtypeisotherthanC,D,N,andT.YouwereusinganIF
statementtocheckthefieldtypeandappropriatelygivingtheaddition:
INCHARACTERMODEorINBYTEMODEintheDESCRIBEFIELD
<field>LENGTH<length>statement.Thecompilerwasdoingitsown
checkingoftypeandsyntacticallynotacceptingINCHARACTERMODE
ifthefieldtypeisotherthanC,D,N,andT.Youdonotwantthischecking
bythecompiler,becauseyouwantyourcheckingtotakeeffect.You
circumventedtheproblembysimplycommentingthelineswiththe
syntaxerror.Youcoulddothisbecauseyoualreadyknewfieldtypes:
NAME1istypeCNETWRistypeP,etc.
IfyoulocatetheDESCRIBEFIELD<field>LENGTH<length>
statementinsideasubroutine,thecompilerisnotperforminganycheck
ofthefieldtypeandrelatingittotheadditionINCHARACTERMODEor
INBYTEMODE.Thecompileristreatingitasaruntimeissue,nota
compiletimeissue.
So,inthecurrenthandsonexercise,youwilllocatetherepetitivesimilar
statementsinamacroandlocateaDESCRIBEFIELD<field>LENGTH
<length>statementinasubroutine.Butfirst,asegmentoftheoriginal
Chapter4program:
********************************************************
*DESCRIBEFIELD:DetermineAttributesofDataobjects*
********************************************************
DATA:NAME1TYPEKNA1NAME1,"DDICtablefield
FKDATTYPEVBRKFKDAT,"DDICtablefield
NETWRTYPEVBRKNETWR,"DDICtablefield
..............
TYP(1)TYPEC,
LENTYPEI,
OLENTYPEI,
DECITYPEI,
COMPOTYPEI.
**************************************************************************
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DESCRIBEFIELDNAME1TYPETYP.
IFTYP='C'ORTYP='D'ORTYP='N'ORTYP='T'.
DESCRIBEFIELDNAME1LENGTHLENINCHARACTERMODE.
ELSE.
DESCRIBEFIELDNAME1LENGTHLENINBYTEMODE.
ENDIF.
WRITE:/5'KNA1NAME1TYPE&LENGTH:',TYP,(3)LEN.
**************************************************************************
DESCRIBEFIELDFKDATTYPETYP.
IFTYP='C'ORTYP='D'ORTYP='N'ORTYP='T'.
DESCRIBEFIELDFKDATLENGTHLENINCHARACTERMODE.
ELSE.
DESCRIBEFIELDFKDATLENGTHLENINBYTEMODE.
ENDIF.
WRITE:/5'VBRKFKDATTYPE&LENGTH:',TYP,(3)LEN.
**************************************************************************
............
Thestatements:
DESCRIBEFIELD<fieldname>TYPETYP...
IfTYP=...
WRITE...
...........
arerepetitive.Theyaremarkedinthesourceprogramlistedabove.So
youcanlocatetheserepetitivelinesinamacro.Youwillalsocreatetext
symbolsforthetextliteralsintheWRITEstatements.Eachcallor
invocationtothemacrowilldetermineandoutputtheattributesofone
field.Youwillfeedthemacrowithtwoparameters:thefieldnamewhose
attributesaretobedeterminedandthetextsymbol.
Fromwithinthemacroyouwillcallasubroutinetodeterminethefield
length.Thesubroutinewillhavethreeparameters(i.e.,fieldwhose
lengthistobedetermined),avariableinwhichlengthwillbereturned,
andthefieldtypetobeusedintheIFstatement.Thecalltothe
subroutineisenablingyoutoovercometheawkwardsituationof
compilercheckingfieldtypewhenyoudontwantittobechecked.
TheprogramtextsymbolswilllooklikeFigure71.
Figure71.ProgramYCL_CH07_01_DESCRIBE_FLD_MODUL
TextSymbols
Remembertoremovetheoccurrenceofsinglequotestwiceinliterals,if
youarecopyingChapter4literalstothetextsymbols.
Therevisedsourceprogram:
REPORTYCL_CH07_01_DESCRIBE_FLD_MODUL.
********************************************************
*ModularizeCode.UsageofMacro&Subroutine*
********************************************************
************************************************************************
*declareelementarydataobjectsreferringtoDDICtablefields**
*declareelementarydataobjectreferringtoDDICdataelement**
*declarestructuredataobjectreferringtoDDICtabledefinition**
*declareelementaryTYPESTRING**
***
*invokemacrowhichusesDESCRIBEFIELDtodetermineTYPE.**
*fromwithinthemacro,PERFORMsubroutinewhichusesDESCRIBEFIELD**
*todeterminelength.**
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***
*fromwithinthemacro,outputattributesTYPE,length**
*(alsonoofdecimalsforTYPEP,noofcomponentsforstructure)**
***
************************************************************************
TEXT1TYPETBOOKSHOPTEXT1,"DDICtablefield
LENGTHTYPETBOOKSHOPLENGTH,"DDICtablefield
WAERSTYPEWAERS,"referencetodataelement
INT1TYPEMCSAPINT1,"referencetodataelement
VBRKTYPEVBRK,"referencetotablestructure
STRNGTYPESTRING,
TYP(1)TYPEC,
LENTYPEI,
DECITYPEI,
COMPOTYPEI.
***********************************************
*macrotoavoidrepetitionofsimilarlines**
*macrotakestwoparameters:**
*&1thefieldname**
*&2textsymbolid.**
***********************************************
DEFINEDESCRIBE_FLD."macrodefinition
DESCRIBEFIELD&1TYPETYP."determineTYPE
PERFORMGET_LENGTHUSING&1LENTYP."determinelength
IFTYP<>'F'ANDTYP<>'P'ANDTYP<>'u'ANDTYP<>'v'.
WRITE:/5&2,TYP,(4)LEN.
ELSEIFTYP='F'ORTYP='P'.
DESCRIBEFIELD&1DECIMALSDECI."determinenoofdecimals
WRITE:/5&2,TYP,(4)LEN,(2)DECI.
ELSEIFTYP='u'ORTYP='v'.
DESCRIBEFIELD&1TYPETYPCOMPONENTSCOMPO."determinenooffields
WRITE:/5&2,TYP,(4)LEN,(3)COMPO.
*DESCRIBEFIELD&1COMPONENTSCOMPO.
ENDIF.
ENDOFDEFINITION.
*****************************************
STARTOFSELECTION.
DESCRIBE_FLDNAME1TEXT001."macrocalls
DESCRIBE_FLDFKDATTEXT002.
DESCRIBE_FLDNETWRTEXT003.
DESCRIBE_FLDTEXT1TEXT004.
DESCRIBE_FLDLENGTHTEXT005.
DESCRIBE_FLDWAERSTEXT006.
DESCRIBE_FLDINT1TEXT007.
DESCRIBE_FLDVBRKTEXT008.
DESCRIBE_FLDSTRNGTEXT009.
***************************************************************
*subroutinetodeterminelength.takesthreeparameters**
*(1)field(FLD)whoselengthistobedeterminedbyvalue**
*(2)returningfieldlength(LNGT)byreference**
*(3)fieldTYPE(TP)byvalue**
***
*returnslengthincharactersforTYPESC,D,N,T**
*returnslengthinbytesforTYPESotherthanC,D,N,T**
***************************************************************
FORMGET_LENGTHUSINGVALUE(FLD)LNGTVALUE(TP).
IFTP<>'C'ANDTP<>'D'ANDTP<>'N'ANDTP<>'T'.
DESCRIBEFIELDFLDLENGTHLNGTINBYTEMODE.
ELSE.
DESCRIBEFIELDFLDLENGTHLNGTINCHARACTERMODE.
ENDIF.
ENDFORM.
YouhaveincorporatedtheSTARTOFSELECTIONstatement.In
Chapter4,theeventswerenotintroducedthoughalludedto.Youhad
decidedinChapter5thateveryABAPprogramwillhaveanexplicit
STARTOFSELECTIONstatement.
TheoutputwilllooklikeFigure72.
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Figure72.ProgramYCL_CH07_01_DESCRIBE_FLD_MODUL
Output
HandsOnExercise:ModifyChapter44ProgramonDESCRIBE
FIELDUseSubroutineOnly
ThisisanotherversionoftheDESCRIBEFIELDprogram,thistimeusing
asubroutineonly.Macrosshouldbeusedonlyinthescenarioofjusttext
replacement.YouhavealsoshiftedthevariablesTYP,LEN,DECI,and
COMPOfromthemainprogramtothesubroutine.
Allthreeprograms(ofChapter4andthetwoprogramsinthecurrent
chapter)produceidenticalresults,butthecodeisprogressivelymore
efficientfromthefirstprogramtothethird.
Thesourceprogram:
REPORTYCL_CH07_02_DESCRIBE_FLD_SROUT.
********************************************************
*ModularizedProgramUsageofSubroutine*
********************************************************
************************************************************************
*declareelementarydataobjectsreferringtoDDICtablefields**
*declareelementarydataobjectreferringtoDDICdataelement**
*declarestructuredataobjectreferringtoDDICtabledefinition**
*declareelementaryTYPESTRING**
***
*callsubroutinetodeterminefieldattributes&output**
***
************************************************************************
TEXT1TYPETBOOKSHOPTEXT1,"DDICtablefield
LENGTHTYPETBOOKSHOPLENGTH,"DDICtablefield
WAERSTYPEWAERS,"referencetodataelement
INT1TYPEMCSAPINT1,"referencetodataelement
VBRKTYPEVBRK,"referencetotablestructure
STRNGTYPESTRING.
***************************************************************
STARTOFSELECTION.
PERFORMPROCESSUSINGNAME1TEXT001.
PERFORMPROCESSUSINGFKDATTEXT002.
PERFORMPROCESSUSINGNETWRTEXT003.
PERFORMPROCESSUSINGTEXT1TEXT004.
PERFORMPROCESSUSINGLENGTHTEXT005.
PERFORMPROCESSUSINGWAERSTEXT006.
PERFORMPROCESSUSINGINT1TEXT007.
PERFORMPROCESSUSINGVBRKTEXT008.
PERFORMPROCESSUSINGSTRNGTEXT009.
*****************************************************************
*subroutinetoprocess&output.takestwoparameters**
***
*(1)field(FLD)whoseattributestobedeterminedbyvalue**
*(2)textsymbolid(TSYM)byvalue**
***
*variablesTYP,LEN,DECI,COMPOshiftedfrommainprogramto**
*thesubroutine.**
*****************************************************************
FORMPROCESSUSINGVALUE(FLD)VALUE(TSYM).
DATA:TYP(1)TYPEC,
LENTYPEI,
DECITYPEI,
COMPOTYPEI.
DESCRIBEFIELDFLDTYPETYP."determineTYPE
*******************************************************
IFTYP<>'C'ANDTYP<>'D'ANDTYP<>'N'ANDTYP<>'T'.
DESCRIBEFIELDFLDLENGTHLENINBYTEMODE.
ELSE.
DESCRIBEFIELDFLDLENGTHLENINCHARACTERMODE.
ENDIF.
********************************************************
IFTYP<>'F'ANDTYP<>'P'ANDTYP<>'u'ANDTYP<>'v'.
WRITE:/5TSYM,TYP,(4)LEN.
ELSEIFTYP='F'ORTYP='P'.
DESCRIBEFIELDFLDDECIMALSDECI."determinenoofdecimals
WRITE:/5TSYM,TYP,(4)LEN,(2)DECI.
ELSEIFTYP='u'ORTYP='v'.
DESCRIBEFIELDFLDTYPETYPCOMPONENTSCOMPO."determinenooffields
WRITE:/5TSYM,TYP,(4)LEN,(3)COMPO.
*DESCRIBEFIELD&1COMPONENTSCOMPO."syntacticallynotacceptable
ENDIF.
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ENDFORM.
Themainprogramconsistshereofjustcallstothesubroutines.Atypical
procedureorientedenvironmentmodularprogramwouldbejustlike
this.Everyotherfunctionalityisimplementedbysubroutines,withthe
mainprogramjustconsistingofcallstothesubroutines.Evenno
repetitiveprogramlinesconsistingofexclusivelogicandactionare
locatedinasubroutine.
Theoutputofthisprogramwilllooklikethis:
Figure73.ProgramYCL_CH07_02_DESCRIBE_FLD_SROUT
Output
HandsOnExercise:SubroutinewithanInternalTableas
Parameter
Thishandsonexerciseistodemonstrateasubroutinehavinganinternal
tableasaparameter.Youwillloadaninternaltablewithdataandcalla
subroutineinwhichyousetupLOOPAT...WRITE...ENDLOOP.
YoucandeclareaninternaltablereferringtoaDDICstructureyou
createdearlier:YCL_CH06_CUST_STRUinChapter6.Youwillfillthis
internaltablewithdatafromDDICcustomerprimarytableKNA1.Then,
youcallasubroutinepassingthisinternaltableasaparameterby
reference.WithinthesubroutineyouwillhavetheLOOP
AT...WRITEENDLOOP.Letthefollowingfieldsbeoutput:
SYTABIXSerialNo.0509
KUNNRCustomercode1120
NAME1Name2256
ORT01City5892
Youwillneedwithinthesubroutineaworkareaorstructuretofetchone
rowatatimefromtheinternaltable.Youwilldeclarethestructure
withinthesubroutinereferringtotheDDICstructure
YCL_CH06_CUST_STRU.
ThetextsymbolsforanonstandardpageheadingareshowninFigure7
4.
Figure74.ProgramYCL_CH07_03_ITAB_AS_PARMText
Symbols
Thesourceprogram:
REPORTYCL_CH07_03_ITAB_AS_PARMLINESIZE95LINECOUNT60
NOSTANDARDPAGEHEADING.
************************************************
*SubroutineWithInternalTableAsParameter**
*SimpleCustomerList**
************************************************
************************************************
*declareinternaltable**
***
*reportheading**
*fillinternaltablefromtableKNA1**
*PEFFORM<subroutine>using<internaltable>**
***
*FORM<subroutineusing<internaltable>**
*TYPEANYTABLE.**
*LOOPAT...WRITE...ENDLOOP.**
*ENDFORM**
************************************************
DATA:CUSTOMER_TABTYPESORTEDTABLEOFYCL_CH05_CUST_STRU
WITHUNIQUEKEYKUNNR,
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DAT(10)TYPEC.
***********************************************************
TOPOFPAGE.
WRITE:/5TEXT001,DAT,81TEXT002,(3)SYPAGNO.
WRITE:/5(83)SYULINE.
WRITE:/5TEXT003,12TEXT004,24TEXT005,60TEXT006.
WRITE:/6TEXT007,14TEXT008.
***********************************************************
STARTOFSELECTION.
CONCATENATESYDATUM+6(2)SYDATUM+4(2)SYDATUM+0(4)INTODAT
SEPARATEDBY'/'.
SELECTKUNNRNAME1STRASORT01PSTLZFROMKNA1INTOTABLECUSTOMER_TAB.
PERFORMOUTPUT_LISTUSINGCUSTOMER_TAB.
***********************************************************
FORMOUTPUT_LISTUSINGCUST_TABTYPEANYTABLE."internaltableparameter
"hastobeassignedtype
DATACUST_STRULIKEYCL_CH05_CUST_STRU."subroutinelocaldata
LOOPATCUST_TABINTOCUST_STRU.
WRITE:/5(5)SYTABIX,CUST_STRUKUNNRUSINGNOEDITMASK,
CUST_STRUNAME1,CUST_STRUORT01.
ENDLOOP.
ENDFORM.
TheoutputisfoundinFigure75.
Figure75.ProgramYCL_CH07_03_ITAB_AS_PARMOutput
HandsOnExercise:SubroutinewithaStructureasParameter
TheprogramYCL_CH07_03_ITAB_AS_PARMhasbeenmodifiedso
thatonlytheWRITEstatementisexecutedinsidethesubroutine.LOOP
AT...ENDLOOPisshiftedtothemainprogram.Thesubroutineis
receivingthestructuredata.Sinceyouwanttoaccesstheindividualfields
ofthestructure,youhavetoassignatypetotheformalstructure
parameter.TheformalparameterisreferringtotheDDICstructure
YCL_CH06_CUST_STRU,andthekeywordSTRUCTUREisused
insteadofTYPEorLIKE.Thisisademonstrativeprogramusedto
demonstratethepassingofastructureparameter.
Thesource:
REPORTYCL_CH07_04_STRU_AS_PARMLINESIZE95LINECOUNT60
NOSTANDARDPAGEHEADING.
************************************************
*SubroutineWithStructureAsParameter**
*SimpleCustomerList**
************************************************
************************************************
*declareinternaltable**
***
*reportheading**
*fillinternaltablefromtableKNA1**
*LOOPAT...PERFORMWRITER...ENDLOOP.**
***
*FORM<subroutineusing<structure>**
*TYPEYCL_CH05_CUST_STRU.**
*WRITE...**
*ENDFORM**
************************************************
DATA:CUSTOMER_TABTYPESORTEDTABLEOFYCL_CH05_CUST_STRU
WITHUNIQUEKEYKUNNRWITHHEADERLINE,
DAT(10)TYPEC.
***********************************************************
TOPOFPAGE.
WRITE:/5TEXT001,DAT,81TEXT002,(3)SYPAGNO.
WRITE:/5TEXT003,12TEXT004,24TEXT005,60TEXT006.
WRITE:/6TEXT007,14TEXT008.
***********************************************************
STARTOFSELECTION.
CONCATENATESYDATUM+6(2)SYDATUM+4(2)SYDATUM+0(4)INTODAT
SEPARATEDBY'/'.
SELECTKUNNRNAME1STRASORT01PSTLZFROMKNA1INTOTABLECUSTOMER_TAB.
LOOPATCUSTOMER_TABINTOCUSTOMER_TAB.
PERFORMWRITERUSINGCUSTOMER_TAB.
ENDLOOP.
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***********************************************************
FORMWRITERUSINGCUST_STRUSTRUCTURE"keywordSTRUCTURE
YCL_CH05_CUST_STRU."structureparameter
"hastobeassignedtype
"foraccessingfields
WRITE:/5(5)SYTABIX,CUST_STRUKUNNRUSINGNOEDITMASK,
CUST_STRUNAME1,CUST_STRUORT01.
ENDFORM.
TheoutputwillappearlikeFigure76.
Figure76.ProgramYCL_CH07_03_STRU_AS_PARMOutput
HandsOnExercise:ListofIconsinSAPGUIEnvironment
FieldsEnclosedinBoxesUsingMacroandSubroutine
ThedatabasetableICONcontainstheiconsandtheirparticulars(icon
name,iconid,etc.).Youwilllisttheseiconsparticulars,enclosingeach
fieldinabox.
Amacroisenclosingtheoutputfieldinabox.Themacrooutputsonefield
atatime.ThemacrooutputsafieldwithaSYVLINEontheleftandright
sideofitandSYULINEatthetopandbottom.Onlythefirstfieldbeing
outputonalinerequiresaSYVLINEontheleft.Thesubsequentfields
alreadyhaveaSYVLINEontheleft(therightsideSYVLINEofprevious
fieldservesasleftsideSYVLINEofthenextfield).Similarly,thefirst
lineoftheoutputrequiresanSYULINEatthetop.Subsequentlinescan
usethebottomSYULINEofthepreviouslineastheirtopSYULINE.
Thesethingsarenottakencarebythemacro.Thereisanoccurrenceof
overwriting.Youcan,asanexercise,eliminatetheoverwritingand
refinethemacro.
ThemacroisalsoimpartingcolortotheoutputfieldthroughFORMAT
statement.TheFORMATstatementinthemacrotakesasmacro
parameterswhetherINVERSEisON/OFF,INTENSIFIEDisON/OFF
andcolorname(COL_KEYetal.).Theotherparametersofmacroare
fieldortextsymbolandoutputwidthincolumns.
TheparticularsoftheiconsappearinginSAPGUIenvironmentare
storedinthedatabasetableICON.Thereare13fieldsinthistable.You
outputonlytwofieldsinyourlist.
IDIconpicture
ID+1(2)IconCode(second,thirdcharacterofthefieldID)
NAMEIconName
YououtputfieldIDtwiceandthefullfieldonce(thiswilloutputtheicon
picture)andnextthesecondandthirdcharactersofthefieldID(i.e.,
ID+1(2)thiswilloutputtheiconcode).Alltheiconsareidentifiedbytwo
charactercodesaswellasiconnames.Youhaveusediconnamesin
Chapter5.YouusedtheTypeGroupICONintheChapter5program.The
TypeGroupICONcontainsalltheSAPGUIicondefinitions.Yououtput
iconpicturesintheChapter5programbyreferringtotheiconnameand
usingthekeyphraseASICONwiththeWRITEstatement.Youcanalso
outputtheiconpicturewiththeWRITEstatementbygivingtheiconcode
enclosedwithinthecharacter@.Ifyouwanttooutputtheicon
ICON_SYSTEM_SAVE,thecodeforthisiconis2LandthefieldIDinthe
correspondingrowinthetableICONcontains@2L@.Similarly,the
codefortheiconICON_CHECKis38.SothefieldIDinthe
correspondingrowwillcontain@38@.Thetwoprogramsgivenbelow
willgeneratethesameoutput.
Yougeneratethelistheaderinthisprogramthroughasubroutinethatis
calledconditionallyandnotthroughtheTOPOFPAGEevent.Themix
oftheTOPOFPAGEeventandthemacrodidnotgeneratecorrectly
formattedoutput.
Youareusingtwonewsystemfieldsinthisprogram:
SYCOLNOCurrentOutputColumnPosition
SYLINNOCurrentLineNumberinaPage(Variesfrom1toSYLINCT)
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Thesourceprogram:
REPORTYCL_CH07_05_OUTPUT_INBOX_MACRONOSTANDARDPAGEHEADING
LINECOUNT60LINESIZE75.
********************************************************************
*SAPIconListUseMacroToImpartColor&EncloseOutputInBox**
*UseSubroutinetoOutputReportHeaderInsteadofTOPOFPAGE**
*Event**
********************************************************************
*****************************************************************
*retrievedatafromthedatabasetableICON.SELECTENDSELECT**
*outputICONparticularsi.e.ICONNAME(iconname)**
*ICONID(iconid.)**
*&ICON+1(2)(iconcode)**
***
*useamacrotooutputiconparticularsenclosedinboxin**
*specifiedcolor.**
***
*eachtimemacroisinvoked,oneitemofinfo(field)is**
*output.eachfieldisenclosedinabox:SYVLINEonleft&**
*right,SYULINEontop&bottom.**
***
*thecolumnpointerafteroutputpointstothecolumnnextto**
*therightsideSYVLINE.**
*(systemfieldSYCOLNOstoresthecurrentcolumnnumber)**
***
*therowpointerpointstotherowbetweentop&bottom**
*horizontalSYULINE.**
*(systemfieldSYLINNOstoresthecurrentrow)**
***
*coloristhroughtheFORMATstatement.**
***
*macrotakes5parameters(placeholders&1,&2,&3,&4,&5):**
*(1)fieldname/textsymbolid.**
*(2)outputwidthincolumnpositions**
*(3)ON/OFFforINVERSEON/OFF**
*(4)ON/OFFforINTENSIFIEDON/OFF**
*(5)colorname(COL_KEY,COL_POSITIVEetal)**
***
*usageof'SKIPTO..'&'POSITION..'statements.**
***
*Aftereachline,(allfieldsareoutput)twolinesare**
*skipped.columnpositionissetto5.**
*****************************************************************
*****************************************************************
*inthereportheading,thepagenumber(SYPAGNO)is**
*outputaswellasthecolumnheadings.thecolumnheadings**
*areenclosedinboxes&outputthroughthemacroagain.**
*thereportheadingisnotgeneratedusingtheTOPOFPAGE**
*event.itisgeneratedusingasubroutine.thissubroutine**
*iscalledeitherwhenCNTISINITIALORCNTR>=58.**
*youareusingtheNEWPAGEstatementtostartoutputonanew**
*pageeverytimethereportheadingistobeoutput.this**
*washappeningautomaticallywithTOPOFPAGEevent.**
***
*youarenotusingtheTOPOFPAGEeventbecausethemixof**
*TOPOFPAGEevent&macroisnotgeneratingproperly**
*formattedoutput.**
***
*****************************************************************
TABLES:ICON.
DATA:COLTYPESYCOLNO,
LINTYPESYLINNO,
LENGTHTYPEI,
PGTYPESYPAGNO,
CNTRTYPEI,
CNT(6)TYPEC.
****OUTPUTINABOXMACRO***
******************************
DEFINEWRITE_GRID.
COL=SYCOLNO.LIN=SYLINNO."savecurrentcolumn&line/rowno.
FORMATINVERSE&3INTENSIFIED&4COLOR&5.
WRITE:'|'NOGAP,(&2)&1NOGAP,
'|'NOGAP."outputfieldwithleft&rightSYVLINE
LENGTH=SYCOLNOCOL."derivelengthofhorizontalline
LIN=LIN1.SKIPTOLINELIN.POSITIONCOL.
ULINEATCOL(LENGTH)."tophorizontalline
LIN=LIN+2.SKIPTOLINELIN.POSITIONCOL.
ULINEATCOL(LENGTH)."bottomhorizontalline
LIN=LIN1.COL=SYCOLNO2.
SKIPTOLINELIN."setline&columnnofornextoutput
POSITIONCOL.
ENDOFDEFINITION.
********************
********************
STARTOFSELECTION.
SELECT*FROMICONORDERBYNAME.
IFCNTR>=58ORCNTISINITIAL."value58arrivedbytrial&error
PERFORMPHEAD.
ENDIF.
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CNT=SYDBCNT."CNTTYPECtosuppressthousandseparator/comma
WRITE_GRIDCNT6ONOFFCOL_TOTAL."outputCNTcolumnwidth6
"INVERSEONINTENSIFIEDOFF
"COLORCOL_TOTAL
WRITE_GRIDICONNAME35ONOFFCOL_KEY.
WRITE_GRIDICONID7ONOFFCOL_POSITIVE.
WRITE_GRIDICON+1(2)4ONOFFCOL_HEADING.
SKIP2."oneextralineforbottomhorizontalline
POSITION5.
CNTR=CNTR+2."increaselinecountby2
ENDSELECT.
*************reportheader******************
FORMPHEAD.
NEWPAGENOHEADING.
PG=PG+1.
WRITE59(3)PG.
SKIP2."makeonerowavailablefortophorizontalline
POSITION5."alloutputisstartingasusualfromcolumn5
WRITE_GRIDTEXT0016ONOFFCOL_TOTAL.
WRITE_GRIDTEXT00235ONOFFCOL_KEY.
WRITE_GRIDTEXT0037ONOFFCOL_POSITIVE.
WRITE_GRIDTEXT0044ONOFFCOL_HEADING.
SKIP2.
POSITION5."fornextrowcolumnposition5
CNTR=4."linecountsetto4
ENDFORM.
TheoutputwillappearlikeFigures77and78.
Figure77.ProgramYCL_CH07_05_OUTPUT_INBOX_MACRO
Output
Figure78.ProgramYCL_CH07_05_OUTPUT_INBOX_MACRO
Output
MessagesMaintenanceandIssuinginABAPWorkbench
Notificationsandalertshavetobegiventoauserofasystemforthebasic
manmachineinteraction.Youhaveencounteredthesenotifications
whenyouwerealertedaboutasyntaxerrorinyourABAPprogramand
whenyouactivatedanobjectinWorkbenchenvironmentandsoon.
ThesenotificationsandalertsaredesignatedasmessagesintheABAP
Workbenchenvironment.
MessageTextMaintenance
MessagetextsaremaintainedcentrallyintheABAPWorkbench
environment.Asusual,likeinanyothercontextoftextmaintenance,
themessagetextscanbemaintainedinmultiplelanguages.Messages
canbeissuedinanABAPprogramthroughtheMESSAGEstatement.
ThereisaprovisiontopassruntimeinformationtotheMESSAGE
statementthroughtheconceptofplaceholdersinmessagetexts.Thisis
similartotheplaceholderfacilityinListHeadingcomponentoftext
elementsofanABAPprogram(&0...&9inChapter5).Therecanbea
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maximumoffourplaceholders:&1,&2,&3,&4foronemessagetext.
MessagetextsaremaintainedthroughthetransactioncodeSE91.The
messagetextsarecontainedinanentitycalledmessageclassormessage
id.Asinglemessageclasscancontainamaximumofonethousand
messagetexts.Themessagetextsinthemessageclassareidentifiedby
messagenumbers,withthenumbersrunningfrom000to999.Youcan
entertextsarbitrarilyinanyofthesenumberslots.Whenamessageis
issuedwiththeMESSAGEstatement,themessageclass,message
number,andtheruntimeinformationtositintheplaceholdersifany,
hastobegiven.
GotoSE91openingscreen.Enteranameforthemessageclassas
YCL_CH07_MCLASS01.PressCreatebutton/F5,entershorttext,press
thesavebutton,andassignyourusual$TMPpackage.Thescreenwill
looklikethis:
Figure79.MessageClassCreation
Thereisnoexplicitactivationprocessforamessageclass.Thesavingis
enough.
Thenamingconventionsfollowthenamingconventionsofanyother
ABAPWorkbenchobject.Thenamespaceofmessageclassisamaximum
of20characters.
YouareontheAttributestab.ClickontheMessagestab.Thescreenwill
looklikethis:
Figure710.MessageTextsScreen
Youcanenterthetextsagainstthetextidentificationnumbers.Thetext
entrycanbeamaximumof73characters.Therearetheusualbuttonsto
handlemultiplerowscreenentries:namely,select,cut,copy,paste,
delete,etc.Thereareadditionalbuttonstofind,find,andreplace.There
isacheckboxontherightwiththecolumnheadingSelfexplanatory(Self
explanatory).Ifyoudisablethischeckbox,youcancreatealongtextfor
themessage.Whenthenormaltextappearsonmessageissuanceandthe
userdoubleclicksonit,thelongtextofthemessageappears.Inany
case,youcancreatethelongtextforamessage.IfthecheckboxSelf
explanatoryisenabled,aconfirmatorydialogboxwillappearbeforethe
longtextdialogboxappears.IfthecheckboxSelfexplanatoryisdisabled,
noconfirmatorydialogboxwillappearbeforethelongtextdialogbox
appears.ThelongtextcanbecreatedbyclickingtheLongTextbuttonon
theapplicationtoolbar.
MessageIssuance
Lettherebeasimplescenarioforcreationandissuanceofamessage:
MessagesareissuedwiththeMESSAGEstatement.
InanABAPprograminputcustomercodethroughPARAMETERS
statement.Youwillcheckthevalidityofthecustomercode.Ifthe
customerisvalid(shouldbeavailableinthedatabasetableKNA1),you
willissueamessagethattheinputcustomercodeisvalid.Ifthecustomer
codeisinvalid,youwillissueamessagethattheinputcustomercodeis
invalid.Iftheinputcustomerisblank,issueamessagethattheinput
customercodeisblank.Sotherewillbethreemessages.Themessages
reportingvalidityorinvalidityofcustomercodemusthaveruntime
information:theinputcustomercode.
So,ontheSE91screen,inthemessageclassYCL_CH07_MCLASS01,in
theMessagestab,enterthemessages000,001,002asshowninFigure
711.
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Figure711.MessageTextsMessages000,001,002
Theplaceholder&1inmessages000,001willbereplacedbytheruntime
informationyouwillprovidewiththemessageissuingstatement.
Therearesixtypesofmessages.Youcanuseanyoneofthesemessage
typesdependingonthecontextwhenissuingmessages.Table71lists
themessagetypeswiththeirmeanings.
Table71.MessageTypes
Message
Description
Type
Abort.IssueofthisMessageTypeAbortsthe
Program/Job
Error.IssueofthisMessageTypemayAbortthe
Program/Job
Information.Appearsasadialog
Status
Warning.IssueofthisMessageTypemayAbort
theProgram/Job
Exit.IssueofthisMessageTypeAbortsthe
Program/JobwithaShortDump
Themessagetypedetermineshowthemessageappearsandwhetherthe
programcontinuesexecutionoraborts/terminates.Inonline
documentation,youwillfindelaboratedescriptionsofhowmessages
appearforeachmessagetypeandwhethertheprogramcontinuesor
abortsindifferentcontexts.FormessagetypesIandS,theprogram
continuesexecution.FormessagetypesAandX,theprogram
terminates.
MessageStatementSyntaxes
BeforeyouwriteanABAPprogram,lettheABAPmessageissuing
statementMESSAGEsyntaxbeintroduced.Twosyntaxesarebeing
introduced.Whenyoudoclasses,moresyntaxwillbeintroduced.The
twosyntaxesofamessagestatement:
Syntax1
MESSAGE<messagetype><messagenumber>[(<messageclass>)]
[WITH<dataobject1>...<dataobject4>].
Inthisstatement,youspecifyin
<messagetype>:oneofthetypes:A,E,I,S,W,X.
<messagenumber>:Threedigitmessagenumber.Likeinyourpresent
proposedABAPprogram:000/001/002.
<messageclass>:Inyourpresentcase,thenameofyourmessageclass:
YCL_CH07_MCLASS01enclosedinparentheses.Themessageclasscan
alsobespecifiedintheREPORTorFUNCTIONPOOLstatement.Inthat
case,themessageclassneednotbegivenwiththeMESSAGEstatement,
ifyouwanttousethesamemessageclassspecifiedwithREPORTor
FUNCTIONPOOLstatement.Ifyouwanttouseamessageclassother
thantheoneintheREPORTorFUNCTIONPOOLstatement,you
specifyamessageclasswiththeMESSAGEstatement.Themessageclass
givenwithMESSAGEstatementoverridestheonegiveninREPORTor
FUNCTIONPOOL(localoverridesglobal).Themessageclassisgiven
withtheREPORTorFUNCTIONPOOLwiththekeywordMESSAGEID
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followedbythenameofthemessageclass.
WITH:Youspecifydataobject/sfollowingthekeywordWITH.Thisis
optionalbutrequiredifyouwanttopassruntimeinformationtothe
messagetextplaceholders.Thereisamaximumlimitoffour.Inyour
casethiscouldbethefollowing::WITHCUST_CD.CUST_CDwillbe
yourPARAMETERSvariablename.Soifyouwereissuingmessagefora
validcustomer,yourmessagestatementwillbe:
MESSAGES001(YCL_CH07_MCLASS01)WITHCUST_CD.
Syntax2
MESSAGEID<messageiddataobject>TYPE<messagetypedataobject>
NUMBER<messagenumberdataobject>[WITH<dataobject1>..<dataobject4>].
Thissyntaxoffersthefacilityofhavingthemessageclass,type,and
numberasvariables.Theearliersyntaxhardcodedthisinformation.So
appropriatevaluescanbeputinthethreevariables:<messageiddata
object>,<messagetypedataobject>and<messagenumberdataobject>
andthemessageissuedwiththesevariables.
Therearesevensystemfieldsassociatedwiththeissuingofmessages.
ThesesystemfieldsarefilledwithvaluesaftertheMESSAGEstatement
isexecuted:Theyare:
SYMSGID:Thisisfilledwiththemessageclassgivenwiththemessage
statement.
SYMSGTY:Thisisfilledwiththemessagetypegivenwiththemessage
statement.
SYMSGNO:Thisisfilledwiththemessagenumbergivenwiththe
messagestatement.
SYMSGV1,SYMSGV2,SYMSGV3andSYMSGV4:Filledwithvaluesin
thedataobjectsspecifiedafterthekeywordWITHinMESSAGE
statement.Iflessthanfourdataobjectsarespecified,thesesystemfields
willcontainblanks.
MessageStatementAdditionalOptions
Therearetwomoreoptionsyoucanspecifywiththetwosyntaxesof
MESSAGEstatement.Theyare:
[RAISING<exceptionname>]
Thisoptioncanbespecifiedonlyinafunctionmodule.Specifyingthis
optiondoesnotresultinissuingofamessage.Thesystemfieldsarefilled
withthevaluesandthefunctionmoduleterminates.Thisoptionisused
intheforthcomingtopicFunctionmodulesofthepresentchapter.
[DISPLAYLIKE<messagetype>]
Sometimes,youwantamessagetolooklikeanerrormessagebutdonot
wanttheprogramtermination.Thiskindofarequirementcanbe
handledthroughthisoption.Soifamessagehasbeenissuedasastatus
(S)message,youcanusetheoptionDISPLAYLIKEEtogivethe
appearanceoferrortypeEmessage.Theprogramwillnotbe
terminated.Ahandsonexercisedemonstratingmessageissuance
follows.
HandsOnExercise:MessageIssuance
Thesourceprogram:
********************************
*DemonstrateIssuingMessages*
********************************
DATA:KUNNRTYPEKNA1KUNNR.
PARAMETERS:CUST_CDTYPEKNA1KUNNR.
******************************************
STARTOFSELECTION.
SELECTSINGLEKUNNRFROMKNA1INTOKUNNR
WHEREKUNNR=CUST_CD.
IFCUST_CDISINITIAL.
MESSAGES002(YCL_CH07_MCLASS01)DISPLAYLIKE'E'.
ELSEIFSYSUBRC=0.
MESSAGES000(YCL_CH07_MCLASS01)WITHCUST_CD.
ELSE.
MESSAGES001WITHCUST_CDDISPLAYLIKE'E'.
ENDIF.
Theoutputsforavalid,invalid,blankcustomercodeCUST_CDare
shown:
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Figure712.ProgramYCL_CH07_11_ISSUE_MESSAGE
Output:CustomerCodeValid
Output:CustomerCodeInvalid
Output:CustomerCodeBlank
FunctionModules,INCLUDEPrograms
FunctionModulesIntroduction
Thefunctionmodulescanbeviewedasgenericorgeneralpurpose
externalsubroutines.TheycanbecalledfrommultipleABAPprograms
reusability.Theyresideinacentrallibrary.Theyarecontainedin
functiongroups(specialABAPprograms):afunctiongroupcancontain
oneormorefunctionmodules.Ifyoucallorinvokeonefunctionmodule
inthegroup,allthefunctionmodulesinthatgroupareloadedintoRAM.
Ifyouhaveasituationwhereyouarecallingmorethanonefunction
moduleinanABAPprogramfrequently,thenyoucanlocatethese
functionmodulesinafunctiongrouptoimproveperformance.Oneother
scenariowhereyouwilllocatemultiplefunctionmodulesinafunction
groupiswhenthefunctionmoduleslocatedinafunctiongroupsharelot
ofcommondataanddataobjects.Inthisscenario,thecommondatacan
belocatedintheglobalareaofthefunctiongroupandsharedbythe
functionmodulesinafunctiongroup.
Thefunctiongroupsandfunctionmodulesaremaintainedinthefunction
builder.ThetransactioncodetonavigatetothefunctionbuilderisSE37.
Thefunctionmoduleshaveaninterfacetodefinetheinput,output
parameters,andtheerrorexceptions.Errorexceptionscanberaisedin
functionmodulesthroughtheMESSAGEstatementaswellasthrough
classbasedexceptions.Inthischaptertheexceptionsraisedthrougha
MESSAGEstatementwillbedescribedanddemonstrated.InChapter11,
classbasedexceptionswillbedescribedanddemonstratedinfunction
modules.
Therearemorethan300,000SAPsuppliedfunctionmodules,mostof
themusedbySAPforitsowninternalpurpose.Alistof50oddfunction
modulesisgivenattheendofthischapter.Goodenoughforabeginner.
ExamineorViewanSAPDeliveredFunctionModule:SPELL_AMOUNT
YouwillexaminetheSAPdeliveredfunctionmoduleSPELL_AMOUNT.
Thisfunctionmoduleconvertsanamountfigureintotextorwords.It
takesfourinputparameters:
AnAmountFigure(DDICDataTypeCURRetc.)Formal
parametername:AMOUNT
ALanguageCode(thelanguageinwhichtoreturnthetextDDIC
DataTypeLANG)Formalparametername:LANUAGE
ACurrencyCode(DDICDataTypeCUKY)Formalparameter
name:CURRENCY
TheSeparatorcharacterorstringbetweenthewords(bydefaulta
space)Formalparametername:FILLER
Thefunctionmoduleoutputparameteristheamountfigureconverted
intotextinthelanguagespecifiedininputparameter.
Abusinessdocument(check,billingdocument,etc.)inmostcountries
musthavetheamountfigurepresentedintextonthebusinessdocument.
ThefunctionmoduleSPELL_AMOUNTisusedtoconvertamountfigure
intotext.
Letthisfunctionmodulebeexamined.Navigatetothefunctionbuilder
openingscreentransactioncodeSE37enterthenameofthefunction
moduleSPELL_AMOUNT.ThescreenwilllooklikeFigure715.
Figure715.FunctionBuilderInitialScreenExamineFunction
ModuleSPELL_AMOUNT
ClickontheDisplaybutton.Thescreenwillshowseventabs:Attributes,
Import,Export,Changing,Tables,Exceptions,andSourcecode...Click
theAttributestab.ThescreeninFigure716willappear.
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Figure716.ExamineFunctionModuleSPELL_AMOUNT
AttributesTab
FunctionModule:SPELL_AMOUNTAttributesTab
Therearethreetypesoffunctionmodules(threeradiobuttons):
NormalFunctionModule
RemoteEnabledModule:Thisfunctionmodulecanbecalledin
otherapplicationssuchasJava,DotNet,etc.Itcanbecalledfrom
oneserverwhileitisresidentonanotherserver.
UpdateModule:Likeitsnamesuggests,thesearemeanttoupdate
databasetables.Thereisfurthercategorizationofthistypeof
functionmodule.
Onlythenormalfunctionmodulewillbeconsideredinthisbook.Itwas
mentionedearlierthatafunctionmoduleisassignedtoafunctiongroup.
ThefunctiongrouptowhichthisfunctionmoduleisassignedisF017.The
functionmoduleisassignedtoapackageIDCSC.
Next,clicktheImporttab.Theimportorinputparametersarelistedin
thistab.ThescreenisshowninFigure717.
ImportTab
FunctionModule:SPELL_AMOUNTImportTab
Eachrowwillhaveoneimportformalparameter.Thisfunctionmodule
hasfourimportformalparametersasdescribedearlier.
Thistabhasthefollowingcolumns:
ParameterName:Thenameoftheformalimportparameteris
enteredhere.Theformalparameternamesmuststartwithan
alphabetletterandcancontainalphanumericcharacterswith
embeddedunderscores(_).Themaximumlengthofaformal
parameternamecanbe30characters.
TypeandAssociatedType:Withthesetwocolumnentries,youare
assigningatypetoaformalparameter.IntheTypecolumn,you
canenterthekeywordLIKEorTYPE.IntheAssociatedType
column,youcanentertheABAPelementarypredefinedtypes,(C,
Detal.)anobjectname:eitheraDDICobjectorasystemfieldor
theABAPGenericTypes.(AtablelistingtheABAPGenericTypes
canbefoundintheonlinedocumentation:ABAPByTheme
BuiltInTypes,DataObjectsandFunctions
Types
BuiltInData
GenericABAPtypes).Ifnotypeisassignedtoaformal
parameter,thetypeoftheformalparameterisadoptedatruntime
fromthetypeoftheactualparameter.Ifatypeisassignedtoa
formalparameter,thistypeismatchedwiththetypeoftheactual
parameter.Incaseofmismatch,atypeconflictruntimeerroris
triggered.
TheparameterCURRENCYhasbeenassignedthesystemfieldSY
WAERS.ThesystemfieldSYWAERSisofDDICTYPECUKY.The
systemfieldSYWAERSisclassifiedasobsoleteintheSAPABAP
documents.
Defaultvalue:Underthiscolumn,youcanassignadefaultvalueto
theformalparameter.Ifnovalueisreceivedfromtheactual
parameter,thefunctionmodulewillexecutewiththisdefaultvalue
assignedtotheimportformalparameter.
Optional(checkbox):Youcanindicatewhethertheimport
parameterismandatory(checkboxdisabled)oroptional(checkbox
enabled).
PassValue:Ifyouenablethischeckbox,theimportparameteris
receivedbyvalueorelseitisreceivedbyreference(passbyvalue
orpassbyreference).
Shorttext:Ashortdescriptionabouttheimportparametercanbe
optionallyenteredunderthiscolumn.
LongText:Ifyouclickonthisbutton,theSAPenvironmentword
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processorscreenappears,whereyoucanenteranelaborate
descriptionabouttheimportparameter.
Allthefourimportparametersinthisfunctionmodule:AMOUNT,
CURRENCY,FILLERandLANGUAGEisoptional,andallarereceived
orpassedbyvalue.
Next,clicktheExporttab.Heretheexportoroutputparametersare
listed.ThescreenwillappearlikeFigure718.
ExportTab
FunctionModule:SPELL_AMOUNTExportTab
ThistabhastwocolumnslessthantheImporttab:thecolumnsDefault
valueandOptionalareomitted.Theyareirrelevanttoexport
parameters.IfthecheckboxPassValueisenabled,theparameteris
passedbyvalueandresultelseparameterispassedbyreference.The
meaningofparameterpassingbyvalueandresultisthesameasinthe
contextofsubroutines.Thatis,whenthefunctionmoduleisentered,a
localcopyoftheparameterspassedbyvalueandresultismade.All
operationsontheparametersbyvalueandresultareperformedonthe
localcopy.Ifthefunctionmoduleexitswithoutanerrorexception,the
localcopiesarecopiedbacktotheoriginals,ifthefunctionmoduleexits
througherrorexception,originalvaluesofparametersbyvalueand
resultremainunchanged.
Othercolumnsdonotneedexplanation.
Thereisonlyoneexportparameterinthisfunctionmodule
SPELL_AMOUNT.ThisisIN_WORDS.Theparameterisbeingpassed
byvalueandresult.Itisassignedtoatype,theDDICstructureSPELL.
TheDDICstructureSPELLhasthefollowingfieldswithparticularsasin
Table72.
Table72.ExamineFunctionModuleSPELL_AMOUNTField
ParticularsofDDICStructure:SPELL
Outofthe20fieldsinthisstructure,youwillconcernyourselfwiththe
twofields:WORDDDICDataTypeCHAR,length255andDECWORD
DDICDataTypeCHAR,length128.Thefunctionmodulefillsthefirst
fieldWORDwithtextofthefigureornumberbeforethedecimalandfills
thesecondfieldDECWORDwithtextafterthedecimal.
Next,clicktheChangingtab.Heretheinputoutputparametersare
listed.ThescreenwillappearlikeFigure719.
ChangingTab
FunctionModule:SPELL_AMOUNTChangingTab
Inthistab,youwillenterparametersthatarereceived,aswellassend
values(i.e.,inputoutputparametersorchangingparameters).Thishas
thesamenumberofcolumnsastheimportparameters.Thereisacolumn
fordefaultvalue.EnablingthePassValuecheckboxistohavethe
parameterpassedbyvalueandresultelsebyreference.
Therearenochangingparametersforthisparticularfunctionmodule.
Next,clicktheTablestab.Heretheinternaltableparametersarelisted.
Thescreenwillappearlikethis:
FunctionModule:SPELL_AMOUNTTablesTab
TablesTab
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Youcanentertheinternaltableparametersinthistab.Theinternal
tablescanbepassedthroughothertabsaswell(import,export,
changing).Whenyouenterinternaltableparametershere,theyare
passedbyreference(thereisnoPassValuecheckboxcolumn).Thereis
noDefaultvaluecolumn.
Whenyoupassinternaltablesthroughthistab,youwillimplicitlygeta
headerline(astructureofthesamenameastheformalparameter
name).
Therearenointernaltableparametersforthefunctionmodule.
ClicktheExceptionstab.ThescreenwillappearlikeFigure721.
ExceptionsTab
FunctionModule:SPELL_AMOUNTExceptionsTab
Asmentionedearlier,errorexceptionscanberaisedinfunctionmodules
througheithertheMESSAGEstatementortheclassbasedexceptions.
Whenyoudevelopandcreateacustomfunctionmodule,youmust
anticipatethepossibleerrorconditionsandprovideexceptionsforthe
possibleerrors.
Theexceptionnamesmuststartwithanalphabetletterandcancontain
alphanumericcharacterswithembeddedunderscores(_).Themaximum
lengthofanexceptionnamecanbe30characters.
ForthefunctionmoduleSPELL_AMOUNT,therearetwoexceptions
listed:
NOT_FOUNDArgumentNotFoundinT015Z
TOOLARGEAmountTooLargetoBeSpelledOut
Allofthenumericaltextusedtoconvertfigureornumberintotextis
storedinthedatabasetableT015Z(seecontentsoftableT015Zasan
exercise).Thefirstexceptionisrelatedtonotabletoretrievetextfora
particularargumentorkeyvalue(theerrorseemstobeabit
hypothetical).
Thesecondexceptionisrelatedtothemaximumupperlimitofthe
numbersubmittedforconversiontotext.Thefunctionmodulesupportsa
maximumoffifteen(15)digitsbeforethedecimal.With15digitsyoucan
representafigureofninehundredninetytrillion...Thisisan
astronomicalfigureinthecontextofthebusinessandcommercialworld.
ClicktheSourcecodetab.ThescreenwillappearlikeFigure722.
SourcecodeTab(Beginningofthefunctionmodule)
FunctionModule:SPELL_AMOUNTSourcecodeTab
ThefirststatementstartswiththekeywordFUNCTIONequivalenttothe
keywordFORMforasubroutine.Thiskeywordisfollowedbythename
ofthefunctionmodule.
Followingthis,therearethesystemgeneratedcommentlinesdescribing
thefunctionmoduleinterface,thatis,thevariousparametersandthe
exceptions.Ifyouchangethefunctionmoduleinterface,thesecomment
linesareregenerated.
Ifyouscrolldowntotheendofthefunctionmodule,thescreenwilllook
likeFigure723.
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SourcecodeTab(Endoffunctionmodule)
ThefunctionmoduleconcludeswiththekeywordENDFUNCTION
equivalenttothekeywordENDFORMofsubroutines.
Allthefunctionmodulestatementshavetobelocatedbetweenthe
keywordsFUNCTIONandENDFUNCTION.Youarenotbotheringabout
theimplementationoflogicinthisfunctionmodule.Touseafunction
module,youdonthavetodoso.Yougenerallytreatthelogic
implementedinanSAPsuppliedfunctionmoduleasanencapsulated
blackbox.Youshouldunderstandwhatthefunctionmoduletakesand
whatitgives:thatis,understandtheparameters.
TheraisingofanexceptioninafunctionmodulewiththeMESSAGE
statementhasthefollowingeffect:
Thesystemfields:SYMSGID,(messageclass/id.)SYMSGNO,
(messagenumber)SYMSGTY,(messagetype)SYMSGV1,(first
placeholder)SYMSGV2,(secondplaceholder)SYMSGV3(third
placeholder),andSYMSGV4(fourthplaceholder)arefilledwith
appropriatevaluesfromtheMESSAGEstatement.Nomessageis
issuedatthisstage.
Furtherexecutionofthefunctionmoduleceases.Thefunction
moduleisexitedandcontrolreturnstotheprogramorprocedure
fromwherethefunctionmodulewascalled.Themessagemaybe
issuedintheprogramcallingthefunctionmoduleusingthesystem
fieldvaluesformessageclass,messagetype,messagenumber,and
theplaceholders.
HandsOnExercise:CALLFunctionModuleSPELL_AMOUNT
Youstillhavetoexaminetherelationshipbetweenfunctiongroups
andfunctionmodulesatthelevelofsourcecode.Thisisbeing
deferred.
Atthisstage,letthefunctionmodule:SPELL_AMOUNTbecalled
orinvokedinanexecutableABAPprogram.Youwillsupplyitwith
theinputs:anumberorfigureinputthroughaPARAMETERS
statementandtherestoftheinputparameters(currencycode,
language,andfiller)asliterals.Thefunctionmodulewillreturn
thetextforinputfigureinthetwofields:WORD,DECWORDofa
structurereferringtoDDICstructureSPELL.Youwilloutputthese
twofieldsifafterreturningfromthefunctionmodule,thevalueof
systemfieldSYSUBRC=0(successful).
Afunctionmodulemayhavemanyparametersanderror
exceptions.Manualcodingofthestatementtocallafunction
moduleinanABAPprogramwillbetedious.TheABAPeditor
enablesthegenerationofthetemplatecodeofcallingfunction
modules.Thistemplatecodehastobecompletedintermsof
providingactualparametersanddecommentingthedesiredlines.
Togeneratethetemplatecodeofcallingfunctionmodules,inthe
ABAPeditor,positionthecursoronthelinefromwhereyouwant
thecallstatementtostart,andclickonthemenuoptions:Edit
Pattern.ThisisshowninFigure724.
Figure724.MenuOptionstoGenerateTemplateCodeofCalling
aFunctionModule
Onselectingthismenuoption,adialogboxwillappearpromptingforthe
statementforwhichtemplatecodeistobegenerated,etc.,asshownin
Figure725:
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Figure725.DialogBoxtoGenerateABAPTemplateCodefor
DifferentStatements
Asyouobserveinthedialogbox,thereisprovisiontogeneratetemplate
sourcecodefordifferentABAPstatementssuchasCALLFUNCTION,
MESSAGE,SELECT*FROMetal.Theautogenerationoftemplatecode
worksincaseofCALLFUNCTION(callingafunctionmodule).Inthe
caseofotherstatements,lessofthecodeisgenerated,andmorecodehas
tobeenteredmanually.
Youwantthetemplatecodeforcallingafunctionmodule,sothefirstof
theradiobutton(default)willdo.Enterthenameofthefunctionmodule:
SPELL_AMOUNT.Youcanmakeaselectionfromalist,andasearch
helpisattachedtothisfield(functionkeyF4,etc.).
Thegeneratedtemplatecode,afterpressingthecontinuekeywillbelike
Figure726.
Figure726.TemplateCodeGeneratedforFunctionModule
SPELL_AMOUNT
ObservethatthestatementstartswithCALLFUNCTION...andendswith
aperiodorfullstopappearinginaseparatelinejustabovetheIFSY
SUBRC...statement.ThisisasingleABAPstatementrunninginto
multiplelines.
ThekeywordEXPORTINGisforexportparameters.Theexport
parametersintheCALL...statementaretheimportparametersinthe
functionmodule(callingprogramissendingandfunctionmoduleis
receiving).
ThekeywordIMPORTINGisforimportparameters.Theimport
parametersintheCALL...statementaretheexportparametersinthe
functionmodule(callingprogramisreceivingandtheFunctionmodule
issending).
FollowingthekeywordsEXPORTING,IMPORTING(alsoCHANGING
andTABLES)arenameoftheformalparameters(AMOUNT,
CURRENCY,FILLERetal.)followedbytheequalsign(=).Ontheright
sideoftheequalsign,youshouldprovidetheactualparameter(theequal
sign=shouldbefollowedbyaspaceandthenameoftheformal
parameter).
Thefunctionmoduleexceptionsarelistedwithvalues(NOT_FOUND=
1...).ThesearethevaluesforthesystemfieldSYSUBRC.Youcanmodify
thesevaluesifyouwantto.
Theoptionalformalparameterswiththeexceptionsaregeneratedas
commentlines.Youneedtodecommenttheselines.
ThemessageissuingstatementMESSAGEID...isalsocommented.This
alsoshouldbedecommented.Recallthatwhenanexceptionisraisedin
afunctionmodule,thesystemfieldsSYMSGID,SYMSGNO,SY
MSGTY,SYMSGV1,SYMSGV2,SYMSGV3,andSYMSGV4arefilled
withtheappropriatevalues.Nomessageisissued,andthefunction
moduleisexited.
Thestatementswiththeappropriatemodificationswilllooklikethis:
CALLFUNCTION'SPELL_AMOUNT'"CALLstatementstartshere
EXPORTING
AMOUNT=AMOUNT"amountfigure
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CURRENCY='USD'"currencycode
FILLER=''
LANGUAGE=SYLANGU"languagecode
IMPORTING
IN_WORDS=RET_SPELL
EXCEPTIONS
NOT_FOUND=1
TOO_LARGE=2
OTHERS=3
."CALLstatementendshere
IFSYSUBRC<>0.
MESSAGEIDSYMSGIDTYPESYMSGTYNUMBERSYMSGNO
WITHSYMSGV1SYMSGV2SYMSGV3SYMSGV4.
ENDIF.
Thecompletesourceprogram:
REPORTYCL_CH07_06_CALL_SPELL_AMOUNTLINESIZE170.
*****************************************
*CALLINGFunctionModuleSPELL_AMOUNT**
*****************************************
***************************************************
*inputfiguretobeconvertedPARAMETERSetc.**
*CALLfunctionmoduleSPELL_AMOUNT**
*checkforerror(SYSUBRC<>0)**
*iferror,errormessageelse**
***
*outputSPELLWORD&SPELLDECWORD**
***************************************************
DATA:RET_SPELLTYPESPELL.
PARAMETERS:AMOUNT(16)TYPEPDECIMALS2DEFAULT'87654321.90'.
STARTOFSELECTION.
CALLFUNCTION'SPELL_AMOUNT'"CALLstatementstartshere
EXPORTING
AMOUNT=AMOUNT"amountfigure
CURRENCY='INR'"currencycode
FILLER=''
LANGUAGE=SYLANGU"languagecode
IMPORTING
IN_WORDS=RET_SPELL
EXCEPTIONS
NOT_FOUND=1
TOO_LARGE=2
OTHERS=3
."CALLstatementendshere
IFSYSUBRC<>0.
ELSE.
WRITE/5:RET_SPELLWORD,
RET_SPELLDECWORD.
ENDIF.
YouarecheckingforSYSUBRC<>0(errorcondition),andifthereisno
error,thefieldsRET_SPELLWORDandRET_SPELLDECWORDare
output.TheoutputwilllooklikeFigure727.
Figure727.ProgramYCL_CH07_06_CALL_SPELL_AMOUNT
Output
Thiswasanillustrationofhowafunctionmodulecanbecalledinan
ABAPprogram.
Link,RelationshipbetweenFunctionGroup&FunctionModule
SourceCode(Examine/ViewFunctionModuleSPELL_AMOUNT
Continued)
TheexaminationofthefunctionmoduleSPELL_AMOUNTwillbe
resumed.Therewasadigressiontodemonstratethecallingofthe
functionmoduleSPELL_AMOUNTinanABAPprogram.
FromtheattributestabofthefunctionmoduleSPELL_AMOUNT,you
knowthatthefunctiongroupcontainingthefunctionmodule
SPELL_AMOUNTisF017(refertoFigure710).IntheSE37function
builderopeningscreen,ensurethefieldFunctionModuleisblank,and
selectmenuoptions:Goto
FunctionGroups
DisplayGrouplikeit
isshowninFigure728.
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Figure728.MenuOptionsDisplayFunctionGroup
Thismenuoptionselectionwillpopupadialogboxforinputoffunction
groupnamelikethis:
Figure729.DisplayFunctionGroupEnterName
EnterthenameofthefunctiongroupF017andpressthecontinuebutton.
ThescreeninFigure730willappear.
Figure730.DisplayFunctionGroupF017
ClickontheMainprogrambutton.Thiswilltakeyouto
Figure731.FunctionGroupF017MainProgram:SAPLF017
Whenyoucreateafunctiongroupof,forexample,name
YCL_CH07_GRP01(youwillcreateoneinyournexthandson
exercise),thesystemcreatesanABAPprogramofname
SAPL_YCL_CH07_GRP01oftypeFunctiongroup.(Untilnow,you
havecreatedonlytwotypesofABAPprograms:ExecutableinSE38
andTypePoolinSE11).Thisiscalledasthemainprogram.Recall
fromChapter4thedifferentprogramtypesyoucancreateinABAP
workbench.Observethenamingofthismainprogram.Thesystem
hasprefixedthefunctiongroupnamewithSAPL.Herethefunction
groupnamewasF017thenameofthemainprogramassignedby
thesystemisSAPLF017.
ThemainprogramhastheseprogramlinesofINCLUDE
statements.INCLUDEstatementsincorporatesourceprogram
linesfromotherABAPprogramsthatareofprogramtype
INCLUDE.ObservethenameoftheINCLUDEprograms.Thefirst
INCLUDEprogramnameisLF017TOP,andthesystemhasadded
aprefixofLandapostfixofTOPtothenameofthefunctiongroup.
Similarly,forthenameofthesecondINCLUDEprogram,the
systemhasaddedaprefixofLandapostfixofUXXtothenameof
thefunctiongroup.
ThethirdINCLUDEstatementhasanINCLUDEprogramnamed
LF017F01.ThisINCLUDEstatementwasinitiallyacommented
statement.Inthecommentedstatement,thesystemproposesthe
nameofINCLUDEprograms.
Doubleclickonthestatement:
INCLUDELF017TOP."GlobalData
ThedoubleclickwillnavigateyoutotheINCLUDEprogramLF017TOP.
ThescreenwilllooklikeFigure732.
Figure732.FunctionGroupF017IncludeProgram:LF017TOP
ThisfirstINCLUDEprogramofthefunctiongroupF017hasthe
firststatementFUNCTIONPOOLF017.Thekeyphrase
FUNCTIONPOOLisfollowedbythenameofthefunctiongroup
F017.ThisissimilartoREPORT<nameofprogram>intheABAP
Executableprograms.
ThereareDATA,TABLESstatementsinthisINCLUDEprogram.
ThisINCLUDEprogramwiththefirststatementFUNCTIONPOOL
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isafunctiongroupglobaldeclarativearea.Youdeclaredataand
typesthatcanbesharedandreferredinallthefunctionmodules
residinginthisfunctiongroup.
GobacktothepreviousscreenwiththeINCLUDEstatements,thescreen
ofFigure731.NowdoubleclickontheINCLUDEstatement:
INCLUDELF017UXX."FunctionModules
Thescreenwillbelikethis:
Figure733.FunctionGroupF017IncludeProgram:LF017UXX
InthisINCLUDEprogramwithpostfixUXXtherewillbeasmany
INCLUDEstatementsastherearefunctionmodulesinthefunction
group.Initially,whenonlyafunctiongrouphasbeencreatedwithout
anyfunctionmodules,thiswouldbeempty.AsthefunctiongroupF017
containsonlyonefunctionmoduleSPELL_AMOUNTandthereisonly
oneINCLUDEstatement:
INCLUDELF017U01"SPELL_AMOUNT.
ObserveagainthenamingofINCLUDEprogram:PrefixLfollowedby
thefunctiongroupname,followedbythepostfixU01.Ifthereweremore
functionmodules,thesecondfunctionmodulewouldhaveapostfixof
U02andsoon.Thedevelopercanchangethesesystemgeneratednames
withattendanttaskofchangingthesourcecodewhereverareferenceis
madetothesenames.Soitbettertosticktothenamesproposedand
generatedbythesystem.
Ifyounowdoubleclickontheline:
INCLUDELF017U01"SPELL_AMOUNT.
Thesystemwillnavigatetothesourcelinesoffunctionmodule
SPELL_AMOUNT.ThescreenwilllooklikeFigure734:arepeatof
Figure722.
Figure734.FunctionGroupF017IncludeProgram:LF017U01
(SourceLinesofFunctionModuleSPELL_AMOUNT)
ThisisthesourceofthefunctionmoduleSPELL_AMOUNT,withallthe
sourcelinesenclosedbetweenthekeywordsFUNCTIONand
ENDFUNCTION.Itisagoodideatogothroughthesesourcelinesata
laterdate.
Now,gobacktothescreenofFigure731(pressfunctionkeyF3twice).
Doubleclickonthestatement:
INCLUDELF017F01."Subprograms
ThescreeninFigure735willappear.
Figure735.FunctionGroupF017IncludeProgram:LF017F01
(SubroutinesCalledFromFunctionModulesintheFunctionGroup)
ThisINCLUDEprogramcontainsthesubroutinescalledfromthe
differentfunctionmodulesofthefunctiongroup.Ifthereareno
subroutines,thiswillbeempty.Ifasubroutineiscalledfromonlyone
functionmoduleinthefunctiongroup,itcanbelocatedafterthe
ENDFUNCTIONstatementwithinthefunctionmodulecode.Thebetter
choiceistolocateallthesubroutinesinthisINCLUDEprogram.
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Inadditiontothese,adevelopercanalwaysputadditionalINCLUDE
statementsinthemainprogramwiththeircorrespondingINCLUDE
programs.Thisisthelinkorrelationshipbetweenthefunctiongroupand
thefunctionmodulessourcelines.Itmighttakeawhiletogetthehangof
thestructureorlayoutoftheseINCLUDES.Figure736sumsupthelinks.
Figure736.StructureofaFunctionGroupandtheRelationship
betweenthePrograms
HavingexaminedthefunctionmoduleSPELL_AMOUNTinitsentirety,
thenextstageistocreateafunctiongroupofyourown,locateafunction
moduleinthisfunctiongroup,andthencallthiscustomcreatedfunction
moduleinanABAPprogram.
HandsOnExercise:CreateaFunctionModuletoSplitaString
withoutbreakingaWord
ThefunctionmoduleSPELL_AMOUNTtakes:
Anamountfigure
Alanguagecode
Acurrencycode
Afillerstring
andreturnstheamountfigureconvertedintotextinthelanguageof
languagecodesupplied.Ifyouweretooutputthisreturnedtextonahard
copyofabusinessdocumentlikeacheck,customerbill,purchase,etc.
(typicallyonA4size8.5"x11"),itcouldwordwrapasitisonelongstring.
Itwouldbedesirablethatthesingletextorstringreturnedbythe
functionmoduleSPELL_AMOUNTbesplitintomultiplelinesoftext
withoutbreakingaword(i.e.,awordmustnotsplitfromonelineto
another).Yourproposedfunctionmodulewilldojustthis:splitthesingle
linetextintomultiplelinesofspecifiedcolumnlengthwithoutbreakinga
word,ifthereisnotenoughhorizontalspaceforawordonthecurrent
line,itwillautomaticallyshifttothenextline.
Theproposedfunctionmodulewilltakeasimportparameterasingleline
oftext.Itwillreturnthissinglelineoftextintomultiplelinesloadedinto
anonstructureinternaltableorsimplearray.Theelementofthisarray
willbeofABAPtypeCofaspecifiedlength.Thenumberofcolumnsina
linewillbethelengthofthiselement.Ifyouexpresstheprogramcalling
theproposedfunctionmoduleintermsofsemipseudoABAPcode:
****************************************************************************
*ProgramCallingthefunctionmodulesplittingastring/textinto**
*multipleLines**
****************************************************************************
DATA:SPELL_RETTYPESPELL,
TO_SPLIT_STR(300)TYPEC,
STRNG(35)TYPEC,
STRNG_TABLIKESTANDARDTABLEOFSTRNG.
PARAMETERS:AMTTYPEVBRKNETWRDEFAULT'1234567.50'.
STARTOFSELECTION.
CALLFUNCTION'SPELL_AMOUNT'
EXPORTING
AMOUNT=AMT
CURRENCY='INR'
FILLER=''
LANGUAGE=SYLANGU
IMPORTING
IN_WORDS=SPELL_RET
....
CONCATENATESPELL_RETWORDSPELL_RETDECWORDINTOTO_SPLIT_STR
SEPARATEDBY''.
CALL<proposedfunctionmodule>
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EXPORTING
INPUT_STR=TO_SPLIT_STR
TABLES
STR_TAB=STRNG_TAB
...
LOOPATSTRNG_TABINTOSTRNG.
WRITE:/5STRNG.
ENDLOOP.
So,youwillhaveintheproposedfunctionmodule:
AnIMPORTparameterofTYPECorTYPESTRING.(willsupport
bothtypes)
ATABLESparameter(nonstructureinternaltable)
Youwillraiseexceptionsforthefailureoffollowingchecksinthe
proposedfunctionmodule:
YouwillcheckthetypefortheIMPORTparameterandraise
anexceptionifIMPORTparametertypeisnotCor
STRING(theDESCRIBEstatementwillreturnCorg).
RefertoTable47ofChapter4.
YoursecondformalparameterwillbedefinedintheTABLES
tabandthesystemwillautomaticallychecktheactual
parametertypeduringcompiletime.Iftheactualparameter
isnotoftypeinternaltable,asyntaxerrorwilloccurandthe
messagewillbeissuedinthecallingprogram.
Asmentionedearlier,whenafunctionmodulehasaTABLES
parameter,thefunctionmoduleautomaticallycreatesa
headerlineofthesamenameastheformalparametername
(inyourcaseofnonstructureinternaltable,thiswillbean
elementarydataitem).Youwillcheckthetypeforthisheader
lineandraiseanexceptionifitisnottypeC.
ProposedFunctionModuleInterface:
Theproposedfunctionmodulewillhavetwoparameters:
1. IMPORTtexttobesplit
2. TABLEStoreturnthesplittext(withoutbreakingaword)
Itwillhavetwoexceptions:
1. TheIMPORTparameterisnotofTYPECORSTRING.
2. TheheaderlineofTABLESparameterisnotofTYPEC.
TaskstoCreate,CALL,andTesttheProposedFunctionModule
Havingidentifiedtheproposedfunctionmoduleinterface(parameters
andexceptions),letthetasksbeidentifiedandcarriedouttocreate,call,
andtesttheproposedfunctionmodule.
Createafunctiongroup,performconsistencycheckandactivate.
Createtwomessagetextsforthetwoexceptionsinthealready
createdmessageclassYCL_CH07_MCLASS01(transactioncode
SE91).
Createtheproposedfunctionmoduleassignittothefunction
groupcreatedintheprecedingstep.
Enterparameters
Enterexceptions
Entersource
Doconsistencycheck,activatethefunctionmodule
CreateanABAPprogramtocallthefunctionmodule.Inthis
program,inputtheamountfigurethroughtheparameters
statement.
CallthefunctionmoduleSPELL_AMOUNT
CheckforSYSUBRCerror:iferrorexit,elsecontinue
Calltheproposedfunctionmodule
CheckforSYSUBRCerror
Ifnoerror,outputtheunsplitandsplitstring.
CreateaFunctionGroup
OntheSE37functionbuilderopeningscreen,ensureablankinthefield
FunctionModuleandclickonmenuoptionsGoto
FunctionGroups
CreateGroup.
Thismenuselectionwillpopupadialogboxpromptingforthenameof
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thefunctiongroupandshorttext.Enterthenameofthefunctiongroup:
YCL_CH07_GROUP01andshorttext.Theusualnamingrulesthatapply
tootherWorkbenchobjectsapplytothefunctiongroupaswell.Thename
spaceforfunctiongroupis26characters.Save.Thesystemwillprompt
forapackage.Assignasusualthe$TMPpackage.Thefunctiongroupis
created.
Thefunctiongroupcreatedisnotinactivestatus.Youneedtoactivatethe
functiongroup.SoagainclickonmenuoptionsGoto
Groups
Function
ChangeGroup.Thesystemwillagainpromptforthenameof
thefunctiongrouptobechanged.Enterthename.Ascreenasshownin
Figure737willappear.
Figure737.FunctionGroup:YCL_CH07_GROUP01Attributes
ClickontheMainprogrambutton.Thiswilldisplaythemainprogram
screeninFigure738.
Figure738.FunctionGroup:YCL_CH07_GROUP01Main
Program
Onthisscreen,clickontheactivatebuttonorthekeycombination
<Ctrl>+<F3>.Theobjectactivationlistwillappear:
ActivateMainProgramandGlobalData
Ensurethatboththemainprogram(SAPLYCL_CH07_GROUP01)and
globaldataprogram(LYCL_CH07_GROUP01TOP)areselectedfor
activationlikeitisshowninFigure739.Afteractivation,goback
(functionkeyF3).ThiswilltakeyoubacktotheChangeFunctionGroup
screeninFigure740.
Figure739.FunctionGroup:YCL_CH07_GROUP01Activation
Figure740.FunctionGroup:YCL_CH07_GROUP01Activated
DonotclickontheSavebutton.Thiswillcreateanewinactiveversion.
ClickonthecancelbuttontonavigatebacktotheSE37openingscreen.
ItisbettertocreatefunctiongroupsinthetransactioncodeSE80.Inthe
transactioncodeSE80,youdonothavetogothroughatediousprocedure
ofactivation.Thefunctiongroupisactivatedasitiscreated.Youwilluse
transactioncodeSE80tocreateWorkbenchobjectsinChapter14.
CreateMessages
GototransactioncodeSE91.Enterthenameofmessageclass:
YCL_CH07_MCLASS01.
SelecttheMessagesradiobutton,andclickontheChangebutton/F6.
Entertextformessagenumbers006,007.Thesetwomessagesare
meantforthetwoexceptionsinthefunctionmodule.Save.Thescreen
willappearlikethatinFigure741.
Figure741.MessageClass:YCL_CH07_MCLASS01Messages
Youhavecompletedthecreationofmessages.
CreateFunctionModule
OnthetransactioncodeSE37openingscreen,enterthenameofthe
functionmoduleas:YCL_CH07_SPLIT_STRING.ClickontheCreate
button/F5.Thesystemwillpromptforthefunctiongroupandtheshort
text.Entertheshorttextandfunctiongroupnameorassignafunction
groupfromtheselectionlist.PresstheSavebutton.Thesystempopsup
aninformationmessage(themainprogramandfunctionpooldonot
startwithY/Z).ThescreenshouldlooklikeFigure742.
Figure742.FunctionModule:YCL_CH07_SPLIT_STRING
AssignFunctionGroup
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NextclickontheImporttab.Entertheimportparameter(nspace:30
characters).ClickonthePassValuecheckboxtohavetheparameter
passedbyvalue.ThescreenwilllooklikeFigure743.
ImportParameter
ClickontheTablestab.Enterthetableparameter.Thescreenwillbelike
Figure744.
TablesParameter
Clickontheexceptionstab.Enterthetwoexceptions(namespace30
characters).Thescreenforexceptions:
Exceptions
WhenyouclickontheSourcetab,thesystemwillgeneratethestatements
FUNCTIONandENDFUNCTIONaswellasthecommentsofthe
interfacedescription(parametersandexceptions).Allthefunctionsofan
ABAPeditorareavailablehere.ThisisshowninFigure746.
InitialSourceScreen
ThesourcecodeoffunctionmoduleYCL_CH07_SPLIT_STRINGis
listed.Thelogicemployediselaboratedinthecommentsatthe
beginning:
FUNCTIONYCL_CH07_SPLIT_STRING.
*"
*"*"LocalInterface:
*"IMPORTING
*"VALUE(STRING_TO_SPLIT)
*"TABLES
*"STABLE
*"EXCEPTIONS
*"IMPORT_PARAMETER_TYPE_INVALID
*"RETURN_TABLE_ELEMENT_NOT_TYPEC
*"
**********************************************************
*note:theparameterSTABLEisbeingpassedasTABLES.**
*inyourcaseitisexpectedtobeanunstructured**
*internaltable.infunctionmodulesparameterspassed**
*asTABLESimplicitlygenerateaheaderline.**
*soinyourfunctionmodule,therearetwodataobjects**
*ofthesamenameSTABLE:(i)STABLEunstructured**
*internaltable(ii)STABLEelementarypredefined**
*TYPEC.**
*youarereferringtointernaltableasSTABLE[]and**
*elementarypredefinedTYPEasSTABLE.Strictly**
*speaking,thisisnotnecessary/mandatory.**
***
*youareoperatingdirectlyontheIMPORTparameter**
*STRING_TO_SPLIT.thisisbeingpassedbyvalue.so**
*operationsareonlocalcopy.originalremainsintact**
**********************************************************
**********************************************************
*declaredata.**
***
*check&RAISEexceptions**
***
*REFRESHSTABLE[](removeexistingrows)**
***
*determinelengthofelement&assigntoLEN,CLEN**
*thisisthemaxnumberofcharactersineachrowof**
*splitstring/textbeingreturned**
*LENafterthisassignmentwillremainconstant**
***
*CLENvaluereflectsavailablecharactersinarow**
*atanytime.duringstartofrowCLEN=LEN**
***
*thelogicis:inaloopextractonewordatatime**
*fromSTRING_O_SPLIT(source)andconcatenate/assignto**
*STABLEelementary.(destination)**
***
*ifcolumnsareavailableinSTABLEelementary,**
*CONCATENATEtheextractedword.**
***
*ifcolumnsarenotavailabletoaccommodateextracted**
*word,APPENDSTABLETOSTABLE[].assignwordto**
*STABLEelementary.**
***
*continuethisprocesstillallthewordsare**
*extractedandtransferredtofinaldestinationi.e.**
*unstructuredinternaltableSTABLE[]**
***
*setupunconditionalloopDO.**
*checkifallwordsextractedfromSTRING_TO_SPLIT**
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*i.e.STRING_TO_SPLIT=''ifsoEXITloop.**
***
*youareextractingonewordatatimefrom**
*STRING_TO_SPLITintoWORDthroughSEARCH'..'i.e.**
*searchforembeddedblanki.e.morethanonewordin**
*theSTRING_TO_SPLIT.**
***
*ifthisSEARCHissuccess/**
*SYSUBRC=0,SPLITSTRING_TO_SPLITINTOWORD**
*STRING_TO_SPLITi.e.getthefirstwordinWORD,**
*residualtextbackinSTRING_TO_SPLIT.**
***
*ifSEARCHSYSUBRC<>0i.e.onlyonelastwordin**
*theSTRING_TO_SPLIT.assigni.e.WORD=STRING_TO_SPLIT**
***
*determinelengthofWORDandstoreinWLEN**
***
*checkwhetherWLEN<=CLEN.ifsoCONCATENATEWORDto**
*STABLE.**
***
*ifVLENnot<=CLEN,CONDENSESTABLE.APPPENDSTABLE**
*TOSTABLE[].STABLE=WORD.CLEN=LEN**
***
*adjustCLENi.e.CLEN=CLENWLEN1**
*ENDDOendloop**
***
*ifSTABLE<>''APPENDSTABLETOSTABLE[]**
***
**********************************************************
DATA:WORDTYPESTRING,"storeextractedword
TYP(1)TYPEC,"storevariableTYPE
LENTYPEI,"storelengthofstring
CLENTYPEI,"storeavailablecharacters/columns
WLENTYPEI."storeextractedwordlength
************************************
DESCRIBEFIELDSTRING_TO_SPLITTYPETYP.
IFTYP<>'C'ANDTYP<>'g'.
MESSAGES006(YCL_CH06_MCLASS01)RAISING
IMPORT_PARAMETER_TYPE_INVALID.
ENDIF.
DESCRIBEFIELDSTABLETYPETYP."STABLEreferencetotheelementary
"dataitem,STABLE[]referencetoitab
IFTYP<>'C'.
MESSAGES007(YCL_CH06_MCLASS01)RAISING
RETURN_TABLE_ELEMENT_NOT_TYPEC.
ENDIF.
REFRESHSTABLE[]."clearinternaltableofexistingrows
DESCRIBEFIELDSTABLELENGTHLENINCHARACTERMODE."getlengthofelement
CLEN=LEN.
DO.
IFSTRING_TO_SPLITISINITIAL.
EXIT.
ENDIF.
SEARCHSTRING_TO_SPLITFOR'..'."SEARCHforembeddedblank
IFSYSUBRC<>0."lastwordinthetext
WORD=STRING_TO_SPLIT.
STRING_TO_SPLIT=''.
ELSE.
SPLITSTRING_TO_SPLITAT''INTOWORDSTRING_TO_SPLIT.
ENDIF.
WLEN=STRLEN(WORD).
IFSYINDEX=1.
STABLE=WORD.
ELSEIFWLEN<=CLEN.
CONCATENATESTABLEWORDINTOSTABLESEPARATEDBY''.
ELSE.
APPENDSTABLETOSTABLE[].
STABLE=WORD.
CLEN=LEN.
ENDIF.
CLEN=CLENWLEN1.
ENDDO.
IFSTABLE<>''.
APPENDSTABLETOSTABLE[].
ENDIF.
ENDFUNCTION.
TheMESSAGEstatementtoraiseexceptionsissupportedonlyinsidea
functionmoduleandmethodofaclass.ThisformofMESSAGEstatement
isnotacceptableinanexecutableABAPprogram.
CreateanABAPProgramtoCallFunctionModule
TheprogramcallingthefunctionmoduleYCL_CH07_SPLIT_STRINGis
YCL_CH07_CALL_SPLIT_STRING.Thesourcecodeof
YCL_CH07_CALL_SPLIT_STRING:
REPORTYCL_CH07_07_CALL_SPLIT_STRINGLINESIZE150.
**************************************************
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*CallingFunctionModuleYCL_CH07_SPLIT_STRING**
**************************************************
***********************************************
*noteonMESSAGEstatement:**
***
*exceptionsraisedinfunctionmodulehas**
*messagetype'S'orstatus.ifyouraise**
*exceptionwithmessagetype'E'orerror**
*theprogramexitsafterreturnfrom**
*functionmodule,onissuingthemessage.**
*youdonotwanttheprogramtobeexit,**
*yetyouwantthemessagetoappearlike**
*anerrormessage.thatiswhyyouhave**
*addedthephraseDISPLAYLIKE'E'withthe**
*messagestatementafterreturnfrom**
*functionmodule'YCL_CH07_SPLIT_STRING'.**
***********************************************
***********************************************
*declaredata.**
*inputamountfigurethroughPARAMETERS**
***
*CALLFUBCTION'SPELL_AMOUNT'..**
*checkSYSUBRCetc.**
*CONCATENATESPELLWORDSPELLDECWORDINTO**
*ISTRSEPARATEDBY''**
***
*CALLFUNCTION'YCL_CH07_SPLIT_STRING'...**
*checkSYSUBRCetc.**
*outputISTR,STRGA(LOOP...ENDLOOP.)**
***********************************************
DATA:STRG(40)TYPEC,
STRGALIKESTANDARDTABLEOFSTRG,
ISTRTYPESTRING,
*ISTRD(300)TYPEN,
SPELLTYPESPELL.
**************************************************
PARAMETERS:AMT(7)TYPEPDECIMALS2DEFAULT
'987654321.50'.
STARTOFSELECTION.
CALLFUNCTION'SPELL_AMOUNT'
EXPORTING
AMOUNT=AMT
CURRENCY='INR'
FILLER=''
LANGUAGE=SYLANGU
IMPORTING
IN_WORDS=SPELL
EXCEPTIONS
NOT_FOUND=1
TOO_LARGE=2
OTHERS=3
.
IFSYSUBRC<>0.
EXIT.
ENDIF.
CONCATENATESPELLWORDSPELLDECWORDINTOISTR
SEPARATEDBY''.
CALLFUNCTION'YCL_CH07_SPLIT_STRING'
EXPORTING
STRING_TO_SPLIT=ISTR
*STRING_TO_SPLIT=ISTRD
TABLES
STABLE=STRGA
EXCEPTIONS
IMPORT_PARAMETER_TYPE_INVALID=1
RETURN_TABLE_ELEMENT_NOT_TYPEC=2
OTHERS=3
.
IFSYSUBRC<>0.
WITHSYMSGV1SYMSGV2SYMSGV3SYMSGV4
DISPLAYLIKE'E'.
ELSE.
WRITE:/5ISTR.
SKIP2.
LOOPATSTRGAINTOSTRG.
WRITE:/5STRG.
ENDLOOP.
ENDIF.
Youwillexecutethecallingprogramandtherebytestthatthefunction
moduleisworking.
Lettheexceptionalconditionsbetestedfirst.Thefirstexceptionchecks
thetypeofinputparameter:itshouldbeeithertypeCorSTRING
(DESCRIBEstatementreturnsgfortypeSTRING).Forthistesting,you
candecommentthedatadeclarationofvariableISTRDintheDATA
statement.IntheCALLFUNCTION
YCL_CH07_SPLIT_STRING...statement,youcancommenttheline
STRING_TO_SPLIT=ISTRanddecommenttheSTRING_TO_SPLIT=
ISTRD.ISTRDistypeNandwillresultinexception:
IMPORT_PARAMETER_TYPE_INVALID.Executetheprogram.The
PARAMETERstatementpromptwillappearonthescreen,andpressthe
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executebutton/F8.Thescreenwiththeerrormessageonthestatusbar
willappearlikethis:
Figure747.Program:YCL_CH07_CALL_SPLIT_STRING
ExceptionI
Thesecondexceptionchecksforthereturninternaltableelementtypeto
beC.Restorethesourceprogramtostatuspriortotestingoffirst
exception.MaketheSTRGsomeothertypethanC.Runtheprogram.
Thesecondexceptionwillberaised,andthescreenwiththeerror
messageonthestatusbarwillappearlikethis:
ExceptionII
RestorethetypeofSTRGtoC.Executetheprogram.Thedefaultinputof
987654321.50hadbeenchangedto7777777777.50.Theoutputwill
appearlikeFigure749.
Output
ReducethelengthofSTRGfromitsexistingvalueof50to40.Execute
theprogramagain.TheoutputwillappearlikeFigure750.
Output,ReducedLineWidth
Withthereducednumberofcharactersorcolumnsinalinefrom50to
40,theoutputhasextendedfrom3linesinthefirstinstanceto4linesin
thesecondinstance.
Sonowyouhavecreatedandtestedyourownfunctionmodule,whichis
ofsomepracticalusage.
YoucouldhavecreatedsomeDDICobjectsandassignedatypetothe
functionmoduleparametersbyreferencetotheDDICobjects.Butthat
wouldnothavegivenyouscopeforexceptionhandling.Inapractical
scenario,assigningatypetofunctionmoduleparametersbyreferenceto
DDICobjectsshouldbethedesiredprocedure.Here,youhavenotdone
so,inordertousetheexceptionhandingfeature.
Normally,afunctionmoduleisnotcreateddirectly.Thefunctionality
andlogicofproposedfunctionmoduleiscreatedinanormal,executable
ABAPprogram.Thisprogramistestedthoroughly.Itisthentransferred
andfittedintothefunctionmodule.Thisisespeciallytrueoffunction
modulesrequiringsubstantialdatafortesting.
Thefunctionmodulehasitsowntestingenvironment.Youcan,asan
exercisetryouttestingthisfunctionmoduleinSE37testenvironment.
YouhavetestedthefunctionmodulebycallingitinanexecutableABAP
program.
SpecialFunctionModulesConversionRoutines
ConversionRoutinesBackground
InthefirsthandsonexerciseinChapter5(WRITEstatement...)while
havingthefieldKUNNR(customercode/number)outputfromthetable
KNA1,youhadanadditionUSINGNOEDITMASK.Asanexplanation,it
hadmentionedthatthisadditionwastooutputKUNNRwithleading
zeroes:bydefault,theWRITEstatementoutputsKUNNRfieldwith
suppressedzeroes.ItwasalsomentionedthatintheSAPenvironment,
theinternalstorageofdataindatabasetablesisdifferentfromthewayit
presentedonthescreenorprinter.
Soanumericcustomercode(KUNNR)isstoredinthedatabasetablewith
leadingzeroes(acustomercodecanbealphanumericaswell).Thefield
KUNNRisDDICDataTypeCHARandlength10.Whenitisoutput,the
zeroesaresuppressedbydefault.Theideaistosavethelaborofentering
theleadingzeroesbytheenduserduringinput.Anendusercanjust
enter1forthecustomer0000000001onaninputscreenandthe
systemwillautomaticallyinserttheleadingzeroesforinternalstorage.
ConversionRoutinesAssignment
Thebehindthescenesactionofinsertingandsuppressingzeroesis
performedbytheconversionroutinefunctionmodules.Theconversion
routinefunctionmodulesareattachedtodomains.Ifyouopenthescreen
forthedomainKUNNR(fieldKUNNRintableKNA1isassignedthedata
elementKUNNRanddataelementKUNNRinturnisassignedthe
domainKUNNR),youwillseeintheOutputCharacteristicsareaofthe
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DefinitiontabandthevalueALPHAenteredinthefieldConvers
Routine.ThisisshowninFigure751.
Figure751.Domain:KUNNRConvers.RoutineALPHA
ConversionRoutineAttributes
Thefullnameofthefunctionmodulesare:
CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_INPUT
CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT
Theconversionroutinefunctionmodulesexistinpairs:aninputversion
andanoutputversion.Theconversionroutinefunctionmoduleshavethe
prefix:CONVERSION_EXIT_followedbythefivecharacter
identification(inyourchosencontextALPHA)followedbythepostfixof
eitherINPUTorOUTPUT.
Atthedomainlevel,onlythefivecharacteridentificationisspecified,
andtheprefixandpostfixareimplicit.InthecaseofALPHA,thefunction
moduleendingwithinputinsertszeroesandtheoneendingwithoutput
suppressesthezeroes.TheALPHAisalsoattachedtothedomainLIFNR
(thedomainassociatedwithvendorcode).Lookthisup,aswellasjust
lookupthefunctionmodules:
Theconversionroutinefunctionmoduleshaveonlytwoparameters:one
importparameternamedINPUTandoneexportparameternamed
OUTPUT.Ifyoucreateyourcustomconversionroutinefunction
modules,youcandefineonlytwoparameters:oneimportparameter
namedINPUTandoneexportparameternamedOUTPUT.
Ifyouarehavingadatabasetablefieldwiththesamecharacteristicsas
KUNNRorLIFNRTYPECHAR,length10,youwantthesameactionto
happen:automaticzeroinsertion/suppression.Youcanusethesame
domainorcreateadomainandassignALPHAtotheconversionroutine
fieldofthedomain.
Fromwhathasbeendescribed,theconversionroutinefunctionmodules
aregettinginvokedbehindthescenes.Youcanalsocalltheconversion
routinefunctionmodulesexplicitlylikeanyotherfunctionmodule.
YouusedtheadditionUSINGNOEDITMASKintheChapter5WRITE
statementtoskiporbypasstheexecutionofconversionroutine
CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT,whichgetsexecutedby
default.ThereisanadditionwhichistheoppositeofUSINGNOEDIT
MASKi.e.USINGEDITMASK<conversionroutineid>.Throughthis
additionwiththeWRITEstatement,youcanhaveforthefieldtheoutput
versionoftheconversionroutineexecuted.Thesyntaxofthestatement:
WRITE:/5......<fieldname>USINGEDITMASK'==<conversionroutineid>...
Aforthcominghandsonexerciseisdemonstratingthis.
Youcanalsodeterminetheconversionroutineassociatedwithafield
withtheDESCRIBEFIELDstatementcoveredearlierinChapter4.
Theexactsyntaxis:DESCRIBEFIELD<fieldname>EDITMASK<edit
maskname>.
Ifyouexecutethefollowinglines:
DATA:KUNNRTYPEKUNNR,
EMASKTYPESTRING.
DESCRIBEFIELDKUNNREDITMASKEMASK.
WRITE:/5'EditMaskofKUNNR:',EMASK.
Itwilloutput:
EditMaskofKUNNR:==ALPHA
TheDESCRIBEstatementreturnstheconversionroutinenameprefixed
by==.
ConversionRoutineHandsOnExercise:1
Inthisprogram,thereisaninputofthefieldCUST_CD.
TheinputfieldisdefinedreferringtothedataelementKUNNR.Soyou
areassuredoftheconversionroutineALPHAinactionforthisfield.
Theusercanenteranumber:forexample,1(just1withoutleading
zeroes).Afterenteringthenumber,pressexecutebutton/F8.
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ThestatementsfollowingtheeventSTARTOFSELECTIONstartgetting
executed.YouareassigningtheinputfieldCUST_CDtoanotherfield:
STRING10.TheinputfieldCUST_CDwillcontaininternally
0000000001astheconversionroutineALPHA
(CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_INPUT)willinserttheleadingzeroes.
SothefieldSTRING10havingbeenassignedtoCUST_CDwillalso
contain0000000001.
ThefieldSTRING10isdeclaredastypeCandlength10.Thoughthe
fieldsCUST_CDandSTRING10havethesamecharacteristicsoftypeC
andlength10,STRING10isnotassociatedwithdomainKUNNR.So
conversionroutineALPHAisnotinactionforthefieldSTRING10.
YououtputboththefieldsCUST_CDandSTRING10twice.
CUST_CDisoutputwithouttheadditionUSINGNOEDITMASK.This
willoutputwithleadingzeroessuppressedas
CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUTisexecutedthroughthe
associationwithdomainKUNNR.
CUST_CDisoutputwiththeadditionUSINGNOEDITMASK.Thiswill
outputwithleadingzeroesasexecutionof
CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUTisbypassed.
STRING10isoutputwithouttheadditionUSINGEDITMASK.Thiswill
outputwithleadingzeroesasSTRING10hasnoassociationwithdomain
KUNNR.
STRING10isoutputwiththeadditionUSINGEDITMASK.Thiswill
outputwithleadingzeroessuppressedbecausetheadditionUSINGEDIT
MASKwillexecuteCONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT.
Thesourcecode,input,andoutputareshownunder:
REPORTYCL_CH07_08_TEST_CONV_ROUT01.
DATASTRING10(10)TYPEC.
**************************************************
*FunctionmodulesCONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_INPUT**
*CONVERSION_EXIT_ALPHA_OUTPUT**
*inaction**
**************************************************
********************************************************
*input:PARAMETERS:CUST_CDTYPEKUNNR**
*assignCUST_CDtoSTRING10(TYPEClength10)**
***
*outputCUST_CD,**
*CUST_CDUSINGNOEDITMASK**
*STRING10**
*STRING10USINGEDITMASK**
********************************************************
PARAMETERS:CUST_CDTYPEKUNNR.
STARTOFSELECTION.
STRING10=CUST_CD.
WRITE:/5'CUST_CD:',CUST_CD,
"outputwithoutleadingzeroes
/5'CUST_CD(USINGNOEDITMASK):',CUST_CDUSINGNOEDITMASK.
"outputwithleadingzeroes
SKIP2.
WRITE:/5'STRING10:',STRING10,
"outputwithleadingzeroes
/5'STRING10(USINGEDITMASK):',STRING10USING
EDITMASK'==ALPHA'.
"outputwithoutleadingzeroes
Figure752.Program:YCL_CH07_08_TEST_CONV_EXIT01
Input
Figure753.Program:YCL_CH07_08_TEST_CONV_EXIT01
Output
ConversionRoutineHandsOnExercise:2and3
Inthishandsonexercise,youwillcreateyourownpairofconversion
routines.Theyare:
CONVERSION_EXIT_ICOMA_INPUT
CONVERSION_EXIT_ICOMA_OUTPUT
ThetwofunctionmodulesinsertandsuppresscommasfornumericTYPE
Pfields.Theinternalstorageofnumericfieldshasbeendescribed
earlier.Youhavealsobeenfamiliarizedwiththedefaultoutputof
numericfieldsandthethousandseparatorsorcommaappearingafter
thousand,million,billion,etc.Thisistomakelargenumericfigures
easilyreadable.
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Theconversionroutineintroducedaboveinsertsacommacharacteras
pertheIndianbusinesspractice.IntheIndianbusinesspractice,you
havethefirstcommaafterthousandasecondcommaafterhundred
thousandcalledLakh/Lacandathirdcommaaftertenmillioncalled
Crore.Youarestoppingatthis.Sincethisisademonstration,the
functionmodulessupportamaximumfigureof99,99,99,999(i.e.,99
crore,99lac,99thousand...).
Youlocatethetwofunctionmodules
CONVERSION_EXIT_ICOMA_INPUTand
CONVERSION_EXIT_ICOMA_OUTPUTinthesamefunctiongroup
(thisismandatory).ThefunctiongroupisYCL_CH07_GROUP02.
Youwillusetwosubroutinesinthefunctiongroupthatarebeingcalled
fromanoutputconversionroutine.Youwilllocatesomedatainthe
globaldataarea.Thiswasnotessentialbutdonetodemonstrate
declarationandusageofdataintheglobaldataarea.
Thelogicusedmightnotbethebest.Thefocusisoncreationof
conversionroutine,locatingdataintheglobaldataarea,using
subroutinesinthefunctiongroup,anddeployingtheconversion
routines.
ThevariouscomponentsofthefunctiongroupYCL_CH07_GROUP02:
1. MainprogramSAPLYCL_CH07_GROUP02
2. GlobaldataareaLYCL_CH07_GROUP02TOP
3. FunctionmodulesLYCL_CH07_GROUP02UXX
1. LYCL_CH07_GROUP02U01
2. LYCL_CH07_GROUP02U02
4. Includeprogramforsubroutines
1. LYCL_CH07_GROUP02F01
CopythesourceprogramlinesofglobaldatadefinitionsfromtheE
resourceintothefunctiongroupglobaldataarea
LYCL_CH07_GROUP02TOP.Activatethefunctiongroup.
Whenyoudoubleclickontheincludestatementof
LYCL_CH07_GROUP02F0,thesystemwillalertthattheprogramdoes
notexist.Createtheprogram?Thismessagewillappearonthestatusbar
andnotasapopup.Pressthe<Enter>keytocreatetheincludeprogram.
CopythesourcelinesofsubroutinesfromtheEResourceintotheinclude
programLYCL_CH07_GROUP02F01.Activatetheincludeprogramas
wellasthemainprogram.
Toinvokeanddemonstratethefunctionmodules,theABAPexecutable
programs:YCL_CH07_09_TEST_CONV_ROUT02and
YCL_CH07_10_TEST_CONV_ROUT03arecoded.Thesourcecodeof
thefunctiongroup,functionmodulesandexecutableprogramsis
availableintheEResource.CopythesourcelinesfromtheEResource.
TesttheABAPprogramsandthefunctionmodules.
INCLUDEPrograms
Includeprogramshavenotbeenelaboratedupon,forthereasonthat
thereisnotmuchofconceptualityassociatedwiththem.Buttheyare
handyand,likemacros,amodularizationaidatsourcecodelevel.They
helpunclutteringaprogramaswellenablereusability.Youcanmaintain
includeprogramsinSE38ordoubleclickingontheprogramnameofthe
INCLUDEstatement.InSE38,intheprogramattributes,whereyou
wereassigningallthewhileprogramtypeasexecutable,youneedto
assignprogramtypeasIncludeforincludeprograms.Aninclude
programcannotincludeitself.
Thereisnoindependentsyntaxcheckforincludeprograms.Thesource
linesintheincludeprogramundergosyntaxcheckingonlyatthetimeof
syntaxcheckoftheprogramwhereincludeprogramlinesareincluded.
FunctionModulesTidbits
Onthefunctionbuilderopeningscreen,youhavetheusualsetofbuttons
availableonanyoftheABAPWorkbenchobjectmaintenancescreens
andsomemorerelevanttofunctionmodulesandfunctiongroupssuchas:
Checkforconsistencyandactivationbuttons.
Executethebuttonforexecutionofthefunctionmoduleinthe
functionmoduletestenvironment.
Deleteafunctionmodulebutton.
Renameafunctionmodulebutton.
Deletionandrenamingshouldbedonewithcaution.Thesystemchecks
forstaticcallstothefunctionmoduleandwilldisallowdeletionor
renamingifafunctionmoduleisstaticallybeingcalledelsewhere.But
therecannotbeacheckfordynamiccalls.Youhavecalledfunction
moduleswiththeCALLstatement,specifyingthefunctionmodulename
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asaliteral(astaticcall).ThereisavariationoftheCALLstatementthat
acceptsavariablecontainingthefunctionmodulename(adynamiccall).
Thesystemcannotchecksuchdynamiccalls.
Copyfunctionmodulebutton.
Reassignafunctionmoduletoanotherfunctiongroup.
Fromthemenu,youcannavigatetotheglobaldata(program:
L<functiongroupname>TOP>)theprogramwiththefirst
statementas:FUNCTIONPOOL,whereyoucandeclareglobal
(globaltothefunctiongroup)typesanddata.
Fromthemenu,youcangotothemainprogram(program:
SAPL<functiongroupname>).AlltheINCLUDEstatementsarein
thismainprogram.
Youcanfromthemenuandnavigatetothedocumentationifitis
available.Thereisseparatedocumentationforthefunctiongroup
andfunctionmodules.
Exceptfordelete,rename,copy,andreassign,otheroptionsare
availableinsidethefunctionmoduleeditorscreenaswell.
ListofaFewFunctionModules
Afew(50odd)SAPStandardfunctionmodulesarelistedinTable73.
Theyarecategorizedundervariousheads.Someofthese,youwillbe
usinginyourhandsonexerciseofforthcomingtopics.Thefunction
modulesnamesinitalicscanbetriedoutasexercisesimmediatelybefore
proceedingtothenextchapter.Contrivescenariostocallthesefunction
modules.Gothroughthefunctionmoduleinterface.Youneednotpassall
optionalparametersalways.
Table73.ListofaFewSAPSuppliedFunctionModules
FunctionModuleName
PopUptoDecide
POPUP_TO_CONFIRM
Description
A2/3Buttonsdialog
Popup
POPUP_TO_INFORM
APopuptoInform
POPUP_TO_CONFIRM_DATA_LOSS
APopuptoConfirm
AbortandLoseData
PopUptoSelect
F4_CLOCK
APopuptoSelect
Time
F4_DATE
APopuptoSelect
Date
POPUP_TO_SELECT_MONTH
APopuptoSelect
Month
POPUP_TO_DECIDE_LIST
APopuptoMake
Single/Multiple
Selections
POPUP_WITH_TABLE_DISPLAY
APopupSelection
fromanInternal
Table,ReturnsRow
NumberSelected
FITRV_CALCULATOR
APopUpCalculator
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ConversionRoutines
Suppress,Insert
LeadingZeroesin
CustomerCodeand
VendorCode(Data
TypeCHAR,Length
10)
CONVERSION_EXIT_MATN1_INPUT
Suppress,Insert
LeadingZeroesin
CONVERSION_EXIT_MATN1_OUTPUT
MaterialCode(Data
TypeCHAR,Length
18)
Conversions
ROUND_AMOUNT
RoundingAmount
asperCompany
CodeCurrency
CURRENCY_CODE_SAP_TO_ISO
ConvertCurrency
Code:SAPtoISO
CURRENCY_CODE_ISO_TO_SAP
ConvertCurrency
Code:ISOtoSAP
UNIT_OF_MEASURE_ISO_TO_SAP
UnitofMeasure
CodeISOtoSAP
UNIT_OF_MEASURE_SAP_TO_ISO
UnitofMeasure
CodeSAPtoISO
SPELL_AMOUNT
ConvertAmount
FigureintoText
SO_SPLIT_FILE_AND_PATH
SplittheFullFile
NametoDrive,
Directories,and
FileName
CONVERT_ABAPSPOOLJOB_2_PDF
ConvertSpool
OutputtoPDFFile
Date&Time
ADD_TIME_TO_DATE
UsedinMM
Moduleto
DetermineDateof
ExpiryfromShelf
Life
HR_SGPBS_ADD_TIME_TO_DATE
UsedinHRModule
todetermineEnd
DatebyAdding
Days/Months/Years
toaDate
COMPUTE_YEARS_BETWEEN_DATES
YearsbetweenTwo
Dates
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DAYS_BETWEEN_TWO_DATES
DaysBetweenTwo
DatesforInterest
Calculation
MONTH_NAMES_GET
GetAlltheMonth
Namesinan
InternalTablein
SpecifiedLanguage
MONTH_PLUS_DETERMINE
Add/Subtract
MonthstoGet
Forward/Backward
Date
WEEKDAY_GET
GetAlltheWeek
DaysinanInternal
TableinSpecified
Language
Strings
STRING_CENTER
CenteraString
STRING_MOVE_RIGHT
MoveStringRight
STRING_REVERSE
ReverseaString
Files
GUI_DOWNLOAD
DownloadInternal
TabletoaFileon
PresentationServer
GUI_UPLOAD
UploadaFileon
PresentationServer
intoanInternal
Table
F4_FILENAME
DisplaysaDialog
BoxforFile
Selectionfrom
PresentationServer
TMP_GUI_BROWSE_FOR_FOLDER
DisplaysaDialog
BoxforFolder
Selectionfrom
PresentationServer
TMP_GUI_GET_FILE_EXIST
CheckFile
Existenceon
PresentationServer
Lists
SAPGUI_PROGRESS_INDICATOR
Progress
Meter/Indicatorfor
aProcess
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Miscellaneous
CLOI_PUT_SIGN_IN_FRONT
GettheSignonLeft
RS_VARIANT_VALUES_TECH_DATA
Retrievevariant
values
RS_VARIANT_EXISTS
Checkvariant
existence
SAP_CONVERT_TO_XLS_FORMAT
Convertinternal
tabledataintoExcel
RS_COPY_SELECTION_SETS
Copyvariantfrom
oneprogramto
another
MG_FIELDNAME_TEXT
Retrievetextsfrom
dataelements
ICON_CREATE
Transfericonname
andtexttoscreen
field
ALV
REUSE_ALV_GRID_DISPLAY
SimpleALVgrid
typedisplay
(Three
Dimensional)
REUSE_ALV_LIST_DISPLAY
SimpleALVlisttype
display
(TwoDimensional)
REUSE_MINIALV_LIST_DISPLAY
ALVgrid(noevent
support)
REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE
Createdefaultfield
catalog
(ALVusingfunction
modules)
LVC_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE
Createdefaultfield
catalog
(ALVusingclasses)
REUSE_ALV_COMMENTARY_WRITE
ALVoutputheader
attopofpage
REUSE_ALV_EVENTS_GET
Getpossibleevents
ofanALVlist
REUSE_ALV_BLOCK_LIST_APPEND
AppendALVlisttoa
block
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REUSE_ALV_BLOCK_LIST_DISPLAY
OutputALVBlock
RandomNumbers
QF05_RANDOM
Randomnumber
generator
QF05_RANDOM_INTEGER
Randomnumber
generatorinteger
Conclusion
Intheforthcomingchapters,youwilluseafewoftheSAPsupplied
functionmodules.Youwillnotcreateanycustomfunctionmodules,
though.Goingforwardinthisbook,wheneverthecontextwarrantsa
subroutineandINCLUDEprogram,theywillbecreatedandused.
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