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BUILDING SERVICES I
(BLD60403)
TOPIC : ENERGY EFFICIENT IN HERITAGE BUILDING
LECTURER : MS LIM TZE SHWAN
NO. NAME
STUDENT ID
323151
326499
327295
322741
328173
SOO YON LI
322821
327221
Table of Content
No.
Content
Page(s)
Introduction
3-4
Installation Process
5-15
A.
B.
C.
D.
Loft Insulation
Roof Insulation
Floor Insulation
Wall Insulation
Management System
16-17
18-19
20-27
A. Overview of Edinburgh
B. Energy Efficiency in Old Houses in Edinburgh
C. Problems with Old Houses of Edinburgh
28
29-33
Learning Outcome
34
Reference
35-36
10
Appendices
37-38
Introduction
Energy Efficient in Heritage Building
When designing a home, there are many aspects to consider, for example from the number
of bedrooms, purpose of space partition to the colour of interior wall and for many homeowner,
saving money is a primary concern. Therefore cost is a heavily considered aspect of home design.
In this situation, building an Energy Efficient home is one of the best ways homeowner can save
money and still have a beautiful and comfortable home.
Besides improving the structural element of the house, energy efficient technologies and
products can also be installed throughout the home to reduce energy usage because all of these
factors work together to create a more efficient, comfortable and healthier place to live with lower
utility bills year after year.
Despite providing guidance on the application of energy efficiency of a house, not all of the
guidelines and measured outlined will be suitable for all situations. Therefore careful consideration
is needed when applying energy efficiency measures to prevent long term deterioration of the
buildings elements or loss of the buildings significance.
Installation Process
After the First World War, government of Scotland responded to urban deprivation with an
immense council house building programme. Semi-detached homes, terraced cottages and also
extensive private building of suburban bungalow belts, especially in Edinburgh. In the 1980s,
theres a growth of speculative house built by developers which had introduced English Brick to
Scotland.
In most urban core, tenement flat is a substandard multi family dwelling, usually old and
occupied by the poor. Tenement flats up a large percentage of the housing stock of Edinburgh and
Glasgow in Scotland. However Edinburghs tenements are much older, dating from the 17th
century. Large number of tenements were demolished in the 1960s and 1970s due to slum
conditions, overcrowding and poor maintenance of the buildings. Nevertheless, the many
remaining tenements have accomplished a rejuvenation in popularity due to their large rooms, high
ceilings and ornamental details.
During the second half of the 19th century, the group of stone terraced houses known as
The Colonies of Stockbridge was the first several colonial houses to be built in Edinburgh. The
colony houses were built as homes for artisans and skilled working-class families by philanthropic
model dwellings companies. The first scheme of 44 houses in four blocks was developed by
architect Patrick Wilson, and built between 1850 and 1851. In the decade or so after The Colonies
were built, as many as 2000 people lived there.
The housing in Edinburgh boasts an outstanding variety of buildings with different
architectural design, materials and unique characters. These heritage buildings already have
certain standard in terms of environmental sustainability, including their longevity, thermal mass,
locally-sourced materials and natural ventilation. Opposing to popular belief, it is possible to reduce
energy efficiency even in traditional buildings, without compromising their originality.
The first step in reducing the energy consumption of any building should be to optimise how
the building is used and how the occupants behave. The purpose to reduce energy consumption of
any building is to improve the thermal performance of historic buildings, reduce carbon emissions
and lower fuel bills. Before starting to install energy efficiency measures, it is crucial to understand
and assess where your house needs improvement. Energy efficiency can be enhanced by
insulating the loft, reducing draughts and investing in more efficient fixtures and fittings, such as
heating and lighting.
Loft Insulation
The best ways to improve the EPC rating of your home is
insulating your loft. Loft Insulation is a cheap and easy to
install solution that provides instant energy savings by
trapping more heat. There is about 5% amount of heat loss in
a 4-storey traditional flat and 32% amount of heat loss in a
1/2-storey detached house by installing insulation loft. Install
insulation between the joints yourself is one of the most cost
effective ways to reduce your heating bills.
A classic loft needs clearing out first. If the loft has been insulated beforehand
with glass fibre you should get kitted out in hooded overalls, gloves and a dust
mask before entering. Perching on ceiling joists is a risky affair, so its a good
concept to take a long board that can span across a few joists.
Measure the depth of insulation you already have once inside the loft.
Calculate the amount of insulation material you require by measuring the
width and the length of the area of insulation in metres.Then, take the
material into the loft area and unpack a roll at a time. Slide one end into
the eaves. Leave at least a 25mm gap at the eaves end to allow for a
free flow of air in the loft space but at the same time it is important to
leave no gaps for the heat to escape to ensure adequate ventilation
around the eaves to prevent moisture building up.
After that, lightly press the insulation down between the
ceiling joists and continue across the loft. After reach
ing the eaves on the opposite side, cut the insulation
25mm short. Continue with fitting the insulation this way
across the rest of the loft but steer clear of insulating
under the water tank as warm air will rise from the room
below and help to halt the tank freezing in the winter. To
avoid overheating, electrical wires should be layered on top of the insulation. Any light fittings that
come through the ceiling should have an absolute minimum of a 75mm insulation-free zone around
them.
If 100mm-thick insulation is used, its likely to be level with the top of the joists after the first pass. If
its not, double the insulation over on itself and reinstate across the loft. But to build up to an ideal
270mm thickness or more, youll need to cross-lay the insulation. Lay the insulation at right angles
to the joists until the desired depth is achieved. Finally, dont forget the loft hatch. Cut a section of
insulating material and glue it to the hatch.
Roof Insulation
1. Insulating pitched roof
While insulating a pitched roof at rafter level there are a few
key design considerations which will influence the build-up of the
roof and the choice of insulation. Firstly, to justify, when talking
about rafter level it means the timbers that support the pitched
roof. Joists are the flat horizontal beams at ceiling level, and will
be the subject of another blog post in time ahead. The main
decision to make when insulating a pitched roof is if you are going
to have a warm roof or a cold roof. This will depend on the
construction on your roof, and if it is a refurbishment, whether the roof tiles are going to be
removed. For a new build, or if a detached dwelling is being re-roofed, then there is scope to
choose the build-up of roof that suits your intentions best, however if the roof insulation is being
added to an existing roof, for example as part of a loft conversion, then a cold roof is the most likely
solution as you cant insulate above the rafters.
Energy efficient.
Eliminates large cool voids within the construction reducing thermal stress.
Energy efficient.
Decreases air leakage / infiltration.
Reduces condensation risk.
Minimises the thermal bridge at the eaves.
Negates the need for ventilation products.
Lower installed cost.
Cleaner roof void.
There are two types of flat roof which is warm flat roof and cold flat roof. A typical construction of
warm flat roof. It consists of six basic elements.
1. A Waterproof layer which resists water
2.Thermal insulation which retains heat within the building rather than allowing it to escape
through the roof
3. A vapour barrier to prevent moisture escaping
4. A timber deck, often of plywood sheeting, which allows the roof to support a load such
as someone walking on it
5. Wooden roof joists which are supported by the walls
6. Plasterboard ceiling
10
An effectively ventilated thatched roof: sound and normal wear and tear (cold roof).
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A thatched house without ventilation but with a vapour barrier (hot roof)
A thatched roof is known as hot roof if it does not have a ventilation or if there is only
features a layer of standing, non-ventilating air between the substructure and the reed. The layer of
reed, which at the time being of thatching is normally 35 cm thick, is used as heat insulation. The
problem is that this layer of reed does not ensure a stable level of vapour permeability and of heat
conductivity.
During dry conditions, it can be assumed as a diffusion resistance coefficient of 2-5 W
and a heat conductivity of = 0.04-0.073 W/mK. During or after a rain shower however, the outer
5-6 cm of the thatched roof are damp. As a outcome of the thatched roof becomes nearly perfectly
tight. That is why it is necessary to implement a vapour barrier on the inside of the roof
construction, if the roof does not have a ventilation. If this vapour barrier is absence in a thatched
hot roof or if it is damaged, then the humidity increases due to vapour pressure condenses at the
outer 5 cm of the rainy roof. During the period of November to March the humidity penetrates
deeper and deeper into the roof. During the winter this roof at least on the north side will not
get dry again.
12
Floor Insulation
Floor insulation is an insulation which is installed in a floor.
Installing floor installation can cut down energy costs, make a
home more efficient, and contribute to the longevity of a home.
Insulating a floor involves adding an insulating material
beneath the floorboards, thereby reducing heat escaping
through the floor into the ground. A traditional cottage or a
detached house loses nearly 6% of its heat through the floor.
There is a movement of air in the space beneath coming from the outside
through a vent when there are suspended timber floors. This is necessary
to allow the wood to breathe.
These floor joists are lifted above the subfloor on small supporting
walls called tassel walls (or sleeper walls).
A wall plate is then attached to the top of the tassel walls, on which the
floor joists rest on.
A damp proof course detached the wall plates from the tassel walls,
restrain from any rising moisture. Also, the gap in the block work of the
tassel walls to ensures adequate air circulation.
Vents are located in the external wall to ensure that adequate ventilation is given to the timbers,
and also the circulation of fresh air, keeping the timbers dry and preventing decay.
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Note the stepped Damp proof course that are installed above the vent to prevent moisture
penetration.
Ensuring the floor is thermally insulated, either rigid or blanket insulation is placed between the
floor joists.
The quilted insulation is sustained by netting stapled to the joists, while the rigid insulation can
be supported on battens between the joists.
2. Solid floor
Commonly it is more challenging and costly to retrofit insulation to solid floors, especially if
the existing finishes and floor height must be retained. Flagstones can be carefully lifted, the
subfloor dug out, insulation and screed installed and finished by relaying the flagstones back in
place. Alternatively, a new floor can be laid over the existing. The existing floor will be conserved,
but it will result in a higher floor built up by about 100mm. It is not advisable to add an impermeable
membrane and it is preferable instead to use an insulated, breathable lime- concrete floor.
14
Wall Insulation
Wall insulation is used to minimise heat loss through a cavity wall by filling the air space
with material that inhibits heat transfer. This immobilises the air within the cavity, avoiding
convection, and can substantially reduce space heating costs. Heat loss through outside walls
represents 45% of the overall loss in a traditional flat with solid stone walls and nearly 24% in a
detached house. If insulation is added, careful construction detailing is needed not to trap
condensation within the wall.
15
Management System
Developing a management plan to observe the upcoming energy consumption in buildings
will contribute to beneficial energy efficiency results. These includes retaining and comparing
energy consumption and purchasing green energy to ensure a full effort of managing energy
efficiency of the building. Passive design of the building is ensuring the fabric of the building and
the spaces within respond efficiently to the local weather and the site conditions which is to
maintain personal comfort for the occupants in the building in order to minimise the energy
consumption.
1. Ventilation
Ventilation is a fundamental function in a building. The effect of ventilation is to create a
comfortable indoor climate which uses the least energy consumption. A good ventilation is
important to maintain the fabric of the building and some of the heritage buildings shows many
modern passive design in the location of site and the overall design of building.
(a) Windows
Ventilation and heat are interrelated in some ways. When the weather is hot, it creates negative
pressure in the building and flows up the building which leads to the stack effect. Therefore,
ventilation is needed to achieve thermal comfort. During hot season, windows are opened for
ventilation. Windows are installed in every room and were fitted with fixed inner casements. The
kitchen and living areas had their own exhaust air flues and air intake via windows and vents in the
external wall.
(b) Chimneys
Heritage buildings were restored with bathrooms and central heating. In 1920s, majority of the
heritage buildings are deep. Therefore, bathrooms are placed at dark cores of the building. To
ventilate these places, a form of stack ventilation which is called the Stockholm ventilation was
developed. This principle of ventilation has developed the design of bathroom which has separate
ducts for intake air and exhaust air. The air in the bathroom rises thermally due to stack effect, and
the air will flow out through exhaust air vents which is placed near the ceiling via a brick built
chimney. This form of stack effect forms during winter whereas during summer, the top of the
chimney is warmer than the intake air duct which creates negative pressure in the flue and speeds
up the air flow out of the building and cool air is drawn into the bathroom.
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2. Maintenance
One of the important thing to maintain a property is to carry out regular maintenance and
repair of the building. It does not cost much to hire a professional to inspect the building because
this can avoid larger problems in the future. It is a must to ensure:
a) external fabric is sound
b) the roof is watertight
c) stonework is in order
d) ironwork and timber are well maintained
e) gutters are clear
f) downpipes are running freely
g) gas pipes are free from corrosion and well-jointed
There are a few precautions to follows to avoid larger problems to happen such as:
a) Remove ivy and plants - may weaken mortar, hold damp, damage stone & conceal
decay
b) Remove sources of damp such as soil heaped
c) Provide site drainage where necessary
d) Provide easy access and good lighting
e) Keep a constant moderate temperature throughout building
f) Ventilate rooms and ducts by keeping flues clean and open - humidity should be 50%
g) Protect important fabrics and contents against ultraviolet radiation from sunlight
3. Annual Inspection
In order to maintain the building, it is a must to have an annual inspection and an inspection
every five years. There a few things to do during annual inspection such as sweep the chimney if it
is in regular use by the owner to keep it clean and ventilated. Besides, inspecting the rod drains to
be clear to avoid blockage by hiring a plumber to check. Other than that, hiring a heating engineer
to inspect the heating system, water circulation, inspect boiler is important in maintaining a
persons personal comfort.it Last but not least, it is to inspect the fire extinguishers to ensure that it
is working to prepare for emergency in the future.
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Advantages
1.Economical
Improving your homes or buildings energy efficiency will save cost on energy bills. In
energy efficiency buildings, the usage of mechanical ventilations is greatly reduced. An average
Malaysia household spends RM6000 annually on energy bills. The reduction of mechanical
ventilations usage directly bring down the usage of electricity. Hence, lower energy bills. The need
of replacing and maintaining mechanical ventilation system will not be necessary. Therefore,
maintenance fee can be set aside. In the end, your energy-efficient house will provide you with
superior comfort and lower operating costs , not to mention a higher real estate market value.
2.Air Quality
Many energy efficiency upgrades can improve the standard of indoor environment.
Protecting and even boost Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) without the need of sacrificing energy
performance. A great number of factors interact to create an unhealthy indoor environment. Mainly
due to indoor and outdoor pollutants near the buildings. Energy efficiency as an air quality measure
is the most cost effective means to meet state air quality regulations. Energy efficiency jointly
reduces all pollutants like criteria pollutants, toxic pollutants, and greenhouse gases. Recent years,
datas collected from regions reflected that energy efficiency has helped to sustain long-term air
quality enhancement.Thus so, future generations will have the opportunity to breathe healthy, fresh
and clean air.
3. Environmental
When we use less energy, we save precious natural resources and cut down on pollution. If
energy efficiency doesn't exist, wed have to produce or import energy sources like oil, natural gas
and coal. So, energy efficiency helps us retain resources on our planet.We are already
experiencing the effects of climate change. Temperatures are rising, snow and rainfall patterns are
shifting, and more extreme climate events like heavy rainstorms and record high temperatures are
taking place all around the world. These changes are linked to the climbing levels of carbon dioxide
and other greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. From power plants to vehicles, consuming energy
can produce gas emissions that is harmful to our environment. Cutting down buildings carbon
emission will reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.
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Disadvantages
1. Cost
The materials used to build energy efficiency buildings may be difficult to find especially in
urban areas where preserving the environment is not the peoples main priority. A lot of eco-friendly
materials are not available in the countries, so materials are hard to find. If you order them online
you would have to pay additional costs for shipping and handling. Constructing an energy
efficiency building can cost a lot more than normal buildings as it requires recruitment of expertise
to finish up a project. Moreover, it may take longer to complete an energy efficiency building.
Therefore the costs associated with these structures are believed to be quite lavish. In fact, house
owners might have to invest lots of money. However, in the long run, the invested money will be
returned through energy-saving possibilities.
2. Location
Building orientation is the practice of facing a building so as to maximise certain aspects of
its surroundings. In order to best optimise sun exposure, energy efficiency building may need a
suitable structural orientation. For instance, a structural positioning right opposite of other
neighbourhood homes which might cause friction among neighbours. In addition, differences in
structural orientation will influence how natural daylight enters the building structure and at the
same time how to shade some part of it. With this in mind, there may be a need of installing more
overhangs, blinds, or shades.
3. Temperature regulations
Energy efficiency buildings uses cooling components like natural ventilations, which cannot
be regulated. Particular cooling components that control precisely the indoor temperature in these
buildings do not exist. Consumers do not have precise mechanism to increase or decrease exact
temperatures. This is a difficult hurdle for many energy efficiency building occupants to overcome.
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Overview of Edinburgh
Since the 15th century, Edinburgh has been the Scottish capital. It has two distinct areas:
the Old Town, dominated by a medieval fortress; and the neoclassical New Town, far- reached
influence on European urban planning whose development from the 18th century onwards. The
harmonious juxtaposition of these two contrasting historic areas, each with many important
buildings, is what gives the city its unique character.
When it comes to conserving energy, Edinburgh has particular challenges in addressing
carbon emissions from its built environment. There are over 235,000 homes in the city and around
18,800 non-domestic buildings including 2,000 public-sector buildings. This presents a very mixed
property portfolio with a high percentage of tenements as well as large numbers of historic and
listed buildings. This presents significant challenges in energy retrofitting buildings of this type. For
domestic properties especially, there will be specific issues given that 65% of Edinburgh homes are
flats. A quarter of these are pre-1919 traditional stone-built tenements which are commonly known
as hard to treat properties. There is also a high percentage of private rented flats. These account
for 22% of Edinburghs homes and can present issues with fuel poverty and multiple ownership.
However energy solutions for buildings do not always need to rely on technology and systems.
Many solutions can be simple and there is great potential to reduce consumption and minimise
total costs by using existing technologies and raising awareness.
20
1. Good maintenance
A well-maintained older home will generally outperform those that is neglected. For
example, badly maintained drainage (such as gutters and downpipes) can lead to damp walls. The
building become much less energy efficient as heat loss through the wall increases.
21
2. Materials
A significant characteristic of older buildings is the widespread use of 'breathable' (or
'permeable') materials, which are able to absorb moisture and release it again without damaging
the building. Contradistinction arise as most of the modern buildings rely on materials that keep
moisture out. Maintaining the building's ability to control moisture levels in this way is basic to its
effective thermal performance.When looking after or making changes to your home you therefore
need to use materials that are compatible with it.
3. Heat-storing ability
In older masonry houses, thick wall were often constructed to both external walls and
internal masonry walls. This type of construction can store warmth as the building is heated. The
heat is then slowly emitted as the building cools down. As a result they can maintain a much more
even temperature than much modern lightweight construction.
22
4. Ventilation
Another main issue to consider is ventilation. The majority of older buildings are made of
porous materials that both absorb moisture and allow it to escape. Ventilation stops this moisture
developing in any one place and causing damage and problems with condensation and mould.
However, too much ventilation can lead to a draughty and uncomfortable home. Draughts are
particularly common at window and door frames, and also at joints between different forms of
construction. For example, porous ceramic bricks are used in some of the old houses of Edinburgh
23
24
Below are some of the problems with old houses in Edinburgh that can affect the energy efficiency,
1. Moisture, air movement and thermal behaviour of a traditional building and modern
building
Ventilation of many older buildings can make them less prone to condensation and its
associated effects. The higher thermal mass of older solid walls retains heat better than modern
cavity walls, which can help regulate the temperature of a home, keeping it cool in summer and
warmer in winter. The layout of traditional building tenement buildings is potentially very energy
efficient, due the low proportion of external walls to cross walls / party walls (the exception being
end of block tenement flats).
However, older buildings can often be draughty and can leak heat unnecessarily. This can
be accentuated by larger window sizes and a predominance of sash and case windows, which
provide a greater area of low efficiency glazing and more potential for draughts. Older buildings
sometimes have larger rooms with higher ceilings, which can need more energy to keep them
warm. They were built long before modern Building Standards existed, with no insulation (although
there is generally a layer of 'defeating' material between floors). Many older building components
have lower levels of thermal efficiency than modern materials, leading to greater heat lose. Older
heating systems also tend to be inefficient compared to modern systems, using more energy and
generating less heat.
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Water usage - Saving water can reduce your water bill (if youre on a water meter),
reduce your energy use and bills, reduce the impact on your local environment, and reduce carbon
dioxide emissions by using less energy to pump, heat and treat the water. To heat the water we
often are using energy from the water we use. Generating energy produces carbon dioxide
emissions which is one of the main greenhouse gases causing climate change
2.
Windows Energy efficiency windows, Double-glazed windows have two sheets of glass
with a gap in between, usually about 16mm, to create an insulating barrier that keeps heat in. This
is sometimes filled with gas. Normally three sheets of glass are called triple-glazed windows but
arent always better than double-glazed windows. Energy-efficient windows come in a range of
frame materials and styles. Performance criteria vary according to the following:
How well they stop heat from passing through the window?
How much sunlight travels through the glass?
How little air can leak in or out around the window?
3.
Doors Energy efficiency doors, like any other part of the home, doors can be insulated
and draught-proofed to prevent heat from escaping.To install a new door requires approval from
the relevant buildings structure, and new external doors now generally contain integrated insulation
to reduce heat loss and comply with the regulations from the building regulations
4.
Lighting - Lighting counts for 18 per cent of a typical households electricity bill. You can
cut your lighting bill and energy use by changing which bulbs you use and how you use them.
Houses typically use a mixture of standard light fixtures and down lighters or spotlight fittings.
5.
Roof and loft - Heat rises, and in an uninsulated home, a quarter of heat is lost through
the roof. A simple and effective way to reduce heat loss and reduce your heating bills is to insulate
your loft, attic or flat roof. Loft insulation is effective for at least 42 years and it should pay for itself
many times over.
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Well, sometimes we can feel the humidity in the room and everyone who enters the room
will feel it without doubt. With high humidity in a building, people in the building will feel chilled in
cold weather and hot and sticky in warm weather; whereas with low humidity can cause dryness
and discomfort in the nose and make skin feel dry and itchy. To prevent a building from trapping
too much moisture, we can draught-proof and weather-strip the openings like windows, doors and
gaps to minimise building leaks. We think that this could be one of the best way as draughtproofing is one of the cheapest and efficient way to save energy.
Heat lost through windows occurs either through the glass itself or through gaps between
the windows and its frame. Sealing these gaps provides a relatively simple and inexpensive way of
improving the energy efficiency of windows.
30
The thermal efficiency of material or building component is defined by its U-value. This is a
mathematical value that illustrates the rate of heat loss through a material or combination of
materials. The lower the U-value, the greater the thermal efficiency.
U-values allow for relatively easy identification of the areas most prone to heat loss, but
consideration should also be given to heat loss more generally.
Heat loss from a typical home can be broken down as following:-
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The old construction fabric uses used in the old houses in Edinburgh unfortunately cant
afford to resist the air pollution and the extreme weather due to climate changes. Open burning
and the acid rain would be the good examples of air pollution. Seasonal climate like winter and
summer will also affect the quality of fabric. Furthermore, the fabrics can be affected from the
outside as well as from the inside.
While windows typically account for only 10% of the heat loss of a house, householders
often place great importance on being able to make improvement to them. The appearance of
windows is a significant factor in shaping the overall character of the building.
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In terms of thermal efficiency, the impact of the improvement measures covers in this guide is as
follows:
There are two main considerations regarding window appearance: the frame and the glazing.
Frame
A double or triple glazed window frame generally has wider
astragals and transoms (the vertical and horizontal glazing bars
which separate individual panes of glass in the main frame) than a
single glazed equivalent.
Glazing
Modern production techniques, and the glass used for modern
double or triple glazing, differ significantly from those in older single
glazing. Modern glass has a flatter, more reflective quality than
older glass.
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Learning Outcome
Energy has appeared as a critical economic issue and top concern for policymakers.
Unsustainable energy supply and demand have serious implications for everything from household
budgets to international relations. Buildings are on the front line of the issue due to their high
consumption of energy. Studies have repeatedly shown that efficient buildings and appropriate
land use offer opportunities to save money while reducing greenhouse gas emissions at the same
time. However, little did we know that, the practice of energy efficiency in buildings started long ago
during the era where our ancestors live. Historic buildings were originally designed to allow plenty
of air circulation and adding insulation may be a delicate operation. Different energy efficiency
features are found in different buildings depending on the location and climate of the environment.
From the research made based on our case study, we are aware that Edinburgh which is
the capital of Scotland since the 15th century has exceptionally challenges in addressing carbon
emissions from its built built environment. Edinburgh had proven that energy solutions for buildings
do not always need to rely on technology and systems. Many solutions can be simple and there is
a great potential in reducing energy consumption and hence minimising the total costs. There are
many historical buildings in Edinburgh that already have certain benefits in terms of environmental
sustainability, including their longevity, locally sourced materials, thermal mass and natural
ventilation. Edinburgh is a fine example that it is possible to enhance energy efficiency in heritage
buildings, even without compromising their originality.
In hot and humid countries like Malaysia, the year-round routine of heavy rains and high
temperatures contributes to unpredictable fluctuations in indoor climate and does eventually create
changes to the systems used in historic building. The highest numbers of heritage buildings around
Malaysia are found in Penang, followed by Perak, Johor, Malacca, Kuala Lumpur and other states.
In recent years, Malaysia has seen a grow in energy consumption by buildings from all sectors. A
significant portion of the energy consumed annually is spent to cool residential and commercial
buildings. Many modern buildings have been observed to ignore the general characteristics of the
regions vernacular architecture. Energy efficiency feature found in buildings of Edinburgh can be
corporate into our urban planning as there is yet many to learn from the past. Despite providing
guidance on application of energy efficiency improvements, not all of the improvement measures
outlines will be suitable for all situations. Careful consideration is needed while applying energy
efficiency measures to prevent long term deterioration of the buildings fabric or loss of buildings
significance.
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References
1. @ (2015). What Is Green Architecture, advantage/disadvantage, governing boards.
Retrieved October 30, 2016, from
https://curatorhall.wordpress.com/2015/05/24/what-is-green-architecture-advantagedisadvantagegoverning-boards/
2. 2016 Roof insulation
Retrieved November 11, 2016 from
http://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/timber-flat-roof-insulation/
4. Benefits of Energy Efficiency (2008).
Retrieved from November 3, 2016, from
http://www.citygreen.ca/benefits-energy-efficiency
5. Cold pitched roof (n.d)
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h t t p : / / w w w. i c o p a l . c o . u k / P r o d u c t s / P i t c h e d _ R o o fi n g _ U n d e r l a y / D e s i g n _ G u i d e /
Cold_Pitched_Roof_Unventilated_Sealed.aspx
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http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/home-energy-eciency/saving-water
20. Suspended timber floor insulation | Colm Flynn 2013
Retrieved 14 November, 2016 from
http://constructionstudiesq1.weebly.com/suspended-timber-floor.html
22. Warm pitched roof (n.d)
Retrieved 20 November, 2016 from
h t t p : / / w w w. i c o p a l . c o . u k / P r o d u c t s / P i t c h e d _ R o o fi n g _ U n d e r l a y / D e s i g n _ G u i d e /
Warm_Pitched_Roof.aspx
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Appendices
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