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PART 1
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
Laboratory Experiments
Theory:
Circuit diagram
Equipment
G
TG
Rb
= Load resistor TB 40
I1
= Ammeter 6A TI 102
I2
= Ammeter 20-0-20A, TI 08
= Wattmeter 1A TI 109
= star-delta Switch to 33
= Reversing starter to 32
= Switch to 30
1.
Connecting up
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.
2.1
2.2
Set the rotor starter to maximum resistance. Hold the rotor with the
hand and turn up the voltage to 50V.Make a note of the current.
Then turn down the Voltage to 0.
2.3
Set the rotor starter to minimum resistance and the star/delta switch
to Y. Hold the rotor with the hand and turn up the voltage to 50V.
Make a note of the current. Then turn the voltage down to 0 and
turn off the voltage switch.
3.
Plugging
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
Vary the load with the shunt rheostat of the torque Meter and the
load resistor RB in steps of 1 Nm up to 10 Nm. For each step make
a note of U, I1, P, M, n2 and f2
M
4.4
5.
Speed control
5.1
adjust the rotor starter so that roughly half of. Its resistance is
5.2
5.3
b.
c.
d.
e.
Calculate the power factor at full load. Explain the low value.
f.
Draw the circuit diagram for star/delta and reversing starter and
describe the functions of the switches.
g.
Calculate the ratio between starting current for delta and star
connection. What is the theoretical value
Table
Rating :
Meas.
no
Starting current :
I =
Plugging:
t=
UN
(V)
I1
(A)
A,
IR =
A,
IY =
sec
MEASURED VALUES
P
M
n2
(Watt) (Nm) (rpm)
f2
(Hz)
Pout
(Watt)
CALCULED VALUES
Pin
S
(Watt)
(%)
(VA)
Theory:
Where
Equipment
G
= Torque meter
TG
RB
= Load resistor TB 40
I1
I2
= Ammeter 20-0-20, TI 08
TI1, T2
= Switch TO 30
One Ohm-meter
Circuit diagram
1.
Connecting up
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.
No load test
10
Check that the rotor starter is set so that the entire resistance is
connected to the rotor circuit.
Turn on the variable AC voltage switch and adjust the voltage to
220 V. when the motor has started slowly turn off the rotor starter
2.2
2.3
Turn back the rotor starter to full resistance and turn off the AC
voltage switch.
3.
Resistance measurement
In order to be able to calculate the losses according to b) under
Theory the resistance in the primary and secondary windings
must be measured.
3.1
3.2
Disconnect the rotor starter leads to the rotor and instead connect
the Ohm-meter between two of the terminals. Turn the rotor slightly
during the measurement and observe that the deflections of the
instrument change. This is because of th varying resistance of the
brushes; to avoid this, open the casing over the slip rings. of the
11
4.
Direct measurement
For comparison the efficiency will now be directly measured.
4.1
Connect the induction motor to the torque meter and check that the
connection is in accordance with the circuit diagram (EM 7.2).
4.2
Check that the rotor starter is set so that the full resistance is
connected to the rotor circuit.
4.3
Check that the switch S is off.set the shunt rheostat of the torque
motor to minimum exciting current and turn on the DC voltage switch.
4.4
Overload
According to the standards an induction motor shall be abi develop a
torque 1.6 times the normal torque (within 15 second) without
stopping or suddenly change speed.
5.1
Calculate and make a note of the torque with which the machine is to
be tested:
12
5.2
Load the motor for 15 second with the calculated torque. The test
Time must not exceed 15 second, otherwise the motor may be
overheated.
5.3
Stop the motor by turning the resistance of the rotor starter and
then switching off the AC voltage.
6.
Starting current
For this motor the starting current is so high
that it cannot be directly measured. Instead
the current is measured
voltages,
and
the
I1
at some lower
starting
current
is
uniformity caused by the stator and rotor slots, the rotor should be
rotated very slowly by hand during the measurement.
6.1
6.2
6.3
Set the rotor starter so that its entire resistance is connected to the
rotor circuit.cautiously increase the AC voltage so that the startor
current increases in step of 1 A up to rated current.for each step
make a note of U and I1.
6.4
13
tanQ =
P R + PT
b.
c.
,where
e.
C using the
expression
. R,
where
the
temperature
t in
the
14
g.
h.
i.
k.
l.
m.
Read the efficiency from 1) for rated load and compare with
the calculated value under i).explain any differences.
n.
o.
p.
15
Table
Rating :
No-load test
U
(V)
MEARUSED VALUES
I1
PR
PT
I2
(A)
(W)
(W)
(A)
CALCULATED VALUES
Pom
I2rms
Po
tg cos
(W)
(A) (W)
Resistance measurement
MEARUSED VALUES
R1
R2
R3
()
()
CALCULATED VALUES
Rmean
R75
PCUo
PCUn
()
()
()
(W)
(W)
Stator
Rotor
Direct measurement
MEARUSED VALUES
PT
I2mean
M
I1
PR
(A)
(W)
(W)
(A)
(Nm)
n
(rpm)
CALCULATED VALUES
Pout
tg cos
(W) (W) (%)
Pin
Overload
16
M=
Nm
Starting current
MEARUSED VALUES
CALCULATED VALUES
Stator
Rotor
Pbrus =
Pstray losses =
17
EM 8: RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Task:
Theory:
Rx
IU
Rx
+
U
UA
+
A
U, I =
18
Rx
Equipment
M = Induction motor MV 121
B = Battery 6 V
S = Switch TO 30
R = Rheostat TV 200/50
U = Voltmeter 6 V
I = Ammeter 2 A TI 101
For later use
DC machine MV 120
1.
1.1
1.2
19
1.3
1.4
Make a note of U,I, the range used, the accuracy class and
resistance of the instruments for the range used.
1.5
1.6
2.
2.1
2.2
In order that the contact resistance of the brushes shall not affect
the result, measure voltage drop in the rotor winding directly from
the slip ring. Open the case above the slip rings, release the
voltmeter with its leads and hold them directly against the slip rings
during the measurement.
2.3
3.
Ra=r
A2
A1
Rk=r
otor resistance
esistance of Commutating
Rk/2
Ra
Rk/2
Winding
20
This circuit also includes brushes and the method with a detached
voltmeter must therefore be used.
3.1
3.2
4.1
4.2
21
Calculate all the measured resistance and include the correction for
the internal resistance of the instrument.
b.
Calculate the error in the resistance values taking into account the
accuracy of the instrument.
c.
d.
Table
Accuracy class of voltmeter
Accuracy class of ammeter
Task
No.
(V)
MEASURED VALUES
I
Range Range
(A)
(V)
(A)
Ru
RA
RX
()
()
()
CALCULATED VALUES
Rx
(%)
(%)
()
()
1.4
1.5
1.6
2.3
3.2
3.3
4.2
22
Task:
Theory:
Connecting up
1.1
1.2
23
1.3
Circuit diagram
Equipment
G
Rb
= Load resistor TB 40
I1
= ammeter 10 A, TI 102
= Star/delta switch TO 33
24
= Switch TO 30
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
3.
Speed control
3.1
3.2
3.3
25
c.
diagram.
Draw the graph M = f(s) for measurements 2 and 3 in the same
d.
diagram.
Extrapolate the graphs to M = 0. What should be the slip for M = 0?
Explain the different
Calculate the percentage of no-load current in relation to the rated
e.
f.
current.
Calculate the power factor at full load. Explain the low value.
Draw the circuit diagram for the star/delta switch and describe the
function of the switch.
26
Table
Rating:
Meas.
no
UN
(V)
MEASURED VALUES
I1
P
M
n2
(A) (Watt) (Nm) (rpm)
CALCULED VALUES
Pout
Pin
S
(Watt) (Watt)
(%)
(VA)
27
Circuit diagram:
28
Equipment
G
RB
= Load resistor TB 40
= Switch TO 30
= Star/Delta switch TO 30
= Reversing starter TO 32
I1
Theory: The starting current for this motor this is so high that it cannot be
directly measured. Instead the current is measured at some.
Lower voltages and the starting current is determined by
extrapolation of a curve through the measuring point. To avoid
lack of uniformity caused by the stator and rotor slots, the rotor
should be rotated very slowly by hand during the measurement.
Star-delta start is affected by changing over the windings. The
start current for star-delta start reduced
Plugging is effected by reversing two of the motor terminations,
so causing a tendency to rotate in the opposite direction.
29
1.
Starting current
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.
Plugging
2.1
2.2
2.3
Table
Starting current
Y
U (V)
I1 (A)
30
a.
Using the results in 1,draw the graph I1= f(U),i.e. the starting
current as function of the stator voltage. The U axis must run to 220
V extend the curve and read the starting current at rated voltage.
b.
Calculate the ratio between starting current for delta and star
connection.what is the theoretical value?
31
Task:
Theory:
b)
Iron losses
2)
3)
Ventilation losses
4)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Equipment
32
Circuit diagram :
33
1.
Connecting up
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.
No-Load test
The sum off all losses according to a) under Theory should be
determined in a no-load test. In order that the result shall not be
affected by losses in the torque meter, the induction motor must be
34
3.
Resistance measurement
Disconnect all cables from the stator, leaving the delta connection
intact. Measure the three winding resistances between U 1, V1 and
W1
Direct measurement
For comparison, the efficiency will now be measured directly.
4.1
Connect the induction motor to the torque meter and check that the
connection is in accordance with the circuit diagram.
4.2
4.3
Check that the switch S is off. Set the shunt rheostat of the torque
meter to minimum exciting current and turn on the DC voltage
switch.
4.4
35
5.
Overload
Calculate and make a note of the torque with which the machine is
to be tested:
5.2
Load the motor for 15 seconds with the calculated torque. The test
time must not exceed 15 seconds; otherwise the motor may be
overheated.
Make a note as to whether the motor stood up to the test or not.
b.
c.
Calculate the resistance losses in the stator for no-load test using
the expression
, where R is obtained from b and I is the
measurement stator current in measurement 2.
d.
36
e.
f.
g.
h.
I.
k.
l.
m.
Why is the pwer factor of the induction motor so low also at full
load?
37
Table
Rating:
No-load test
MEARUSED VALUES
U
I1
PR
PT
(V)
(A)
(W)
(W)
CALCULATED VALUES
Pom
Po
tg cos
(W)
(W)
Resistance measurement
MEARUSED VALUES
R1
R2
R3
()
()
()
Rmean
R75
CALCULATED VALUES
PCUo P1CUn P2CUn
PStray losses
()
()
(W)
(W)
(W)
(W)
(%)
Direct measurement
U
(V)
MEARUSED VALUES
I1
PR
PT
M
(A)
(W)
(W)
(Nm)
n
(rpm)
CALCULATED VALUES
Pin Pout
tg cos
(W) (W) (%)
Overload
M=
Nm
38
EM 12
TASK
P12
1
Where
P1
3R1 I 1
39
Circuit Diagram
Equipment
M
= star/delta switch to 33
I1
= Ammeter
40
VF
41
I1
R1
(ohm)
CALCULTED VALUES
P1cu
P1
Mst
(w)
(W)
(Nm)
2
3
4
M stY = Nm
M st =.. Nm
Ratio :
M sty
M st
M.13.1
42
M
Mmax
Equipment
G
43
RB = load resistor TB 40
S
= switch TO 30
100
Table
M (Nm)
N (rpm)
M max 100 ..................Nm
M max 220 ..................Nm
14.1
EM 15 : THE DAHLANDER MOTOR
Task
44
Theory
be expressed as follows :
n
120. f
(1 s ) rpm where
p
n = speed
f = frequency
s = slip
p = number of poles
one way of controlling the speed is to change the number of poles p. polechanging can be achieved by means of two different windings with
different numbers of poles or by means of one pole-changing winding.
Motors which can be run at two different speeds in this way are called twospeed motors. A motor with a pole-changing winding is often called a
dahlander motor after its inventor. A dahlander motor cannot be started
with a star-delta connection but is generally started directly. A polechanging switch (dahlander switch) is used for switching between the
different speeds.
A dahlander motor makes better utilization of the stator than two different
windings with different number of poles but the speed
can only be
45
Equipment
F
= load resistor TB 40
= dahlander switch to 35
= switch to 30
= wattmeter 1 A, 240 V
= voltmeter 240 V
= ammeter 10 A
connection
46
1.1
1.2
Note the rated power and rated speed of the two speed motor from
the rating plate.
1.3
2 .n
60
1.4
2.
2.1
set the load resistor RB and the torque meters shunt rheostat in
their positions for minimum current. Switch on the AC voltage and
adjust it to 220 V.
2.2
set the dahlander switch in position 1. The motor now will start up
and reach a speed of about 1490 rpm. Change the switch to
position 2. The motor will now increase its speed to about 2950
rpm. Switch back the switch to position 1.
2.3
2.4
Switch on the circuit breaker for fixed DC voltage and the load
switch. Vary the motor load with the aid of the torque meters shunt
rheostat and, if necessary, also with the aid of load resistor R B. Vary
the load in steps of 1.0 Nm up to the rated torque for the motor
which was calculated in 1.3. read off and note the following values
for each step: n, M, U, I and P.
47
2.5
Reset the minimum load on the motor by setting the shunt rheostat
and RB in the position for minimum current. Change the dahlander
switch to the position 2. Now repeat the same measurement at the
higher speed. Note that the motor has a different rated torque at the
higher speed.
2.6
Set the minimum motor load and switch off the DC voltage and the
AC voltage. Set the dahlander switch at 0.
3.
EM 15.4
3.1
3.2
4.
Measuring of resistance
4.1
48
Processing
a.
Pout
P
out where P must also be multiplied by the ratio of the
Pin
3 .P
current transformer.
b.
c.
220
.I
U
R2
2
P12
1V
49
3 3
3 4
I
3
3
.R1
2
R1 2 R // 4 R
R1
2 R.4 R
4
R
2R 4R 3
R R
R
2 2
R2 R
R2
Table
50
Meas.
MEASURED VALUES
CALCULATED
No.
U
(V)
( A)
(W)
( rpm ) ( Nm )
Pin
VALUES
Pout
(W)
(W)
2.3
2.4
2.5
3.1
3.2
RATED POWER
RATED SPEED
RATED TORQUE
51