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Copyright 2009 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers, Inc. It is presented for educational purposes only. This article may not be copied and/or distributed electronically or in
paper form without permission of ASHRAE.
Equal Friction
Solution for
Duct Sizing
By Fred W. Dougherty, P.E., Life Member ASHRAE
his article presents an automated quick and simple equal friction solution
to calculating duct diameter and pressure loss, using an iterative solution to
the Colebrook equation. An initial duct diameter is calculated for duct segment
airflows at a Dp/100 ft (Dp/30 m) to be input by the designer. Typical values
for supply and return ducts would be 0.09, 0.095, or 0.100 in. w.g. per 100
ft (22.41, 23.66, or 24.9 Pa per 30 m) of duct. In the calculations that follow,
this parameter is referred to as dp100.
The complete solution requires running
two VBasic macros in Excel. A copy of
the Excel workbook with the macros
can be downloaded at www.ashrae.org/
ashraejournal/duct_size_by_dp100.xls.
The solutions and macros presented
here will primarily be of interest to
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ASHRAE Journal
a s h r a e . o r g
May 2009
Calculating newductsize
V
= Airflow, cfm
Re
= Reynolds number
= Roughness Coefficient
= Duct Length, ft
= Q/((PiD2/4)/144)
Re
= 8.56DV
Clear Contents of
Calculated Cells
Go to
Next
Segment
Calc V, Re
Guess f
factor = 1/f0.5
Change dia
factor1 = 2 log(12e/3.7/D+2.51/Re/f0.5)
Change f
Factor=factor1
No
Yes return f
dp100A = 12Lfe(V/1097)2/D
L = 100
calc dp100A=f(f,r,V,dia)
dp100A=dp100
No
Yes
No
Guess w
dia1 = (1.3(hw)0.625)/[h+w]0.25
Calc dia1=f(h,w)
dia1=dia
Change dia1
No
Yes Return w
ASHRAE Journal
51
Iteration Techniques
D versus dp100
0.100
ASHRAE Journal
a s h r a e . o r g
May 2009
diffdp100=(log(dp100A)
log(dp100))/log(dp100)
(4)
where
Figure 4: Output of macro friction factor.
dp100 = desired final value
dp100A = value calculated as a function of
round duct is generally only available in even size increments
diameter
above 10 in. (254 mm).
With airflow and diameter, new values for V and Re may
Diameter is then changed after each iteration as follows, to be calculated, and a new value for f using the Colebrook
allow the algorithm to converge:
iteration described earlier. Therefore, for each segment,
the duct friction loss may be calculated using the familiar
D=D(1+0.1((log(dp100)log
Darcy equation 1 already used in the dp100 iteration of
(dp100A))/log(dp100)))
(5)
newductsize:
If the duct is to be rectangular, then a third iteration is needed
to determine w, given D and h. H is held fixed, and w is varied
until a calculated diameter equals that determined from the two
earlier nested iterations.
Finding Friction Loss
The second macro is friction factor, and uses the inputs and
outputs from newductsize. In addition, up to seven fittings
may be entered with either loss coefficient C or p. The fittings
are coded from one to seven, and up to four may be entered for
each duct segment. A more complete explanation of this will
be given later in the article.
The macro friction factor accepts airflow, diameter,
height, and width, line by line, from the output of newductsize. Because width is not a whole number in newductsize,
friction factor first rounds width up or down to the nearest
integer: up if the decimal is more than 0.3 higher than the
lower integer, down if it is less than 0.3. (This keeps duct
dimensions from becoming unnecessarily large). Using the
new integer value of width, a new diameter is calculated for
each segment from:
D=(1.3(hw)0.625)/(h+w)0.25
dp=12Lf(V/1097 )2)/D
(7)
pfix=Cpv
(8)
(6)
where
pv=(V/1097)2
Pressure loss for terminal devices such as supply diffusers
and return grilles, or for duct-mounted equipment such as duct
furnaces and variable volume valves, may be found directly
from manufacturers data.
ASHRAE Journal
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A S H R A E J o u r n a l
May 2009
www.info.hotims.com/25204-25