Max (ngocquangmaivip@gmail.

com),
Tom (an280902@yahoo.com),
John (phat17602@gmail.com),
Creasic (hieucreasic@gmail.com),
Leo (J3rocker77@gmail.com)
Mr. Bill
15 Oct, 2016
Biology
Honor Code: On my honor, I have neither received nor given any unauthorized aid on this
assignment.
Biology Lab Report #1: Using Compound Microscopes
Introduction:

Compound Microscope is science instruments that can help you see the small objects.

We use microscope when we need to see bacterias, atoms, etc. We also use it to study in
biology or others science subject.

The first microscope that invented by Hans Lippershey.

According to: http://blog.nationalmicroscope.com/different-types-of-microscopes-andtheir-uses/ There are 8 other types of microscopes:

Stereo Microscope: They are useful for observing obaque objects.

Confocal Laser scanning microscope: They are able to scan a sample also in depth.
A computer is then able to assemble the data to make a 3D image.

X-ray Microscope: These microscopes use a beam of x-rays to create an image. Due
to the small wavelength, the image resolution is higher than in optical microscopes.

Scanning acoustic microscope (SAM): These devices use focused sound waves to
generate an image. They are used in materials science to detect small cracks or
tensions in materials.

Scanning Helium Ion Microscope (SHIM or HeIM): These devices use a beam of
Helium ions to generate an image.

Neutron Microscope: These microscopes are still in an experimental stage. They

have a high resolution and may offer better contrast than other forms of microscopy.

Electron Microscopes: Modern electron microscopes can magnify up to 2 million

times.

Scanning Probe Microscopes: It is possible to visualize individual atoms with these

microscopes.

Materials: methylene blue, onion, onion root, yogurt (undiluted, diluted), cheek cell, oil filter,
distilled water.
Procedure
Onion:

We use a small sharp knife to cut a thin tiny piece of onion.

Put it in a small glass and covered it with plastic.

Put it in the microscope to examine it.

Move the slide right into the middle for the better view.

Decided to look with 4x first

Move up and down to see it clearly.

After watch in 4x size, I used camera to take a picture of it.

Move on to 10x to see it more closely

Use camera one more time to take picture of 10x

Unable to look the onion cell with 40x and 100x while we test.

Onion Root:

Cut out a small piece of the onion root

Put it on the glass and cover it up with plastic again.

Put it into the microscope.

Move it into the middle.

We succeed to look it in 4x and 10x

I took a picture both 4x and 10x

We unable to see it in 40x and 100x again.

Cheek Cell:

Took out a toothpick

Put the toothpick inside Johns mouth

Scroll it up and down to get a small piece of his cheek cell.

Put the toothpick out.

Scroll it on the glass.

Wait for it to dry in 3 minutes.

Tom put the methylene blue on the glass carefully.

Remember to cover it up with a plastic everytime you put something on the microscope.

This time we use gloves to carry it into the microscope.

We look at 4x and 10x again.

I took pictures both

We changed it in 40x and 100x to see

Failed to see in 40x and 100x

Yogurt (Undiluted):

Put a toothpick into the yogurt

Scroll it on the glass and wait it dry

Tom gave it to Mr.Bill

He put the methylene blue on the glass.

Tom brought it back to our group

Creasic put the yogurt on microscope

We look for it with 4x and 10x

I took pictures of it

Tried to look at 40x and 100x => Failed

Yogurt (Diluted):

The yogurt was diluted in water

Take a toothpick

Put it in the diluted yogurt

Scroll the toothpick on the glass

Let it dry for 3 minutes

Brought it to Mr. Bill

He put the methylene blue on the glass and covered it with plastic

He give it to Tom.

We put it carefully into the microscope

We look for it with 4x and 10x.

I took pictures of it.

We failed to look it in 40x and 100x

Data & Results:

Onion cell: Able to see it in 4x and 10x. We saw its structure is very complex. It contain
many subjects in different sizes and looks. Separated by lines and its color is white border and
purple pink. We failed to see it in 40x and 100x.
Onion root: Able to see in 4x and 10x. Its sturture is actually like a leave. Unable to see it
in 40x and 100x.
Cheek cell: We saw many blue dots in 10x and 4x. Unable to see it in 40x and 100x.
Yogurt (Undiluted and Diluted): We saw small white bacterias surrounded by methylene
blue in both. But the diluted yogurt also has many black dots on it. Dots are seperated
everywhere.
Discussion
According to http://www.livestrong.com/ : There are 4 types of bacteria that found in
yogurt, there are: Probiotic, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus Thermophilus.
Probiotic Yogurt
Yogurt is generally known as a "live" food, because it contains living micro-organisms that exist
naturally in the human gut. Some of these microscopic bacteria are good for human health -these are known as probiotics. The good bacteria most commonly used as probiotics are lactic
acid bacteria, such as lactobacillus and bifidobacterium. Not all yogurt contains probiotics,
however; some live yogurt contains bacteria that are neither harmful, nor beneficial. Other types
of yogurt are heated in such a way that all live cultures are killed.
Lactobacillus
Lactobacillus is a broad name for one type, or genus, of bacteria. The many species of
lactobacillus are found naturally in our digestive and urinary tracts, and also in fermented foods
such as yogurt. Yogurt is most commonly made with lactobacillus bulgaricus, lactobacillus
acidophilus, L. animalis and L. casei.
Bifidobacterium
Bifidobacterium are a type of good bacteria found naturally in healthy gastrointestinal systems,
and also in fermented foods such as yogurt. Some commercial yogurts feature the probiotic
Bifidobacterium strains B. animalis and B. lactis.
Streptococcus Thermophilus
Another type of starter bacteria used to make yogurt is Streptococcus thermophilus. It is widely
used in the production of yogurt and cheese. As with lactobacillus and bifidobacterium, there are

many species and sub-strains of Streptococcus thermophilus. At least 81 types of Streptococcus

thermophilus can been found in commercial yogurts and cheeses.
After found these bacterias on internet, I could my onion cells, onion root have the
similar structures, shapes to cells I found on internet. My yogurt diluted and undiluted are
different because it has different color, shapes and sizes to my yogurt.
I have learned how to use microscope, and experiment bacterias. I didn't do much in our
group experiment but I felt happy that we've done a great job. I think that I could took pictures
more clearly and pretty but it was a mess. I will be careful in next time.
Research questions
Cell staining is useful because it enhances visualization of specific components within a
cell. Cell staining can also be used to highlight processes, such as the stages in cell division.
Methylene blue is specifically used in staining animal cells and blood film. This staining media
works by dyeing the nuclei of cells and making the particular structure more visible under a light
microscope. Any tissue that can absorb stains and dyes is referred to as chromatic. Without
stains, such as methylene blue, cells appear almost transparent under a microscope. The type of
stain used determines the techniques and slide preparations that must be performed; examples
include heat fixation, adding a chemical fixative, treatment with a mild surfactant, mounting and
immersion into a dye solution. Malachite green, used to stain spores, and iodine, a starch
indicator, are other popular dyes used in staining cells. Stained slides can be preserved by storing
the slide in a refrigerator or in a dark environment for later observation under a light microscope.
Stains can also be used in transmission electron microscopy. ( Reference, 2016)
Microscopy with Oil Immersion
When light passes from a material of one refractive index to material of another, as from
glass to air or from air to glass, it bends. Light of different wavelengths bends at different angles,
so that as objects are magnified the images become less and less distinct. With "dry" objective
lenses this loss of resolution prevents using magnifications of above 400x or so. In fact, as you
will see later, even at 400x the images of very small objects are badly distorted. Oil immersion
microscopy is essential to any microbiology lab. Stained smears of mixed bacteria are
recommended for practice. ( Ruf, 2016)
Procedure
Low viscosity oil between slide and objective:
1. With low- or medium-power objective, locate a point or area of interest on the slide and center
it in the image field.

2. Rotate the objective turret so that the high power objective is just to one side of the slide.
Place a single drop of immersion oil (low viscosity, Type A) on the slide (using the circle of light
from below as a guide) and place a drop directly on the objective lens. Failure to apply oil to the
objective will likely result in trapped air and reduced image quality.
3. Slowly rotate the high power objective into place and adjust the fine focus to fully resolve the
image.
High viscosity oil between condenser and slide (optional).
Condensers with a numerical aperture (N.A.) of 1.0 and greater (usually engraved directly on the
condenser) are also sealed to prevent oil penetration. Do not immerse condensers with an N.A.
less than 1.0.
1. Before placing the slide on the microscope stage, rack the condenser down (using the
condenser focusing mechanism) and apply a drop of oil (high viscosity, Type B) to the condenser
lens.
2. Apply a drop of oil to the bottom of the slide directly below the specimen, and place the slide
on the stage so that the drops will meet when the condenser is raised.
3. Raise the condenser until the drops converge. Follow the steps detailed above to oil the slide
to the objective. ( Flinnsi, 2016)
Work Cited
Different Types of Microscopes and their Uses. N.p., 25 Mar. 2015. Web. 16 Oct. 2016.
<http://blog.nationalmicroscope.com/different-types-of-microscopes-and-their-uses/>
Brown, Elizabeth. List of Good Bacteria in Yogurt. N.p., 9 June 2015. Web. 16 Oct. 2016.
<http://www.livestrong.com/article/349067-list-of-good-bacteria-in-yogurt/>.
Why is blue Methylene used in the cheek cell lab. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2016.
<https://www.reference.com/science/blue-methylene-used-cheek-cell-lab-e06874d0dd092782>.
Microscopy with Oil Immersion. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2016.
<http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/methods/microscopy/oilimm.html>.
What is immersion oil used for and what is the proper technique for using it?. N.p., n.d. Web. 16
Oct. 2016. <https://www.flinnsci.com/teacher-resources/biology/frequently-asked-biologyquestions/general-questions/what-is-immersion-oil-used-for-and-what-is-the-proper-techniquefor-using-it/>.