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Wealth
Unearthed
Technical Properties
Surface Bulk Products
2014/03/26
Blasting parameters
Theoretically.
Rock type
Normal Controlled
The hole diameter dictates the
bench
height
and
stemming
Flyrock factor (Z) Hard
1.0
1.5
Medium
Soft
Normal Controlled
height
Flyrock factor - Z
Rock Factor - A
0.50
8
0.75
0.5
1.0
0.75
0.75
8
W- Mass of explosives in 8
hole diameters, or in the
kg
60.3 = 60.3
Stemming
height
Hole diameter x 30 = 6.0m Stemming
mm
Explosive
Relative Effective Energy - E
200
200
S130
S130
1.2
1.2
Stemming
Hard
20
30
Crushed Stone
Medium
25
35
Drill Cuttings
Density
g/cc
37.7
Average in hole 37.7
density
= 1.15g/cc Soft
kg/m
Stemming (T)
3.4
5.1
15
25
2
3
Drill Cuttings
Mass per
metre for
S335
= (1.15 x 200 )/1273 = 36.1kg
Hole diameters
15
25
Rule of thumb
Stemming (T)
3.0
5.0
The optimum stemming length, depends very largely on rock properties and degree of
Mass per hole = 36.1 x 7.0 =
252.95kg/hole
confinement
and can vary from about 20 to 60 d.
Volume/hole = 8 x 9 x 13 = 936m3
Powder Factor = 252.95/936 = 0.27kg/m3
Theoretically.
Technical
Powder Factor
(kg/m3)
Rock Factor
UCS
(MPa)
Andesite
Dolerite
Granite
Ironstone
Silcrete
0.70 - 0.90
12-14
>250
Medium
Dolomite
Hornfels
Quartzite
Serpentine*
Schist*
0.40 - 0.50
10-11
100 - 250
Soft
Sandstone
Calcrete
Limestone
Shale
0.25 - 0.35
8-9
50 - 100
Very Soft
Coal
0.15 - 0.25
< 50
Blasting Category
Rock Type
Hard
2014/03/26
constant, change
burden
and
spacing
Change stemming height, keep burden and spacing the
same
Comparison
Hole depth (m)
Hole diameter (mm)
Explosives S335 (g/cc)
15d
20d
25d
30d
35d
40d
12
200
Mc
1.15
Stemming (m) Charge length (m)
3
9
4
8
5
7
6
6
7
5
8
4
36.1
kg/hole
325.2
289.1
252.9
216.8
180.7
144.5
7.0 x 7.5
630
0.52
0.46
0.40
0.34
0.29
0.23
7.5 x 8.0
720
0.45
0.45
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
8.0 x 8.5
864
0.38
0.38
0.29
0.25
0.21
0.17
8.5 x 9.0
918
0.35
0.35
0.28
0.24
0.20
0.16
9.0 x 9.0
972
0.33
0.33
0.26
0.22
0.19
0.15
8.0 x 9.0
864
0.38
0.38
0.29
0.25
0.21
0.17
Comparison
Powder Factor increases with smaller B and S
Powder Factor decreases as stemming height increases
Powder Factor decreases with larger B and S and lower stemming
7.0 x 7.5
9.0 x 9.0
Drilling
Drilling costs
costs
8.0 x 9.0
0.50
Finer fragmentation
0.55
0.45
Explosives
Explosives costs
costs
0.40
Load
Load and
and Haul
Haul
costs
costs
0.35
0.30
0.25
Secondary
Secondary
breaking
breaking costs
costs
0.20
3
4
5
Stemming Height (m)
Coarser fragmentation
2014/03/26
Thank you