B.COM PART-III (Gen.

)
EXAM-2016

10, Raja Naba Krishna Street, Sobha

Bazar, Kolkata,
West Bengal 700005

CALCUTTA UNIVERSITY

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
.PROJECT
ON
ENVIRONMENTAL Pollution
Submitted By:NAME: Vimal Kumar Kharwar
COLLEGE ROLL: 786

Introduction:
Pollution, contamination of the environment as a result of human
activities. The term pollution refers primarily to the fouling of air,
water, and land by wastes (see air pollution; water pollution; solid
waste). In recent years it has come to signify a wider range of
disruptions to environmental quality. Thus litter, billboards, and auto
junkyards are said to constitute visual pollution; noise excessive
enough to cause psychological or physical damage is
considered noise pollution; and waste heat that alters local climate or
affects fish populations in rivers is designated thermal pollution.
The 20th cent. has seen pollution approach crisis proportions
throughout the world. At issue is the capacity of the biosphere to
disperse, degrade, and assimilate human wastes (see ecology). The
biosphere is a closed ecological system with finite resources and is
maintained in equilibrium by grand-scale recycling. Under natural
conditions organic and certain inorganic materials in the biosphere
are continually recycled by processes including
photosynthesis and respiration, nitrogen fixation and gentrification
(see nitrogen cycle), evaporation and precipitation, and diffusion by
wind and water action. But the introduction of massive quantities of
waste matter at any point in the bio system may "overload" it,
disrupting the natural recycling mechanisms.

Pollution is the addition to the ecosystem of something which has a

detrimental effect on it. One of the most important causes of pollution
is the high rate of energy usage by modern, growing populations.
Different kinds of pollution are found. In this section we will
discuss:
1. Air Pollution.
2. Water Pollution.
3. Land Pollution.

Air Pollution
Air pollution is the accumulation in the atmosphere of substances
that, in sufficient concentrations, endanger human health or
produce other measured effects on living matter and other
materials. Among the major sources of pollution are power and heat
generation, the burning of solid wastes, industrial processes, and,
especially, transportation. The six major types of pollutants are
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulates,
sulfur dioxide, and photochemical oxidants.
Examples of Air Pollution
Noise Pollution
Noise pollution or unwanted sounds that are carried by the
air, have an irritating and detrimental effect on humans and
other animals. Careful planning of streets and biuldings in
towns and better control over noisy vechiles may add to the
control of noise pollution.

 Tobacco Smoke
Tobacco smoke is one of the major forms of pollution in
buildings. It is not only the smoker who is infected, but
everyone who inhales the polluted air. There is a very strong
connection between smoking and lung cancer. Bronchitis is
common among smokers and unborn babies of mothers who
smoke also suffer from the harmful effects of smoking.

Exhaust Gases of Vehicles

Pollution from exhaust gases of vehicles is reponsible for 60%
of all air pollution and in cities up to 80%. There is a large
variety of harmful chemicals present in these gases, with lead
being one of the most dangerous.
Combustion of Coal
The combustion of coal without special precautions can have
serious consequences. If winds do not blow away the
poisonous gases, they can have fatal effects and may lead to
death.

Acid rain
Acid rain is the term for pollution caused when sulfur and
nitrogen dioxides combine with atmospheric moisture to
produce highly acidic rain, snow, hail, or fog. The acid eats
into the stone, brick and metal articles and pollutes water
sources. Coal in South Africa is rich in sulphur and the power
stations in the Mpumalanga Province could be reponsible for
acid rain over other areas of our country.

Control Measures
Although individual people can help to combat air pollution in their
own immediate environment, efficient control can be best achieved
by legislation. Some commonly enforced control measures include
the establishment of more smokeless zones;
control over the kinds of fuel used in cars, aeroplanes, power
stations, etc.

Water Pollution
Water pollution is the introduction into fresh or ocean waters of
chemical, physical, or biological material that degrades the quality
of the water and affects the organisms living in it. This process
ranges from simple addition of dissolved or suspended solids to
discharge of the most insidious and persistent toxic pollutants
(such as pesticides, heavy metals, and nondegradable,
bioaccumulative, chemical compounds).
Examples of Water Pollution

 Industrial affluents
Water is discharged from after having been used in production
processes. This waste water may contain acids, alkalis, salts,
poisons, oils and in some cases harmful bacteria.

Mining and Agricultural Wastes

Mines, especially gold and coal mines, are responsible for large
quatities of acid water. Agricultural pesticides, fertilisers and
herbicides may wash into rivers and stagnant water bodies.

Sewage Disposal and Domestic Wastes

Sewage as wel as domestic and farm wastes were often allowed
to pollute rivers and dams.
Control Measures
The following measures can be used to stop water pollution:
every intelligent people should be wise enough not to pollute
water in any way;
by research and legislation the pollution of water bodies, even
though not entirely prevented, must be effectively controlled.

Land Pollution
Land pollution is the degradation of the Earth's land surface
through misuse of the soil by poor agricultural practices, mineral
exploitation, industrial waste dumping, and indiscriminate disposal
of urban wastes. It includes visible waste and litter as well as
pollution of the soil itself.

Examples of Land Pollution

Soil Pollution
Soil pollution is mainly due to chemicals in herbicides (weed killers)
and pesticides (poisons which kill insects and other invertebrate
pests). Litter is waste material dumped in public places such as
streets, parks, picnic areas, at bus stops and near shops.
Waste Disposal
The accumulation of waste threatens the health of people in
residential areas. Waste decays, encourages household pests and
turns urban areas into unsightly, dirty and unhealthy places to live
in.
Control Measures
The following measures can be used to control land pollution:
anti-litter campaigns can educate people against littering;
organic waste can be dumped in places far from residential
areas;
inorganic materials such as metals, glass and plastic, but also
paper, can be reclaimed and recycled.

Sources and causes

Air pollution comes from both natural and human-made
(anthropogenic) sources. However, globally human-made pollutants

from combustion, construction, mining, agriculture and warfare are

increasingly significant in the air pollution equation.
Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air
pollution. China, United States, Russia, Mexico, and Japan are the
world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal stationary
pollution sources include chemical plants, coal-fired power
plants, refineries, petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal
activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs,
poultry, etc.),PVC factories, metals production factories, plastics
factories, and other heavy industry. Agricultural air pollution comes
from contemporary practices which include clear felling and
burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and
herbicides.
About 400 million metric tons of hazardous wastes are generated
each year. The United States alone produces about 250 million
metric tons. Americans constitute less than 5% of the world's
population, but produce roughly 25% of the worlds CO2, and
generate approximately 30% of worlds waste. In 2007, China has
overtaken the United States as the world's biggest producer of
CO2, while still far behind based on per capita pollution - ranked
78th among the world's nations.
In February 2007, a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), representing the work of 2,500 scientists,
economists, and policymakers from more than 120 countries, said
that humans have been the primary cause of global warming since
1950. Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and
avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report
concluded. But to change the climate, the transition from fossil
fuels like coal and oil needs to occur within decades, according to
the final report this year from the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC).

Some of the more common soil contaminants are chlorinated

hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals (such as chromium, cadmium
found in rechargeable batteries, and leadfound in
lead paint, aviation fuel and still in some
countries, gasoline), MTBE, zinc, arsenic and benzene. In 2001 a
series of press reports culminating in a book called Fateful Harvest
unveiled a widespread practice of recycling industrial byproducts
into fertilizer, resulting in the contamination of the soil with various
metals. Ordinary municipal landfills are the source of many
chemical substances entering the soil environment (and often
groundwater), emanating from the wide variety of refuse accepted,
especially substances illegally discarded there, or from pre-1970
landfills that may have been subject to little control in the U.S. or
EU. There have also been some unusual releases of polychlorinated
dibenzodioxins, commonly called dioxins for simplicity, such
as TCDD.
Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. For
example, hurricanes often involve water contamination from
sewage, and petrochemical spills from ruptured boats or
automobiles. Larger scale and environmental damage is not
uncommon when coastal oil rigs or refineries are involved. Some
sources of pollution, such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers,
can produce widespread and potentially hazardous releases when
accidents occur.
In the case of noise pollution the dominant source class is
the motor vehicle, producing about ninety percent of all unwanted
noise worldwide.

Effects
Human health
Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans.
Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular
disease, throat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion. Water
pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due
to contamination of drinking water by
untreated sewage in developing countries. An estimated 700 million
Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children
die of diarrheal sickness every day.[Nearly 500 million Chinese lack
access to safe drinking water.656,000 people die prematurely each
year in China because of air pollution. In India, air pollution is
believed to cause 527,700 fatalities a year. [31] Studies have estimated
that the number of people killed annually in the US could be over
50,000.
Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes. Noise pollution
induces hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and sleep
disturbance. Mercury has been linked to developmental deficits in
children and neurologic symptoms. Older people are majorly

exposed to diseases induced by air pollution. Those with heart or

lung disorders are under additional risk. Children and infants are
also at serious risk. Lead and other heavy metals have been shown
to cause neurological problems. Chemical
and radioactive substances can cause cancer and as well as birth
defects.
Environment
Pollution has been found to be present widely in the environment.
There are a number of effects of this:

Biomagnifications describes situations where toxins (such

as heavy metals) may pass through tropic levels, becoming
exponentially more concentrated in the process.

Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the

ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as
CO2 becomes dissolved.

The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global

warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.

Invasive species can out compete native species and

reduce biodiversity. Invasive plants can contribute debris and
bimolecular (allelopathy) that can alter soil and chemical
compositions of an environment, often reducing native
species competitiveness.

Nitrogen oxides are removed from the air by rain

and fertilize land which can change the species composition of
ecosystems.

Smog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by

plants to carry out photosynthesis and leads to the production
of troposphere ozone which damages plants.

Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. This will
affect other organisms in the food web.

Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can cause acid rain which
lowers the pH value of soil.
Pollution control

Pollution control is a term used in environmental management.

It means the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or
soil. Without pollution control, the waste products from
consumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing,
transportation and other human activities, whether they
accumulate or disperse, will degrade the environment. In the
hierarchy of controls, prevention and waste minimization are more
desirable than pollution control. In the field of land
development, low impact development is a similar technique for the
prevention of urban runoff.
Practices

recycling

reusing

reducing

mitigating

preventing

compost

Pollution control devices

Dust collection systems

Bag houses

Cyclones

Electrostatic precipitators
Scrubbers

Baffle spray scrubber

Cyclonic spray scrubber

Ejector venture scrubber

Mechanically aided scrubber

Spray tower

Wet scrubber
Sewage treatment

Sedimentation (Primary treatment)

Activated sludge bioreactors (Secondary treatment; also
used for industrial wastewater)

Aerated lagoons

Constructed wetlands (also used for urban runoff)

Industrial wastewater treatment

API oil-water separators[15][35]

Biofilters

Dissolved air flotation (DAF)

Powdered activated carbon treatment

Ultra filtration

Vapor recovery systems

Phytoremediation

Solid wastes
Solid waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater
treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution
control facility and other discarded materials including solid, liquid,
semi-solid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial,
commercial, mining and agricultural operations, and from
community activities, but does not include solid or dissolved
materials in domestic sewage, or solid or dissolved materials in
irrigation return flows or industrial discharges that are
point sources
Examples of solid wastes: waste tires
Seepage ,scrap metal ,latex paints ,furniture and toys ,domestic
refuse (garbage) ,discarded appliances and vehicles
,uncontaminated used oil and anti-freeze ,empty aerosol cans, paint
cans and compressed gas cylinders ,construction and demolition
debris, asbestos.

Waste can be classified in several ways but the following list

represents a typical classification..Biodegradable waste: food and
kitchen waste, green waste, paper (can also be recycled).

Recyclable material: paper, glass, bottles, cans, metals,

certain plastics, fabrics, clothes, batteries etc.

Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks,

debris.

Electrical and electronic waste (WEEE) - electrical appliances,

TVs, computers, screens, etc.

Composite wastes: waste clothing, Tetra Packs, waste plastics

such as toys.

Hazardous waste including most paints, chemicals, light

bulbs, fluorescent tubes, spray cans, fertilizer and containers

Toxic waste including pesticide, herbicides, fungicides

Medical waste.

Observations at solid waste site

Construction and demolition (C&D) debris means:

Uncontaminated solid waste resulting from the construction,
remodeling, repair and demolition of utilities, structures and roads;
and uncontaminated solid waste resulting from land clearing. Such

waste includes, but is not limited to bricks, concrete and other

masonrymaterials, soil, rock, wood (including painted, treated and
coated wood and wood products),land clearing debris, wall
coverings, plaster, drywall, plumbing fixtures, non-asbestos
insulation, roofing shingles and other roof coverings, asphaltic
pavement, glass, plastics that are not sealed in a manner that
conceals other wastes, empty buckets ten gallons or less in size and
having no more than one inch of residue remaining on the bottom,
electrical wiring and components containing no hazardous liquids,
and pipe and metals that are incidental to any of the above. Solid
waste that is not C&D debris (even if resulting from the
construction, remodeling, repair and demolition of utilities,
structures and roads and land clearing) includes, but is not limited
to asbestos waste, garbage, corrugated container board, electrical
fixtures containing hazardous liquids such as fluorescent light
ballasts or transformers, fluorescent lights, carpeting, furniture,
appliances, tires, drums, containers greater than ten gallons in size,
any containers having more than one inch of residue remaining on
the bottom and fuel tanks. Specifically excluded from the definition
of construction and demolition debris is solid waste (including what
otherwise would be construction and demolition debris) resulting
from any processing technique, other than that employed at a
department-approved C&D debris processing facility, that renders
individual waste components unrecognizable, such as pulverizing or
shredding. Also, waste contained in an illegal disposal site may be
considered C&D debris if the department determines that such
waste is similar in nature and content to C&D debris.
Domestic waste- Household Waste-Kitchen, house cleaning, old
papers, packing, bottles, crockery wares, furnishing materials,
garden trimmings
Commercial Waste- Waste generated at business premises, shops,
offices, markets, departmental stores(paper, packing material,

spoiled, discarded goods)organic, inorganic, chemically reactive and

hazardous waste
Institutional Waste-Schools, Colleges, Hospitals, large hotels and
restaurants, markets selling vegetables, fruits, fish etc., community
halls, religious places, function sites
Street Sweeping-Unconcerned throwing, littering made by
pedestrian travel c, vehicular travel c, stray animals, roadside tree
leaves, rubbish from drain cleaning, debris etc.,
Industrial/Trade Waste-Waste generated through manufacturing
and material processing. Debris or Construction rejects Comprises
earth, brickbats, stones, wooden logs.
Bio Medical Waste-Animal waste such as animal tissues, organs,
body parts, carcasses, bleeding parts, quid, blood, waste generated
by veterinary hospitals, colleges, discharge from hospitals, animal
houses and Microbiology/ biotechnology laboratories, Waste sharps
viz., needles, syringes, scalpels, blades, glass etc. that may cause
puncture
and cuts. This includes both used and unused sharps etc.
Hazardous Waste- Waste with properties that make it dangerous or
potentially harmful to human health or the environment. Waste
listed in Hazardous waste management rules 1989.(batteries,
cleaning aids, pesticides etc.,)Sewage Waste Sewage is the liquid
waste containing some solids produced by humans which typically
consists of washing water, faces, urine, laundry waste and other
material.
Impacts of solid waste on health
The group at risk from the unscientific disposal of solid waste
include the population in areas where there is no proper waste
disposal method, especially the pre-school children; waste workers;
and workers in facilities producing toxic and infectious material.
Other high-risk group include population living close to a waste

dump and those, whose water supply has become contaminated

either due to waste dumping or leakage from landfill sites.
Uncollected solid waste also increases risk of injury, and infection.
In particular, organic domestic waste poses a serious threat, since
they ferment, creating conditions favorable to the survival and
growth of microbial pathogens. Direct handling of solid waste can
result in various types of infectious and chronic diseases with the
waste workers and the rag pickers being the most vulnerable.
Disposal of hospital and other medical waste requires special
attention since this can create major health hazards. This waste
generated from the hospitals, health care centres, medical
laboratories, and research centres such as discarded syringe
needles, bandages, swabs, plasters, and other types of infectious
waste are often disposed with the regular non-infectious waste.
Waste treatment and disposal sites can also create health hazards
for the neighbourhood. Improperly operated incineration plants
cause air pollution and improperly managed and designed landfills
attract all types of insects and rodents that spread disease. Ideally
these sites should be located at a safe distance from all human
settlement. Landfill sites should be well lined and walled to ensure
that there is no leakage into the nearby ground water sources.
Recycling too carries health risks if proper precautions are not
taken. Workers working with waste containing chemical and metals
may experience toxic exposure. Disposal of health-care wastes
require special attention since it can create major health hazards,
such as Hepatitis B and C, through wounds caused by discarded
syringes. Rag pickers and others who are involved in scavenging in
the waste dumps for items that can be recycled, may sustain
injuries and come into direct contact with these infectious items.
Impact of solid wastes on environment

 Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, a potent

greenhouse gas
Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste
biodegradable
Littering, due to waste pollutions, illegal dumping, Leaching: is
a process by which solid waste enter soil and ground water
and contaminating them.

Diseases
Certain chemicals if released untreated, e.g. cyanides, mercury,
and polychlorinated biphenyls are highly toxic and exposure can
lead to disease or death. Some studies have detected excesses of
cancer in residents exposed to hazardous waste. Many studies have
been carried out in various parts of the world to establish a
connection between health and hazardous waste.
The role of plastics
The unhygienic use and disposal of plastics and its effects on
human health has become a matter of concern. Coloured plastics
are harmful as their pigment contains heavy metals that are highly
toxic. Some of the harmful metals found in plastics are copper, lead,
chromium, cobalt, selenium, and cadmium. In most industrialized
countries, colour plastics have been legally banned.
Wastes treatment
Incineration:
Solidification: solid waste are melted or evaporated to produce
a sand like residue.

 Heat treatment: Heat applied at moderate temperature, is used

in treating volatile solvents.
Chemical treatment: is the application of chemical treatment
in the treatment of corrosive solid.

Pollution Effects On Plants and Trees

Although there are so many effects on humans, animals, plants and
the environment by pollution, we only discuss the effects of
pollution on plants and trees. Some of them are outlined here as
follows:
Air Pollution
Acid rain can kill trees, destroy the leaves of plants, can
infiltrate soil by making it unsuitable for purposes of nutrition
and habitation

 Ozone holes in the upper atmosphere can allow excessive

ultraviolet radiation from the sun to enter the Earth causing
damage to trees and plants
Ozone in the lower atmosphere can prevent plant respiration
by blocking stomata (openings in leaves) and negatively
affecting plants photosynthesis rates which will stunt plant
growth; ozone can also decay plant cells directly by entering
stomata

Water Pollution
May disrupt photosynthesis in aquatic plants and thus
affecting ecosystems that depend on these plants
Terrestrial and aquatic plants may absorb pollutants from
water (as their main nutrient source) and pass them up the
food chain to consumer animals and humans
Plants may be killed by too much sodium chloride (ordinary
slat) in water
Plants may be killed by mud from construction sites as well as
bits of wood and leaves, clay and other similar materials
Plants may be killed by herbicides in water; herbicides are
chemicals which are most harmful to plants
Soil Pollution
May alter plant metabolism and reduce crop yields
Trees and plants may absorb soil contaminants and pass them
up the food chain

Study the effect of pollution on an ecosystem

An ecosystem is a self-contained, dynamic system made of a
population of species in its physical environment. This concept is
used to study the complex interactions between the organisms plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi - that make up the community.
There are many different ways in which the community of
organisms interacts. There is the food chain where each organism is
in a producer, consumer, predator, and prey relationship; there is
the oxygen cycle and the water cycle that sustains the organisms.
When an ecosystem gets polluted, the natural balance in the system
is disturbed and this affects the organisms in different ways. It is
important to know how a simple act like introducing sewage water
or toxic waste into a lake can threaten several life species and
plants in the area.

Pollution and the ecosystem

Pollutants like oil, detergents, nitrogen and phosphate from
fertilizers and lead can have a tremendous impact on the ecosystem,
especially if the water gets polluted. In a lake, for example, it can
wreak havoc on the ecological balance by stimulating plant growth
and causing the death of fish due to suffocation resulting from lack
of oxygen. The oxygen cycle will stop, and the polluted water will
also affect the animalsdependant on the lake water.
Ecosystem health
The effects of air pollution on ecosystems are diverse.
Vegetation can be affected when a substance enters the plant
through the pores in its leaves or is absorbed directly into leaf
tissue.
Pollutants from the air can also be deposited in the soil then
absorbed by the roots and transported to the leaves. Symptoms can

include yellowing or death of part or entire leaves, reduced growth

and in the case of some sensitive plant species, death.
Some substances can build up in the tissue of vegetation and can
then affect the health of wildlife and animals that eat the
vegetation.
Substances in the air can also be deposited in water bodies,
reducing water quality and affecting health of organisms in that
water body.
All organisms in an ecosystem interact with one another to
maintain a healthy ecosystem. Where organisms have been
adversely affected by air pollution, the biodiversity of the ecosystem
may be changed.
Pollution Effects on Birds

Pollution Effects on Birds

Pollution is all around us. It is in the air that we breathe, the water
we drink and the food that we eat. But humans are not the only ones
combating the problems of poor air quality and chemically laced food
and water. The animals of our planet are in crisis, as well, especially
the birds.

Noise Pollution

Some people just want some peace and quiet, and

apparently, so do the birds. The University of Colorado at Boulder
has conducted a three-year study that proves that noise pollution
affects birds and their habits. The biggest problem that birds face
when there is too much noise is their ability to communicate. Birds
that vocalize at lower frequencies are easily drowned out by noise
pollution, affecting their ability to attract a mate and socialize with
the other birds in their community. But finches and other birds that
vocalize at a higher frequency appear uninfluenced by the hustle
and bustle of noise pollution--apparently ignoring the mass exodus
of their fellow, winged friends.
Oil Pollution

Birds that are considered "water birds" are greatly

affected by what is known as oil pollution. According to National
Geographic, approximately 500,000 water birds are killed every year
due to oil spills. When birds unexpectedly happen on an oil spill in
their home water area, the oil coats their feathers and causes them
to stick together. Feathers ordinarily provide a waterproof protection
for birds, but when the feathers are covered in oil they lose this
quality. This causes some of their skin to become exposed and at
risk to the elements. Birds who attempt to clean their feathers will
often ingest the oil and become ill or even die from poisoning.

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Light Pollution
o

There is such a thing as too much light, at least, in the

bird world. Bright city lights look beautiful at night when viewed
from a distance, but that is no consolation for the bird that can't
find the way home. Birds use the bright stars in the sky to
determine the route for the next day, and when the city lights
interfere with their view, birds can become confused and
disoriented. World Migratory Bird Day explains that light pollution
can affect the flight patterns of birds, rendering their usual
migration paths impossible to follow. City birds are also finding it
very difficult to sleep with all of the bright lights, and some birds
have become uncharacteristically active at night. Unfortunately,
light pollution also causes some birds to succumb to deadly
collisions with buildings and other objects in the sky that may be
difficult to see when "blinded by the light".
Water Pollution

Think twice before you send that helium balloon up into

the sky. Heavy winds commonly lead balloons to the ocean, and
many a bird has been found with a balloon string hanging from his
beak or wrapped around his neck. But balloons are just the
beginning. The University of Michigan reports that municipal,
agricultural and industrial waste account for the majority of water
pollution throughout the world. Pesticides and heavy metals that
are leaked into rivers, lakes and streams can cause illnesses and
death in birds, threatening individual species. Water pollutants can
also reduce the amount of oxygen in the water that eventually kills

the fish. Birds that rely on fish as a source of food will often need to
move to other areas to feed, causing an upset to the natural
balance.
Air Pollution
o

Poor air quality due to smog and noxious gases can have
a devastating effect on the bird population in dense areas. Not
surprisingly, these pollutants have even drifted up into the polar
regions, putting the lives of arctic birds at risk. According to
PowerWorks Incorporated, birds have very high respiratory rates,
which make them even more susceptible to pollutants in the air and
to airborne impurities.

Suggestions to prevent pollution

1.of course don't throw garbage anywhere
2.use bicycles instead of cars because cars release dangerous
smoke
like CO2
3.make posters about what may happen when pollution continues
4.encourage people to prevent pollution
5.campaign environment friendly
6.make some activities to help the environ more clean

7. segregate garbage
8. recycle garbage
9. compost biodegradable garbage
10. be an environment friendly

Ways to reduce pollution in the environment

One world is large enough for all of us!
As we continue to live and breathe on this planet, we must become
more energy conscious, if we are to continue to live and breathe on
this planet! Use of natural resources, consumption and waste are
all at peak levels, and rising. It is up to each of us to act
individually and together to effect change that will make the planet
habitable in the years to come. While wars are devastating to
humankind, the blatant misuse of energy and resources potentially
threatens our long-term survival as a species. It is by conserving
energy at home, and growing an environment consciousness in our
communities, that we can turn around the dire situation that the
world is in now. We must act now!
Here then is a compendium of ten things that you can do today, or
this week, to help reduce the impact you are having on the earth.
As you go about implementing these ideas into your life, it is
important that you inspire others. Please bring your attention to the
personal enrichment that each of these items brings to you. They
are practices of awareness, of connecting with the environment, and
of hope. By embodying these qualities in our attitude, we create a
positive experience for ourselves and the people we that we touch.
1) Bring your own bag when you go grocery shopping. Many grocery
stores sell cloth bags, or you can just recycle ones that you already

have. You can buy a cloth bag online if you like, here. They are very
sturdy, and hold as much as the paper or plastic ones do. You can
see an article here about how Ireland has addressed the issue of
plastic bags by passing a 15 cent tax on each bag. initiated in 2002,
it has eliminated 1 BILLION plastic bags per year.
2) Park your car. Every mile driven in a typical car produces a
pound of exhaust waste, in the form of carbon dioxide. This
amounts to tons of waste over a year.There is a converter here, that
will tell you about how much you can reduce environmental
pollution by driving less. There are benefits to not driving as well,
whether it is exercise and neighborly interactions when walking or
biking; or time to read or talk if carpooling or on the bus. And if you
have to use your car (as I feel I have to) combine errands, work and
other activities to promote driving less overall.
3) Increase your awareness of electricity use. Turn off appliances
and lights when they are not in use. Be particularly aware of cable
boxes, video boxes; and to a lesser extent TVs and DVD players.
They consume almost as much energy off as they do when they are
on! Anytime an appliance is off and there is a light, or clock going
(like on a microwave) there is what is called a ghost load. Just
unplug it when not in use, or better yet put it on a power strip with
an on/off switch. You'll save energy, and cut down on the air
pollution that electrical plants - that are often coal powered create.

4) Eat less meat. The energy required to produce 1 calorie of beef is

18 TIMES more than that required to make a calorie of wheat. It is
mindboggling; however, if we examine the water required to produce
a pound of beef, it is just over 5200 gallons. The water pollution is
one problem that is out of control when it comes to the meat
industry. Every meal that replacesmeat with vegetables, beans or
soy protein, and grains makes a significant dent in the overall
environmental picture. One really good source of information here is
a book by Michael Pollen called The Omnivores Dilemma.
5) Buy locally. Locally grown food travels at most a couple of
hundred miles, and is usually picked the day before, if not the day
of, delivery. In contrast, the average piece of produce found on your
grocer's counter has traveled 1500 miles! In addition, it often need
some refrigeration and packaging to survive the 4 - 7 days it takes
before it gets there. And it's not just produce that is made locally;
many things you can get at the big box is either being made locally,
or in those cases where they aren't, they can often be purchased
second hand. A lot of pollution can be avoided by just buying locally
whenever possible.

Opinion(Conclusion):
In the recent past environmental pollution caused due the
industrialization has become the focus of collective action by the
civil society organizations, NGOs, concerned individuals, especially
lawyers, scientists, environmentalists and social activists. They
sought the intervention of the judiciary and drew the attention of
the state for showing concern to the pollution caused by the process
of modernization. However, the main focus of the collective action
against pollution has been in the urban areas. Certain tragedies like

gas leakage in Bhopal based Union Carbide MNC, Chernobyl in

former Soviet Union where thousands of people were killed created
worries among the people on the negative effect of the
industrialization. Though the 1990s have seen increased concern
about the environmental pollution, awareness about the disastrous
impact of the environmental pollution started growing in the 1960s.
All the major cities of India are facing acute air, water and other
kinds on environmental pollution. Continuous immigration of the
people from rural areas into the cities, their habitat in the
congested areas which exist along with the polluting small scale
industries; increasing number of vehicles; and unplanned
expansion of cities, open drainage, etc. have created levels
environmental hazards. This pollution made people susceptible to
multiple diseases. The protection of environment did not form
significant part of the policies of the state. The Peruvian model gave
more emphasis to the industrialization without showing much
concern for the pollution it was going create. However, in 1976 an
Constitutional Amendment called upon the state to protect and
improve the environment and to safeguard the forest and wildlife of
the country and made the fundamental duty of every citizen to
protect and improve the natural environment including forests,
lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living
creatures. In the following decades the state passed legislations to
prevent air pollution and environmental protection like The Air Act
of 1981 and Environmental Protection Act of 1986. The judiciary
has become the arbiter of peoples rights which include their
protection from the environmental protection also since the
emergence of the device of the Public Interest Litigation ( PIL). In the
face of indifference of the executive and legislature about the
peoples problems, the PIL has become an effective weapon through
which people seethe intervention of the state on these issues. The
intervention of the judiciary forced the state to introduce some
measures for prevention of environmental pollution. Justice Krishna
Iyer, Justice Kuldeep Singh and advocate MC Mehta have made

remarkable contribution in protection of the environment. Delhi is

one of the most polluted cities in the world. Three issues related to
the environmental pollution have been focus of activities of some
concerned of the civil society components in the recent past. These
are air pollution caused due to the vehicular and industrial
pollution and water pollution in Yamuna river. The number of
private and public vehicles has increased many folds in the recent
past. This has polluted the environment and made people,
especially children and old vulnerable to multiple diseases. Reacting
to the court order which was result of a PIL, the government made
it compulsory to introduce the CNG vehicles and make the pollution
check mandatory for all private vehicles. The introduction of the
CNG vehicles has resulted in the reduction of the environmental
pollution in the city. Similarly, the Delhi government has been force
to shift the polluting industries out of the city and launch the
Yamuna River cleaning operation. The closing down of the polluting
factories and industries proved the labor unrest in the city. It
resulted in the police firing, which killed one laborer. In fact, this is
related to the unplanned development policy. The migration to the
cities from the villages is inevitable. Unless some measures are
adopted to absorb the migrating population, and increasing usage
of the vehicles is stopped, it seems the environmental pollution will
remain.

-:Acknowledgement:I ,Nilesh Priyadarshi as a student of final year of B.Com(HONS) from

S.A. Jaipuria College, am greatly thankful to all the teachers of my
college for giving their valuable suggestion to make this project and
also for guidance over the subject matters, constant support, and
the Endeavour shown by them in being a real environmentalist.
It was enlightening to know more and more from the never ending
resources of teachers while composing this project was highly
obliging.
I find myself fortunate enough for having experienced every bit of
what environmental education is.

Bibliography:
References- class notes, discussions.
Websites referred- Wikipedia, green.com,
google.com etc.
Books referred- journals, magazines and course
prescribed books on EVS.
Articles from newspapers have also been referred
to.