TEST QUESTIONS:

What are the Newtons 3 Laws?

1st law of Inertia: if a body is at rest, it will stay at rest and a body in uniform motion
will stay in motion, until an outside force acts upon it. Inertia is the property of a body
that resists changing motion or equilibrium.
Example: if you want to move a book from one side of the desk to the other, it takes a lot
more force to initiate the books movement than it does once you get it moving. This is
inertia, it is what must be over come in order to cause a change in the bodys (the books)
position.
EXTRA: When a body is at rest, it is in a state of static equilibrium: For example, a 1500
lb car is parked in the driveway and it is in static equilibrium because gravity is pulling it
down and the driveway is holding up a 1500 lb car.
EXTRA: A car that is moving at 50 mph is in uniform motion or dynamic equilibrium
because it is moving at a uniform rate because it is moving at a constant pace, or uniform
rate. Acceleration is not occurring; it is 0 because acceleration is the rate of change in
velocity. The velocity in this example is 50 mph. If the car gets hit from behind, it causes
acceleration to occur because an outside force affected its uniform motion.
2nd law of Acceleration:
F=MxA
The acceleration (a) of a body is proportionate to the magnitude of the net forces (f)
acting on it and inversely proportionate to the mass (m) of the body.
Force is proportionate to acceleration and inversely propionate to mass.
A is directly proportional to the force given the mass is held constant, if you dont change
the mass of an object, the more force you apply to the greater it will accelerate. The less
force you apply to it the less it will accelerate.
Acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass when the force is held constant.
Example, moving a Volkswagen with max force will move the car but moving a truck
with your max force will not move the car.
A greater force is required to move (or stop a motion) of a large mass than a small force.
Example; you have two pts with grade 5/5 gastrocnemeius strength but one is 100 lb
dancer and the other is a 250 lb football player. Even though their strengths are normal,
you can expect the dancer will have to exert a greater force to lift a 250 lb heel raise
exercise.
3rd law of Action/Reaction:
For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force(or equal
counterforce). This means whenever one body applies a force to another body, the second
body provides an equal force in the exact opposite direction with equal magnitude as the
first body; one body or object provides the action and other provides the reaction force.

Example: holding a notebook in your hand in the air; there are two forces acting on it, the
muscles of your arms to keep the notebook in the position you desire and the gravity
pulling it to the ground. The forces acting on the notebook are equal since the book as not
fallen to the ground.
For example; ground reaction force is a counterforce of gait; it depends on how hard you
plop your foot down and will vary on your rate of speed.
Explain the difference between Transitory and Angular motion:
Translatory motion or linear motion occurs as a linear displacement; movement in a
straight line; when all body parts are moving at the same rate in one plane in a straight
line.
Example; reaching across the table to pick up a pencil: the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand
are moving in a straight motion however, some rotational movement will accompany that
movement. The arm, forearm, wrist and hand, are moving in a straight line, but the
shoulder is rotating.
Rotary motion or angular motion is the movement of a rigid segment around an axis; the
axis is fixed so each part of the rigid segment that rotates around the axis moves through
the same angle at the same time. Body movement is a combination of linear and rotary
motions; walking is a good example. The entire body moves in a straight line, but rotary
motion occurs at the hip, knee, and ankle.
Explain Velocity vs. Acceleration:
Velocity is the rate at which a body or segment moves.
Velocity is a function of distance / over time
Traveling at 60 mph; at this rate you will be 60 miles from where you are now in 60
minutes. (This is describing a constant velocity assuming there is no change.)
Acceleration is a rate at which a change in velocity occurs. Can be either positive or
negative number (means slowing down).
Explain the difference between speed vs. velocity & scalar vs. vector:
Speed is scalar; something that has magnitude but no specific direction
Velocity is vector because it has direction and magnitude
Distance:
Distance is how far a force moves a body; also known as the magnitude a body or
segment is displaced. Can be either linear or rotary
What is Mechanical Advantage?
Mechanical advantage (MA) of a lever refers to the ratio between the length of the force
arm and the length of the resistance arm.
MA = force arm length/resistance arm length
An increase in the force arm length or a decrease in the resistance arm length results in a
greater mechanical advantage. If force A has a shorter length than resistance B, force A
will have to work harder against resistance B.

Example: Pt lying sideline, and testing hip abductors, patient will to use more force to
over come the resistance you are making if your hand was at the ankle. If your hand was
at the knee, the resistance arm is shorter, therefore, making it easier for the patient.
Efficiency:
The muscular force always exceeds the mechanical work.
(Mechanical work / muscular work) x 100 %
This % is determine if the muscular work can overcome the mechanical work and
produces the movement efficiently.
Torque:
Torque is force which is applied around an axis; torque produces joint motion. Torque is
the product of a force times the perpendicular distance (d) from its line of action to the
axis of motion.
T=fxd
Torque is a function of force and distance.
Muscular torque should equal the resistance torque and the muscular torque has to be
slightly greater then resistance torque to create the movement.
If you push a heavy door at its center, it requires much more force to open the door than
if you push it a point farthest from the doors hinges (axis). Less force is required to open
the door when you apply your force father from the hinges because your moment arm (or
muscle) is longer.
Explain how torque varies when a 10 lb weight is held in the hand and the shoulder
is flexed to 60, 90 and 120 degrees:
At the shoulder, torque produced by the weight varies with the perpendicular distance
from the line of action of the force (weight) to the joint axis. The perpendicular distance
is the resistance arm. Thus, the torque produced by the weight increases as the hand
moves away from the body. The weights torque reaches its maximum at 90 degrees of
shoulder flexion and decreases as the shoulder finishes its full range of flexion.
In conclusion!!!!!!!!!!!--- when the line of force is at 90 degrees, or perpendicular to the
moment arm (muscle), it produces the greatest resistance.
What are the 5 variables that determine motion?
Type of motion
Location of motion
Magnitude of motion
Direction of motion
Rate of motion or rate of change at which the motion occurs
What is kinetics vs. kinematics?
Kinetics is the study of forces acting on the body; motion occurs because of these forces/
concentrates on the forces that produce or resist movement.

Kinematics deals with types of motion or movement w/o regard of those force that
produce that motion. Deals with type of motion, direction of motion, and quantity of
motion.
Osteokinematics Vs Arthrokinematics?
Osteokinematics concerns the movements of the bony partners or anatomical components
that make up a joint. Arthrokinematics focuses specifically on the minute movements
occurring within the joint and between the joint surfaces; roll, spin, glide and goniometry
(joint measurement of joint movement)
What is force?
Force is anything that initiates, alters or arrests motion; it will be changed, accelerated or
arrested. Something that disrupts the inertia of an object (inertia is the property of a body
to resist a change in motion or change in equilibrium)
Force is a function of mass or weight of object x the acceleration of an object.
I will continue in motion at a uniform speed until an object arrests my motion.
Force has two dimensions, magnitude and direction.
Example, tug of war; when both teams pull on the rope with the same force, no
movement occurs. The system is balanced because both forces are equal; this is
equilibrium. If one side pulls harder than the other, movement will occur in the direction
of the stronger force if the forces are unbalanced.
True or False?
Gravitational force is commonly referred to as the weight of an object, body or body
segment.
True
Muscles produce forces on their bone segments by active contraction and passive
stretching.
True
Muscles are recorded inches.
True
Force is listed as lbs.
True
Movement of a force through a distance is in foot pounds.
True
Mechanical vs. Muscular work
Mechanical work is the amount of force required to overcome the resistance and move it
a distance; R x D.
Muscular work can vary between people due to surface area and functional excursion. If
a 200 lb man picks up a 50 lb weight and a 110 lb man picks up a 50 lb weight, the 100 lb
weight man would need to exert more muscular work to complete that task.
Explain stability vs. mobility:
Stability means youre in a fixed position
Mobility means your moving you COG off your base of support and need to counteract
force of gravity so you step forward (to keep you from falling)
If base of support is big, COG can go left and right w/o needing compensatory action
If base of support is small, COG will need compensatory action such as ankle hip
strategy.

When a force displaces your COG, you must make musculoskeletal adjustments: ankle
hip strategy
What are the components of stability?
Bone density
Posture
Position
Difference in shape
Symmetry
Define Functional Excursion:
Degree to which a skeletal muscle has shortened (working concentrically); length is
reduced. Length increased is eccentric.
Functional excursion is equal to the # inches muscle has shortened / resting length.
How do you calculate BMI?
IF IN INCHES
Take weight of individual / by height squared and X 700
If in feet
Take weight of individual / by height squared an x 4.88
25 or lower---normal/health/acceptable
Greater than 25-30---overweight
Greater than 30 obese
Explain Levers:
The F is the muscular force thats being exerted to overcome the resistance to move an
object how we want it to be moved.
This muscular force must be applied in a direction opposite because the resistance object
is naturally responding to gravity and inertially it isnt going anywhere until its moved
off or opposed by a muscle force (two forces that affect movement are gravity and
muscular contraction).
Resistance is always responding to gravity and muscular force must be in the opposite
direction to get the object to move.
1st Class: muscle force and resistance force are placed on opposite sides of the axis;
creates a seesaw where forces are applied in the same direction; flexion and extension of
the head and triceps.
2nd Class: the resistance force is between the axis and the muscle force; forces are applied
in opposite directions; wheelbarrow; resistance force is a passive response to gravity;
Brachioradialis and P/F.
3rd Class: muscle force is in between the resistance force and axis; door with spring hinge;
bicep curl, hamstring curl, shoulder abduction, leg extension, etc.
Difference between Open Chain Exercise and Closed Chain Exercises:

Open Chain is when the distal segment moves (freely in space) and the proximal segment
is fixed; example; sit up, seated knee extension, bicep curl, barbell, running.
Closed Chain is when the distal segment is fixed and the proximal segment moves;
example; squat, dead-lift, push up.
Walking and biking are BOTH open and closed chain.
Explain Tensile vs. Compressive force:
Tensile force-force that tends to elongate a tissue or structure (the muscular force that
moves an object against gravity is tensile force
Compressive -Shorten or make the structure smaller; stabilizing force that pushes the
bones firmly into the joint.
Discuss stress vs. strain vs. stiffness vs. rupture vs. avulsion vs. failure:
Stress: the force generated per cross sectional unit of material that is responding to a load
when a load is applied to a tissue; this is a tensile force.
Stiffness: the resistance the tissue offers in response to a load; the ability to resist stress.
Rupture: rapid tear within the muscle
Avulsion: Sharpeys fibers hold the periosteum to the bone so an avulsion is when the
periosteum rips away from the bone.
Failure: inability to resist a stress to overcome the load.
Load: an external force that varies with magnitude, rate of application, and angle +
direction of its application.
What the hell is CREEP?
Constant small prolonged force on tissue that eventually causes it to elongate. This results
in mechanical damage (micro tears). Fibers of the muscle no longer work in a
coordinated pattern; the connection is lost and the muscle does not work efficiently.
Explain the different types of end feels and give examples:
End feel is a barrier that prevents further motion at the end of the PROM.
Normal (Soft, Firm, and Hard)
Abnormal (Soft, Firm, Hard, & Empty)
Soft End feel: soft tissue approximation, example; Knee/Elbow flexion
Firm End feel: muscular, capsular, and ligamentous stretch, example; D/F, forearm
supination, IR of the hip
Hard end feel: bone on bone, example, elbow extension, radial deviation, eversion
Empty end feel: Pain prevents reaching end of ROM
Boggy end feel: inflammatory or extra fluid in the joint
What is Stress Strain Curve?
Aka Load deformation curve
When a load is applied to a muscle there is typically some deformation or change in
shape.

Anytime a tissue engages a resistance, the tissue will experience a slack and if
movement occurs by the tissue, it will experience a slight change in shape (this is toe
period). Once engaged, the tissue will show some recoverable deformation; this is elastic
phase. (Shape is changed and can return to its original state)
If the load remains within the elastic period, the tissue will have reached its maximum
elasticity and if the load continues to increase and continues to be applied, there will be a
deformation of the tissue that is not recoverable (permanent). If the tissue continues to be
applied, the tissue will experience failure and collapse.
Vertical force vs. Horizontal force:
Vertical force: the muscle force doing the action; any muscular force has a vertical
component.
Horizontal force: muscle stabilizing the joint; the stabilizing force. Aduh.