Engineering Sciences 13

Institute of Civil Engineering College of Engineering

University of the Philippines Diliman

Mechanics
involves the analysis of stresses and
deformations of any load-bearing member
3 Considerations in
design/analysis
STRENGTH
SERVICEABILITY
ECONOMICS

50kN
kN
50
50
kN

200
kN
5050
kN
kN

Amm )
B mm )
AA(25
(wood)
B (steel)
(50
same same
material
and diameter
samematerial
diameter

Meeting
No.

Topic

Lecture Objectives
(After the Lecture, the student must be able to do the following)

Suggested
Problems

Class Policies
1

Review of Statics
Equations of Equilibrium & Shear and
Bending Moment Diagram
Introduction to the Concept of Stress

Normal Stress and Centric Loading

Shear Stress

1. Identify the relationship of force, area of application and stress

developed from the previous quantities
2. Identify & calculate the different stresses developed in a
member/part of a structure

1.54, 1.98
(Hibbeler)
1.8; 1.55; 1.60
(Beer)

Bearing and Punching Stress

Strain Concepts
Normal Strain
3

Shear Strain

1. Determine the strains caused by stresses

2. Identify how materials react when stressed within the Elastic
Limit
3. Determine the limitations of the Hooke's Law
4. Understand the Stress-Strain Diagram for Axial Loading

2.3, 2.19
(Hibbeler)
2.26, 2.81-82
(Beer)

Material Properties
The Stress-Strain Diagram and Hooke's Law
Strain Energy
Poisson's Ratio & Generalized Hooke's Law
4

Shear Stress-Strain Diagram & Hooke's Law

for Shear

1. Determine how strains affect one another

2. Describe the General Form of the Hooke's law
3. Understand the stress-strain diagram for Shear stress
4. Determine the allowable stresses for a given Factor of Safety
and vice versa

3.16, 3.22
(Hibbeler)
2.63
(Beer)

Allowable Stresses and Factors of Safety

Stresses and Deformations Arising from Axial
Loading
5&6

Axial Deformation Formulae from Statics

Analysis of Statically Determinate Axially
Loaded Members
Temperature Effects, Thermal Stress

Axial Loading:
4.45, 4.59
(Hibbeler)

Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded

Members

1. Derive the Axial Deformation Formulae

2. Apply the Axial Deformation Formula Correctly
3. Determine the stresses and/or strains caused by change in
temperature
4. Design/Analyze statically determinate/indeterminate, axially
loaded members (with the use of suitable compatibility
equations)

2.40, 2.41
(Beer)
Thermal:
4.86, 4.93
(Hibbeler)
2.49, 2.60
(Beer)

1st Long Exam

How CAN this system fail?

Internal Forces forces that hold the body

together
Bending

Shear
Axial
Shear

Spatial Member

Bending

*The topic Internal forces of members in 3 dimensions was not

included in ES 11

Torsion

Axial

Bending

Shear

Torsion

What is STRESS?

Intensity of internal forces on points in

the body.


= lim

= lim

ASSUMPTIONS
Axial Load
Acts along the length
of the member
Centric loading

Axial Member
Prismatic
Isotropic
Homogenous
Bar is straight
(plane remains plane)

A
Force per unit Area
Intensity of forces over an area
UNITS:
Sign Convention:
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
( + ) tension
1 MPa = 1 N/mm2
( - ) compression

Compression (-)

P
Agross

Tension (+)

Anet

 Several external loads may be applied

along its axis
Cross-sectional area may change
To get the MAXIMUM AVERAGE NORMAL
STRESS, we select a section where P is
maximum and/or the cross-sectional area
is minimum.

P

A

The bar has a constant width of 35 mm

and a thickness of 10mm. Determine the
normal stresses acting on points A, B,
and C.
15kN

4kN

26kN

12kN
A

15kN

4kN

A = 34.3 MPa (C); B = 51.4 MPa (T); C = 78.3 MPa (T)

Shear: acts parallel to the

cutting plane
F
F

ave

A
F

NOTE: This type of loading shown is called direct shear. Shear can also
be produced in other types of loading.
Shear stress is actually not uniform in cross-section. To simplify, we
assume it is.

Single shear

Double shear

ave = F / A

ave = F / 2A

Two wooden planks, each 22 mm thick and 160 mm wide, are

joined by the glued mortise joint shown. Knowing that d is
equal to 80 mm and P is 30 kN, determine the average shear
stress experienced by the glued joint. If the joint will fail when
the average shearing stress reaches 1.5 MPa, what is the
maximum load P that the member can carry?

ave = 2.44 MPa; P = 18.48 kN

Type of normal stress

Commonly seen in:
connections (pins, bolts, rivets)
base plates/bearing plates of columns

www.crazyengineers.com

Connections

Bearing Plates

=
=

NOTE: stress distribution is complicated so b

is an average nominal value

A 40-kN axial load is applied to a short wooden

post that is supported by a concrete footing resting
on undisturbed soil. Determine (a) the bearing
stress on the concrete footing, (b) the size of the
footing for which the average bearing stress in the
soil is 145 kPa.

Type of shear stress

Experienced when:
punching a hole on a
member

What types of stresses does this

system experience?

Each of the four vertical links

has a 8x36-mm uniform
rectangular cross section and
each of the four pins has a 16mm diameter.
(a) Determine the maximum
value of the average
normal stress in the links
connecting points B and
D,
(b) Determine the maximum
value of the average
normal stress in the links
connecting points C and E.
(c) Determine the average
shear stress in pin B
(d) Determine the bearing
stress acting between pin B
and one link between B
and D.

Beer, F.P. et al. (2006). Mechanics of

materials. 6th Ed. SI. McGraw-Hill

Hibbeler, R.C. (2000). Mechanics of

materials. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall

A 20-mm thick metal plate with dimensions

150 mm by 120 mm is to be punched with a
12 mm diameter hole. The force P that will be
used to punch the hole is estimated to be 40
kN. Determine the punching shear stress that
will be developed.

In the hanger shown, the upper

portion of link ABC is10 mm thick
and the lower portions are each 8
mm thick. Epoxy resin is used to
bond the upper and lower
portions together at B. The pin at
A is 10 mm diameter while a 6
mm-diameter pin is used at C.
Determine (a) the shearing stress
in pin A, (b) the shearing stress in
pin C, (c) the average shearing
stress on the bonded surfaces at
B, (d) the largest normal stress in
link ABC, (e) the bearing stress
between pin C and the links
connecting BC?

Member B is
subjected to a
compressive force of
3600 N. If A and B are
both mae of wood
and are 0 mm thick,
determine to the
nearest 5 mm the
smallest dimension h
of the support so that
the average shear
stress does not
exceed allow = 2000
kPa.