EE 577 Lecture on Wireless Multipath Fading

EE 577: Wireless and Personal
Communications
Lecture 10: Small Scale Fading
and Multipath
Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari
Statistical Models of Multipath
Each resolvable path is by itself a sum of many

multiple paths that have small relative delays
The amplitude of each resolvable path is a random
process (uncorrelated of other resolvable paths)
The number of paths summing up in each resolvable
paths is large
By Central Limit Theorem, each component (in-phase
and quadrature) of each resolvable path has a
Gaussian distribution
The power of resultant path is:
tot2 = I2 + Q2
Statistical Models of Multipath

Fading
components
Rayleigh Fading
Fading
components
Direct, non-faded component

LOS component
Ricean Fading
Rayleigh Fading Distribution
This arises from having multiple incident copies of

the transmitted signal with no dominant, direct
incident ray (no LOS)
The multiple copies add together into a general
amplitude envelope
From probability theory, the envelope can be
modeled as a Rayleigh probability density function
The phase is uniformly distributed random
variable.
r 2
p (r ) = 2 exp 2 u (r )
2
R
R 2
Pr(r R ) = p (r )dr =1 exp
2
2
0
r
PDF:
CDF:
Phase PDF:
p ( ) =
1
,
2
Rayleigh PDF
is the rms value of the voltage envelope

Mean value rmean = 1.2533
Median value of the distribution is
rmedian = 1.177
AC power (variance) of the signal envelope is
Var [ r ] = 0.4292
Ricean Fading Distribution
This arises from having multiple incident

copies of the transmitted signal along with a
dominant, direct incident ray (LOS)
The multiple paths (with same delay) add
together into a general amplitude envelope
As the dominant path fades out, the PDF
approaches that of a Rayleigh fading
It is the envelop of the sum of two Gaussian random

variables with a non-zero means given by I and Q
Let A 2 = I2 + Q2
PDF ( A 0 )
( r 2 + A 2 ) rA
I o 2 u ( r )
p (r ) = 2 exp

2 2
where I o ( ) is the zeroth-order modified

r2
Bessel function of the first kind

The Ricean fading is often described by the K-Factor

or Specular-to-diffuse ratio
A2
K (dB ) = 10 log10 2
2
Physically this corresponds to the ratio of the direct

path (LOS) signal power to the variance of multipath
components
As A 0, K -Infinity dB and the LOS fades out and
distribution becomes Rayleigh
10
Ricean pdf
(with different Ks)
11
12
Nakagami Fading Distribution
PDF: For m 0.5
2 m
p (r ) =
(m ) p
2 m 1
m 2 r 2
u (r )
exp
r
2p
where (m ) is the Gamma function
Fits well to indoor measurements

m is the fade parameter:
m = 0.5 single-sided Gaussian (worst)

m = 1 Rayleigh distribution
m = 8 No fading
13
Ricean and Nakagami
Nakagami distribution is analytically tractable

for error performance analysis
Ricean distribution is difficult to analyze
Ricean distribution can be approximated by
Nakagami distribution for low SNR values
Simplifies the analysis of systems undergoing
Ricean fading (Because the Bessel function is
eliminated)
14
Phase Distribution
In all fading distributions, the phase of the

received signal is random
If coherent detection is employed (estimates
the phase), then the performance is affected
by fading distribution only
Otherwise, noncoherent detection has to be
considered (phase is not estimated)
15
Level Crossing Rate (LCR)
Tells how often the faded signal crosses a specified

lever (R) in the positive direction
LCR is a function of the MS speed
For Rayleigh Fading:
N R = 2 f D exp ( 2 )
whrere = R P , and P = 2 2
For Ricean Fading:
N R = 2 (K + 1)f D exp ( K (K + 1) 2 ) I 0 2 K (K + 1)
16
Example 5.7 [Rapp. 2nd ed.]
For a Rayleigh fading signal, compute the

positive-going level crossing rate for = 1 ,
when the maximum Doppler frequency is 20
Hz. What is the maximum velocity of the
mobile for this Doppler frequency if the
carrier frequency is 900 MHz.
Solution:
NR=18.44 crossings
v = fd=20/3 = 6.66 m/s = 24 km/hr
17
Average Fade Duration (AFD)
Tells how often the faded signal stays below

a specified level
1
Pr [ r < R ]
NR
Tells how many bits will be most likely lost in

a deep fade duration
exp 2 1
For Rayleigh Fading: =
( )
f d 2
18
Rayleigh fading with fD= 200 Hz

Find AFD for = 0.01 , = 0.1, and = 1
Solution:
= 0.01
= 0.1
=1
AFD = 19.9 s
AFD = 200 s
AFD = 3.34 ms
19
Find the AFD for a threshold level = 0.707

when fD = 20 Hz.
For a binary digital modulation with bit
duration of 50 bps, is the Rayleigh fading
slow or fast?
What is the average number of bit errors per
second for the given data rate. Assume that a
bit error occurs whenever any portion of a bit
encounters a fade for which < 0.1
10
20

Solution:
AFD = 18.3 ms
For a data rate of 50 bps, the bit period is 20
ms > AFD Fast fading
For = 0.707 AFD = 0.002 s < duration of
one bit This means only one bit on
average will be lost during a fade. The
number of level crossings is 4.96 crossings
per second BER = 5/50 = 0.1
21
Clarkes Model for Flat Fading
The model assumes a

fixed transmitter with a
vertically polarized
antenna.
The field incident on the
mobile antenna is
assumed to be
comprised of N azimuthal
plane waves with
arbitrary carrier phases,
arbitrary azimuthal
angles of arrival and
each having equal
average amplitude.
11
22
The mobile is traveling with a velocity of v in the xdirection.

The angle of arrival is measured in the x-y plane with
respect to the motion
Each wave has a Doppler shift and arrives at the
same time No excess delay Flat Fading
For the nth wave arriving at an angle to the x-axis,
the Doppler shift in Hertz is given by
fn =
cos ( n )
23

The vertically polarized plane waves arriving at
the mobile have E and H field components
N
E z = E o C n cos ( 2 f c t + n )
n =1
Hx = Hy = -
Eo
Eo
C
n =1
sin ( n ) cos ( 2 f c t + n )
cos ( n ) cos ( 2 f c t + n )
C
n =1
12
24

where E o is the real amplitude of local average
E-field (assumud constant), C n is a real random
variable representing the amplitude of indvidual
waves, is the intrinsic impedance of free space
(377 ), and f c is the carrier frequency.
The random phase of the nth arriving component
n is given by: n = 2 f c t + n
25
The amplitude of the E- and H-field are

normalized such that the ensemble average
of the Cns is given by
N
C
n =1
2
n
=1
Since the Doppler shift is very small

compared to the carrier frquency, the three
filed components may be modeled as
narrow band random processes
13
26

The vertically polarized plane waves arriving at
the mobile have E and H field components
E z = T c (t ) cos ( 2 f c t ) T s (t ) sin ( 2 f c t )
where
N
T c (t ) = E o C n cos ( 2 f n t + n )
n =1
N
T s (t ) = E o C n sin ( 2 f n t + n )
n =1
27
Symbol Period of Transmitted

Signal
Both T c (t ) and T s (t ) are Gaussian random
precesses. At any time t we have T c and T s
random variables. T c and T s are uncorrelated
zero-mean Gaussian random variables with
and equal variance given by
C2 = S2 = E O2 2
14
28
Transmitted Baseband Signal

Bandwidth
It can be shown that envelope of the received
E-field, E z (t ), is given by
E z (t ) = T c2 (t ) +T s2 (t ) = r (t )
and since T c and T s are Gaussian ranom variables
r has Rayleigh distribution
with 2 = E o2 2
29
Spectral Shape Due to Doppler

Spread in Clarks Model
Gans [Gan72] developed a spectrum analysis

for Clarkes model.
S E z (f ) =
f m
f fc
1
fm
15
30
Simulation of Clarke and Gans

Fading Model
31
Simulation of Clarke and Gans

Fading Model
16
32
Frequency Domain Implementation

of a Rayleigh fading simulator
33
Two-Ray Multipath Fading

Model
Assumes only two resolvable paths. The

received signal is:
r (t ) = 1 (t )e j 1 (t ) + 2 (t )e j 2 (t ) s (t )
Where:
s (t ) is the transmitted signal
i (t ) is the transmitted signal
i 's and i 's are uncorrelated
17
34
Multi-Ray Multipath Fading

Model
Assumes N resolvable paths. The received

signal is:
N
r (t ) = i (t )e j i (t )s (t )
i =1
Where:
s (t ) is the transmitted signal
i 's and i 's are uncorrelated
18
35

EE 577 Lecture on Wireless Multipath Fading

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EE 577: Wireless and Personal

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Statistical Models of Multipath

Each resolvable path is by itself a sum of many

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Statistical Models of Multipath

Direct, non-faded component

Rayleigh Fading Distribution

This arises from having multiple incident copies of

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Rayleigh Fading Distribution

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Rayleigh Fading Distribution

is the rms value of the voltage envelope

Ricean Fading Distribution

This arises from having multiple incident

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Ricean Fading Distribution

It is the envelop of the sum of two Gaussian random

where I o ( ) is the zeroth-order modified

Bessel function of the first kind

Ricean Fading Distribution

The Ricean fading is often described by the K-Factor

Physically this corresponds to the ratio of the direct

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Nakagami Fading Distribution

PDF: For m 0.5

where (m ) is the Gamma function

Fits well to indoor measurements

m = 0.5 single-sided Gaussian (worst)

Ricean and Nakagami

Nakagami distribution is analytically tractable

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

In all fading distributions, the phase of the

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Level Crossing Rate (LCR)

Tells how often the faded signal crosses a specified

For Ricean Fading:

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Example 5.7 [Rapp. 2nd ed.]

For a Rayleigh fading signal, compute the

Average Fade Duration (AFD)

Tells how often the faded signal stays below

Tells how many bits will be most likely lost in

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Example 5.8 [Rapp. 2nd ed.]

Rayleigh fading with fD= 200 Hz

Example 5.9 [Rapp. 2nd ed.]

Find the AFD for a threshold level = 0.707

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Example 5.9 [Rapp. 2nd ed.]

Dr. Abdallah Al-Ahmari

Clarkes Model for Flat Fading