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2016
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Gii quyt tranh chp ch quyn bin o bng bin php php lut xut hin
t lu gn lin vi nhng phn quyt ca Ta n Trng ti Thng trc (Permanent
Court of Arbitration - PCA), Ta n Thng trc Cng l Quc t (Permanent
Court of International Justice - PCIJ) v Ta n Cng l Quc t (International
Court of Justice - ICJ). Tranh chp ch quyn lnh th trong c tranh chp ch
quyn bin o xut hin nhiu khu vc trn phm vi ton th gii. Nguyn
nhn ca tranh chp ch quyn bin o l do quan im ch quyn ca cc quc
gia khc xa nhau, ng thi xut hin cc tham vng a chin lc, a qun s,
a chnh tr v a kinh t ca mt s quc gia. C nhng v vic c cc bn
tham gia tranh chp trnh ln cc c quan ti phn quc t th l v phn x mt
cch cng bng. Gii quyt tranh chp ch quyn lnh th trong c tranh chp
ch quyn bin o bng bin php php lut l ph hp vi nhng nguyn tc c
bn ca Hin chng Lin Hip Quc v nhng nguyn tc c bn ca lut php
quc t. i khi nhng phn quyt ca cc thm phn tr thnh nhng n l kinh
* Bi vit c tc gi thc hin trong qu trnh tham gia Hi tho khoa hc quc t ti Tokyo,
Nht Bn v tnh hnh chu - Thi Bnh Dng, t ngy 18 n 22/02/2016 v c cp nht
thm phn quyt ca Ta Trng ti Thng trc trong v Philippines kin Trung Quc Bin
ng ngy 12/7/2016.
** B T lnh Cnh st bin.
84
in trong lch s gii quyt tranh chp ch quyn lnh th bng bin php php lut
m cc th h sau khng th khng vin dn phn x tranh chp.
Gii quyt tranh chp ch quyn bin o trn th gii ni chung v khu vc
Bin ng ni ring bng bin php php lut trong bi cnh hin nay tr thnh
nhu cu cp thit khi m cc quc gia hu quan ang c nhng bt ng, mu
thun v quan im tri ngc nhau v ch quyn i vi mt s qun o v o
trong khu vc Bin ng. Mi s tranh chp ch quyn bin o nu khng c
gii quyt bng bin php php lut s kh em li s bnh yn cho khu vc .
Chnh v vy, bi vit ny nhm h thng li nhng phn quyt ca cc thm phn
ca cc c quan ti phn quc t v gii quyt tranh chp ch quyn bin o trn
th gii v tip cn di gc c rt nhng bi hc kinh nghim t nhng n
l ca cc c quan ti phn quc t v gii quyt tranh chp ch quyn bin o.
1. Phn quyt ca Ta n Trng ti Thng trc i vi v n tranh
chp o Palmas gia M v H Lan
Khi qut chung v o Palmas
o Palmas l mt hn o nm gia Indonesia (trc y l thuc a ca
H Lan) v Philippines (trc y l thuc a ca Ty Ban Nha), o Palmas xt
v khong cch a l th nm gn Philippines hn Indonesia. Xt v gi tr kinh
t, o Palmas l o c ngi dn sinh sng vi nhng iu kin t nhin thun
li pht trin mt s lnh vc kinh t, c iu kin thun li pht trin giao
thng bun bn. V v tr a chin lc, o Palmas c v tr quan trng, trn
hng bin l khu vc c th trin khai chnh sch pht trin kinh t bin v trin
khai cn c qun s, c bit l i vi lc lng hi qun v lc lng chp php
trn bin. V mt dn s ca o Palmas khong trn 760 ngi/1km2, tnh n
nm 2015.
Nm 1898, Ty Ban Nha k ha c nhng li Philippines cho Hoa K,
bao gm c o Palmas. Nm 1906, H Lan khng nh ch quyn i vi o
Palmas. Nhn thy H Lan khng nh ch quyn i vi o Palmas, cho nn Hoa
K ng gii quyt tranh chp ti Ta n Trng ti Thng trc (PCA)(1) vo nm
1928, thm phn v ny l Max Huber, ngi Thy S.
C s php l v lp lun ca hai bn
Lp lun ca Hoa K: Hoa K i ch quyn bng lp lun v quyn khm
ph v s hu lin k. H Lan a ra quan im: H Lan l quc gia nm gi
quyn s hu thc t trong ha bnh, ko di lin tc sut hn hai th k m khng
gp phi s phn i no ca Nh nc Ty Ban Nha, ng thi H Lan k
hng lot cc hip nh vi nh cm quyn a phng, t lp nn thuc a
H Lan trn o Palmas, km theo cc hot ng kinh t, ngha v khi c chin
tranh, i ngoi v.v
85
Phn quyt ca Ta
Ty Ban Nha khng th chuyn nhng hp php ci m h khng s hu.
Bi qu nhin h nm gi s hu ban u khi khm ph o, nhng sau khng
thc thi quyn lc thc s vi o nn i hi ca Hoa K l yu t, m nht v
khng c chp nhn. Ngc li cc hot ng ca H Lan i vi o Palmas l
c trng quyn lc ca nh nc, n din ra trong ha bnh bi khng c xung t
no gia cc quc gia, n lin tc trong sut thi gian di, mc d cng c nhng
khong trng nht nh c th t nm 1726 n nm 1825. Nh vy, Palmas l lnh
th thuc s hu ca H Lan.(2)
2. Phn quyt ca Ta n Thng trc Cng l Quc t (PCIJ) i vi v
n tranh chp ng Greenland gia Na Uy v an Mch giai on 1931-1933
Khi qut chung v o Greenland
Greenland l lnh th cc bc Tri t, rng khong 4.650km2, 81% din tch
c bng ph khng th sinh sng. Nm 1931, Na Uy chim ng v tuyn b ch
quyn pha ng Greenland - phn t khng c ngi - v cho rng l t v
ch cha thuc s hu ca bt k quc gia no. an Mch li i ch quyn vi
ton b Greenland trong khi ch chim hu thc s mt phn din tch ca o.
Nm 1933, hai nc ng gii quyt tranh chp ch quyn ti Ta n Thng
trc Cng l Quc t, m sau ny l Ta n Cng l Quc t.(3)
C s php l v lp lun ca hai bn
Lp lun ca Na Uy: Na Uy cho rng h chim ng Greenland l vng
t v ch cha thuc quyn s hu ca bt k quc gia no. Lp lun ca an
Mch: an Mch chng minh ch quyn i vi ton b o khng bng hnh
vi chim hu c th no m bng mt lot cc sc lnh, lut thc thi php lut,
hnh chnh tri di khong 1.000 nm trc, t Greenland di s iu hnh ca
an Mch, quy nh lu thng hng hi quanh Greenland, quy nh vic sn bt
v nh c, quy nh vic cp giy php cho cc quc gia v ngi n thm pha
ng Greenland, cc hot ng thm him v.v, qu trnh an Mch thc hin
cc hnh ng din ra trong ha bnh.
Phn quyt ca Ta
Vic xc lp ch quyn i vi vng t khng th sinh sng ch cn quc
gia c nh chim hu v thc hin mt s hot ng mang tnh quyn lc nh
nc l . Ta xc nh an Mch c nh v thm quyn quc gia nu l
y c ch quyn vi ton b Greenland. Vi nhng khu vc khng th sinh
sng th yu cu duy tr ch quyn trn lnh th l t nghim ngt hn so vi cc
khu vc c th qua li v ng dn c. y chnh l s thay i mt phn trong
ni dung ca nguyn tc chim hu tht s khi n c vn dng trong mt iu
kin lnh th mi. Nh vy, ch quyn ca o Greenland thuc v an Mch.(4)
86
87
88
trc kia cng nhn ng bin gii t thi thc dn v giao ph cho y ban
cm mc, coi hnh vi ca Nigeria l xm chim, vi phm lut php quc t.
Lp lun ca Nigeria: Trn thc t Nigeria ch cng nhn mt s ni dung
phn nh ranh gii t thi thc dn, khng cng nhn s khng nh ch quyn
bng chim hu tht s thng qua hot ng h tr y t-gio dc, qun l, gim st,
thu thu cc lng vng h Chad m khng c phn i t Cameroon.
Phn quyt ca Ta
ng bin gii thi thc dn vn gi nguyn hiu lc. Cameroon nm
gi ch quyn trc khi Nigeria thc thi ch quyn, mc d h khng c hot ng
thng xuyn nhng lun tm cch thc thi ch quyn, cho d c rt t thnh cng,
h r rng phn i hnh vi ca Nigeria. Nigeria thua kin cho d thc thi
quyn lc nh nc trn lnh th tranh chp bi n khng p ng tiu ch ha
bnh ca chim hu tht s.(8)
6. Phn quyt ca Ta n Cng l Quc t i vi v tranh chp o
Pulau Ligitan v Pulau Sipadan gia Malaysia v Indonesianm 2002
Pulau Ligitan v Pulau Sipadan l hai o nh khng c dn c sinh sng,
gi tr kinh t khng ln, tranh chp t nm 1969 do c hai quc gia u vin dn
quyn s hu t thi phong kin (hi th k XVI), iu c quc t thi thuc a,
nhng khng c ICJ cng nhn nn hai nc vin dnnguyn tc chim hu
tht strc nm 1969 khng nh ch quyn.
Lp lun ca cc bn
Lp lun caIndonesia: Indonesia vin dn bo co ca tu H Lan khng
nh hai o thuc quyn s hu ca H Lan, cc cuc iu tra thy vn xung
quanh hai o, cuc ving thm ca hi qun, ng dn c truyn thng nh bt
xung quanh hai o. Lp lun ca Malaysia: Malaysia cho rng thi thuc a,
Anh thu thp, qun l, kim sot trng ra trn o t nm 1914, c php
lnh bo tn ra, gii quyt tranh chp lin quan n thu thp trng ra, cp php
cho tu nh c xung quan o, xy hi ng v tr gip ng bin cho hai o
m Indonesia khng phn i; sau thi thuc a, Malaysia lun khng nh
ch quyn trong qu trnh m phn vi Indonesia v thm lc a trong khi
Indonesia khng quan tm i ch quyn hai o. Malaysia cng khai thc
du lch, gi an ninh, mi trng cho Sipadan n thi im 1997, hai o l khu
bo tn ca Malaysia.
Phn quyt ca Ta
Indonesia khng c hot ng lp php i vi o, o lut nm 1960 v bn
km theo khng cp n hai o, chuyn i ca tu H Lan c xc nh
89
90
91
92
93
NTM
CH THCH
(1) Ta n Trng ti Thng trc, tn ting Anh l Permanent Court of Arbitration - PCA, l
mtt chc quc tc tr s ti La Hay,H Lan. Ta c thnh lp nm 1899 tiHi ngh
Ha bnh Hagueu tin vi s ra icc cng c Den Haag 1899 v 1907.
(2) Reports of International Arbitral Awards Recueil Dessentences Arbitrales. Island of Palmas
case - Netherlands, USA, 4 April 1928, Volume II, pp. 829-871.
(3) Ta n Cng l Quc t,tn ting Anh lInternational Court of Justice-ICJ, l mt phn ban
trc thucLin Hip Quc, c thnh lp vo nm1945m tin thn lTa n Thng
trc Cng l Quc t,tn ting Anh l Permanent Court of International Justice - PCIJ ra i
94
Xem thm: Nguyn Thanh Minh (ng ch bin) (2012), Quy ch php l quc t gii
quyt tranh chp ch quyn Bin ng l lun v thc tin, Nxb i hc Kinh t Quc
dn H Ni.
2.
Nguyn Thanh Minh (2011), Quy ch php l quc t i vi cc vng bin thuc ch
quyn, quyn ch quyn, quyn ti phn quc gia ven bin t l lun n thc tin, tp ch
Nghin cu Trung Quc, s 10.
3.
Nguyn Thanh Minh (2014), V mt s hi ngh quc t lin quan n ch quyn ca Vit
Nam i vi hai qun o Hong Sa v Trng Sa giai on 1943-1951, tp ch Nghin
cu Lch s, s 9.
4.
95
5. Nguyn Thanh Minh (2014), Quan im xy dng chnh sch bin cn i v hin i, tp
ch Kinh t v Chnh tr Th gii, s 12.
6.
Nguyn Thanh Minh (2015), Cc quc gia trong khu vc Bin ng cn tun th nghim
Cng c ca Lin Hip Quc v Lut Bin quc t nm 1982, tp ch Nghin cu Trung
Quc, s 3.
7.
Marwyn S. Samuels (1982),Tranh chp Bin ng, Methuen, NewYork and London.
8.
Nguyn Q. Thng, (2008),Hong Sa-Trng Sa lnh th Vit Nam nhn t cng php quc
t, NxbTri thc.
9.
Nguyn Ton Thng (2009), Vn th c lnh th trong lut quc t, Chuyn thuc
ti nghin cu cp nh nc: C s php l v ch quyn ca Vit Nam i vi hai qun
o Trng Sa - Hong Sado Trung tm Lut Bin v Hng hi Quc t ch tr.
10. T ng Minh Thu (1998),Ch quyn trn hai qun o Hong Sa v Trng Sa - Th
phn tch lp lun ca Vit Nam v Trung Quc,Tham lun ti Hi tho h Vn tranh
chp Bin ng ti New York City, http:// nghiencuubiendong.vn, 01/12/2010.
TM TT
Trong bi cnh hin nay, vn tranh chp ch quyn bin o ang c nhiu biu hin
phc tp, khi m quan im ch quyn gia cc quc gia cn khc bit nhau qu ln. Vy gii
quyt tranh chp ch quyn bin o bng bin php no gp phn gi vng mi trng ha
bnh n nh? Cc quc gia khng c n phng dng v lc gii quyt tranh chp, bi
s dng v lc gii quyt tranh chp khng cu thnh ch quyn hp php. Nh vy, gii
quyt tranh chp ch quyn bin o bng bin php ha bnh l phng thc ti thng nht,
phng thc ny cho php cc quc gia vn dng nhng ch ti quc t v gii quyt tranh chp
ch quyn bin o. Bi vit s im li nhng n l c tnh cht kinh in tham vn v nhn
nhn vn mt cch khch quan cng nh gi chnh sch, bi trong bi cnh tranh chp ch
quyn bin o khu vc Bin ng ang c nhng du hiu rt ng quan ngi.
ABSTRACT
SOME VERDICTS OF INTERNATIONAL COURT OF ARBITRATION AND JUSTICE ON THE
SETTLEMENT OF THE WORLD'S MARITIME TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY DISPUTES
FROM 1928 TO 2016
In current context, the issues of maritime territorial disputes are more complex due to
different views on maritime territorial sovereignty among related countries. Thus, it is necessary
to seek a sensible solution to settle maritime territorial in order to maintain peaceful and stable
environment? Countries should not unilaterally use force to resolve disputes, which does not
constitute a legitimate sovereign. Thus, the settlement of maritime territorial disputes by peaceful
means is the most ultimate way allowing countries to make use of international sanctions. The
article reviews the legal precedents for consultation and for the objective awareness of the related
problems, as well as for policy suggestions to adjust to negative signs in the context of maritime
territorial disputes in the East Sea.