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Number System
Consider
clearly the first quotient 5 is an integer, but the second quotient is not an
integer. This shows the need to extend the set of all integers to include such quotients. Hence, the
set of rational numbers includes such quotients.
b 0.
Number Chart
Order Relation - I
Zero is greater than each of the negative rational numbers and less than each one of
the positive rational numbers.
Order Relation - II
We can compare rational numbers using arithmetic.
CASE I
Rational numbers having the same
denominator.
From the number line we see that if the
denominators of two rational numbers are
the same, the fraction with the smaller
numerator is less than the other.
Example:
CASE II
Rational numbers having distinct
denominators.
If the denominators of two fractions are not
the same, we should change them into
fractions having the same denominators.
Compare
Compare
and
Solution:
Example:
and
Solution:
<
<
Example:
Compare
and
Solution:
Here as one is negative and one is positive, obviously a positive rational number is greater than a
negative rational number. Therefore,
>
To compare two fractions, cross-multiply. The larger number will be on the same side as the larger fraction.
Basics
Example:
A fraction is said to be in its lowest term if the numerator and denominator of a fraction
have no common factors.
Example:
If the value of two fractions is equal they are said to be equivalent fractions.
Operation
Having done the basics, let us see how to add two or more
rational numbers.
We shall go through the following illustrations:
Before adding rational numbers let us see how to find the LCM of two numbers. LCM of two
numbers is their least common multiple. If two numbers donot have any common factor other than
1 then their LCM is their product.
Example:
LCM of 9 and 11 is 9 *11 that is 99. If two numbers have some common factors then 1 then first
we find their prime factorization and then find the LCM.
Example:
let us find the LCM of 16 and 24.
16 = 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 and 24 = 2 * 2 * 2 * 3
LCM of 16 and 24 = 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 3 = 48
Here we write the common factors of 16 and 24 only once and include all other factors in the
product. (Here three 2's are present in both and an extra 2 in 16 and an extra 3 in 24.)
Add:
and
Solution:
Here as the denominators are not the same first we take the LCM Of denominators, LCM of 9 and
11 is 99.
Add:
Solution:
LCM of the denominators 16 and 24 is 48.
Properties
Rational numbers must satisfy certain properties under addition.
+ = +
NB:
+( + )=( + )+
NB: 0 +
NB:
NB:
+
,
=0
are additive inverses.
Definition
Subtraction: If
and
Example:
3 - 4 = 3 + (-4), here we see that subtracting 4 from 3 is the same as adding the additive inverse
of 4 that is adding -4 to 3.
Multiplication: Now we shall go through the operation of multiplication of rational numbers.
The product of two rational numbers is just like the product of two fractions.
If
and
As rational numbers satisfy certain properties under addition they also satisfy certain properties
under multiplication.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
x*y=y*x
(x * y) * z = x * (y * z)
x*0=0*x=0
x*1=1*x=1
x * (y + z) = x * y + x * z
Reciprocal
Division: If
and
There are infinitely many rational numbers between any two given rational numbers.
If x and y are two rational numbers and x < y, then
and y.
Example:
A rational number between,
and
is
1 is a reciprocal of itself.
Representation
Every decimal number, having a finite number of digits in the decimal part, is a rational
number.
A rational number
representation is unique.
They can be converted to common fractions with a power of ten in their denominator.
Example:
Each position or digit in the decimal has a name associated with it.
Conversion
Fractions can be converted to decimals by dividing the denominator into the numerator.
Example:
Convert
To convert
To compare two decimals, we write one below the other, matching the decimal points.
The first place in which the larger digit is seen, we find the greater number in it. For
example, 0.56 > 0.46
Operations
Let us perform the four major operations on decimals.
The procedures for adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing decimals are the same as for whole
numbers, except for small differences.
Multiplication
Multiply decimals as we
would with whole numbers.
The answer will have as
many decimal places as the
sum of the number of
decimal places in the
numbers being multiplied.
Examples:
Example:
Division
Before dividing decimals,
move the decimal point of
the divisor all the way to the
right and move the decimal
point of the dividend same
number of spaces to the right
(adding zeroes if
necessary). Then divide as
we would with whole
numbers.
Example:
12.54 * 3.6
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
24 can be written in decimal form as 24.0, 24.00 and so on. Zero after decimal place to the end has no value.