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less than 70% of that in the storey above or less than 80% of
the average lateral stiffness of the three storeys above [1].
Studies of Bhuj earthquake [2] indicate that about 2350 G+4
and G+10 storey buildings having soft storey at the ground
floor suffered structural damage in urban areas within 250 km
of the epicenter. A large number of reinforced concrete
buildings in urban areas near the epicenter collapsed whereas
most of the buildings experienced structural damage resulting
in numbers of causalities. Such poor performance of the soft
storey buildings during seismic activity, always advocated
against the construction of such soft ground storey buildings.
Increasing construction of multi storied buildings with a soft
ground story, however, indicates that the practical need of an
open space to provide car parking space far overweighs the
advice issued by the engineering community. Hence the need
for strengthening the buildings with the unavoidable soft
storeys has gathered the attention of researchers.
Several researchers have addressed the problem of soft storey
from different angles in the recent past. One approach to
address the problem is in (a) raising the stiffness of the open
storey to at least 50% of the stiffness of the storey above,
such that the soft storeys are avoided, and (b) open storeys
are to be provided with sufficient lateral strength. The
potential measures to accomplish the above are (i) by
providing stiffer columns in the open storey, and (ii) by
providing a concrete service core in the building. By
providing stiffer columns, the lateral drift demand on the first
storey columns is reduced, however the provision of service
core results in effective reduction of drift as well as the
strength demands on the first storey columns [3]. Structural
&
& Cu& Ku Mru&
&g
Mu
(1)
where M, C, and K are the mass, damping and stiffness
matrices, respectively, r is the force-influence vector, u
represents the displacement degrees of freedom relative to the
base of the structure and ug is the ground displacement. The
matrices are given as:
Mf
M bd
u f
, r
u
bd
C f Cbd 2 Cbd 3
K f K bd 2 K bd
3
,
,K
T
T
Cbd1
K bd 1
(Cbd 3 )
(K bd 3 )
,C
r f
, r f 1, rbd 1
rbd
(2)
where
mbd 1 0 0
M bd 0 O 0 ,
0 0 mbdN
cbd 1 0 0
Cbd 1 0 O 0 , Cbd 2
0 0 cbdN
0 cbd 2 0
cbd 2 0 0
0 O c 0 , C 0 0 O c
bdN
bd 3
bdN ,
0 0 0
0
0 0
kbd 1 0 0
K bd 1 0 O 0 , K bd 2
0 0 kbdN
0
kbd 2 0 0
0 kbd 2
0 O k 0 ,K
0 0 O k
bdN
bd 3
bdN
0 0 0
0 0
0
(3)
In the above equations, Mf, Cf and Kf are the NN mass,
damping and stiffness matrices of the structure excluding the
bracing members, Mbd, Cbd1, Cbd2, Cbd3, Kbd1, Kbd2 and Kbd3 are
(4)
To achieve the above condition the sliding coefficient
between the interfaces considered for the friction damper in
the mathematical formulation is considered as infinity. The
structure and the brace together are considered as one degree
of freedom at each floor.
The equivalent stiffness coefficient and damping coefficient
of the structure which considers contribution of both damper
and specified bracing as assumed in this investigation [10]
are presented below:
K bdi
Cbdi
b d kb kd ( b kb d kd ) 2 b d 2 kb cd 2
( b kb d kd ) 2 2 d 2cd 2
b 2 d kb2cd
( b kb d kd ) 2 2 d 2cd 2
(5)
(6)
Here,
Kbdi = Equivalent stiffness of the supplemental damping
system (Viscoelastic and Viscous damper) with brace and
damper in each storey.
Cbdi = Equivalent damping coefficient of the supplemental
damping system (Viscoelastic and Viscous damper) with
brace and damper in each storey.
d = Attachment coefficients
For Chevron or cross bracing b = 2cos2 and d = 1.
and
AG
AG
and cd
h
h
(7)
where,
A = Area of the damper
G = Shear storage modulus
G = Shear loss modulus
= frequency of the system
h = damper thickness
However in case of the viscous damper the damper stiffness
is considered to be negligible. The damping coefficient of the
viscous damper is assumed to be 4.0 kN sec/m for calculation
of the equivalent damping stiffness and damping coefficient
of the damping system, Kbd and Cbd.
SOLUTION PROCEDURE
For obtaining the numerical solution of these equations
appropriate non-linear solution techniques can be adopted.
Among the many methods one of the most effective is the
step-by-step direct integration method. This problem is
solved by modification of step-by-step linear acceleration
method. The precision of the result, during the solution of
such nonlinear equation, is highly related to the phase
alteration of motion i.e. from non sliding phase to sliding
phase and vice versa. For obtaining accuracy in the solution
process, the selected time interval is subdivided, whenever
change in phase of motion is anticipated. These can possible
for single point sliding system. But for multi-point sliding
system this will be very complex. In this solution process, the
response is evaluated at successive increment t (10 -6 second)
of time for computational convenience. The condition of
dynamic equilibrium is established at the commencement of
each interval.
The equation of motion in matrix form at a particular i th time
step can be divided into two equations: (1) equation at the
degree-of-freedom on the level of floor, and (2) equation at
the degree-of-freedom on the level of damper. From the
known response at the ith time step, the response at i+1 time
step can be computed. It is initially assumed that the
nonsliding-sliding conditions in the damper at instant i are the
same at i+1. The complete solution consists of three nested
iteration
loops
with
coupling
quantities
&
&
u
,
u
,
u
,
u
and
F
and the estimated
f ,i 1 d ,i 1 f ,i 1 d ,i1
f ,i 1
unbalanced frictional resistance as well as estimated
Four,(G + 3)
3.
Number
of
Storeys
Floor Height
4.
Infill wall
5.
Imposed load
250mm
thick
including
plaster in longitudinal and
150mm
in
transverse
direction
3.5 KN/m2
6.
Materials
7.
Size of Columns
8.
Size of Beams
9.
Depth of Slab
10.
Specific weight
of RCC
Specific weight
of infill
Elastic Modulus
of Concrete
Elastic Modulus
of Mortar
11.
12
13
3.5m
E f Ic h
Ef Ibl
Where, h
and
l
2 2E m t sin2
E m t sin2
h
tan 1 35o , Ic = 1.8984 x10-3 m4, Ib = 1.3333 x10-3 m4 ,
l
1
x 0.6112 1.4552 = 0.789 m
2
2
m
Hence, stiffness of the infill =
cos
ld
= 299171.72 KN/m
nb is
2
ksi
2
AG
h
i.e, A = 0.72 m2
Providing 2 viscoelastic layer of dampers, the selected
dimensions for each damper pad is 0.6m x 0.6m or proving
0.72 m2, total per damper. Hence the properties of the damper
added structure at this iteration (A= 0.72 m2) are calculated
for the following damping device properties
kd
AG
= 38722320 N/m
h
and cd
Where,
AG
= 3504859 N sec/m
h
d = Attachment coefficients
For Chevron or cross bracing b = 2cos2 and d = 1.
and
So,
Hence,
0
-2
10
15
20
25
30
Time (s)
Roof
4
2
0.0594
0.0221
0.0189
0.0327
0.0335
8.7500
8.8309
4.6636
8.0049
7.6457
1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
4
3
2
1
0.00
0.0005
0.0005
0.0003
0.0004
0.0004
8.6798
4.1751
7.8999
7.5913
0.00
0.01
-4
8.3196
4.0726
7.7060
7.4703
Storey Number
Storey Number
PGA = 0.348g
7.6682
4.3314
7.2700
7.2661
4
3
2
1
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
0.0250
a) Roof
0.0125
0.0000
-0.0125
-0.0250
0.0250
0.0125
0.0000
-0.0125
-0.0250
0.0250
b) ThirFloor
c) Second Floor
0.0125
0.0000
-0.0125
-0.0250
0.0250
d) First Floor
0.0125
0.0000
-0.0125
-0.0250
0
Time (s)