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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 01: COMPOUND INTEREST (WITHOUT FORMULA)............................ 1
Introduction: ....................................................................................................................................... 1
Solved Examples 1.1: .............................................................................................................. 1
Unsolved Exercise 1.1: ............................................................................................................ 2
Important Results: ........................................................................................................................ 3
Solved Examples 1.2: .............................................................................................................. 4
Unsolved Exercise 1.2: ............................................................................................................ 4
Previous Board Question: ........................................................................................................ 5
Miscellaneous Exercise: .......................................................................................................... 5
Answer to Unsolved Exercise: ................................................................................................. 6
Volume 1 of 2
Table of contents
Volume 1 of 2
S.I. =
PR T
100
i.e. A = P + I
i.e. I =
z
z
Money is said to be lent at compound interest, when the interest, which has become due at
the end of a certain fixed period (one year, half year etc. as given) is not paid to the money
lender, but is added to the sum lent.
The amount thus obtained becomes the principal for the next period. This process is
repeated until the amount for the last period is found.
The difference between the final amount and the original principal is called the compound
interest.
i.e. Compound Interest = Final Amount Original Principal
CI = A P
Note:
1) In case of Simple interest, the principal remains constant throughout. But in case of compound
Interest, the principal keeps on changing every year (or any other fixed period)
2) When the interest is compounded yearly, the principal changes every year.
3) When the interest is compounded half yearly, the principal changes every six months.
2) Find the amount and the compound interest on `10,000 at 8 per cent per annum and in 1
year; interest being compounded half-yearly.
1
1
year: P = `10, 000; R = 8% and T =
year
Sol: For 1st
2
2
P R T
10,000 8 1
I=
I=`
= `400 `
100
100 2
And, A = P + I = `10, 000 + `400 = `10, 400
1
1
For 2nd
year: P = `10,400; R = 8% and T =
year.
2
2
10,400 8 1
I=`
= `416
100 2
And, A = P + I = `10,400 + 416 = `10,816
Required amount = `10,816
Compound interest = A P = `10,816 10,000 = 816
Volume 1 of 2
HW Exercise:
1) Calculate the amount and the compound interest on `8,000 for 1 years at 10% per annum
compounded yearly.
2) Calculate the amount and the compound interest on `12,500 in 3 years when the rates of
interest for successive years are 8%, 10% and 10% respectively.
3) A man borrows `8,500 at 10% compound interest. If he repays `2,700 at the end of each year,
find the amount of the loan outstanding at the beginning of the third year.
4) Calculate the compound interest for the second year and the third year on `16,000 invested for 5
years at 10% per annum.
5) Saurabh invests `48,000 for 7 years at 10% per annum compound interest. Calculate:
i) the interest for the first year.
ii) the amount at the end of the second year.
iii) the interest for the third year.
6) Mr. Mehta invested `8,000 every year at the beginning of the year, at 10% per annum compound
interest. Calculate his total savings at the beginning of the third year.
7) Mrs. Suneeta saves `8,000 every year and invests it at the end of the year at 10% per annum
compound interest. Calculate her total amount of savings at the end of the third year.
8) During every financial year, the value of a machine depreciates by 12%.Find the original cost of
a machine which depreciates by `2,640 during the second financial year of its purchase.
9) Mohit borrowed `7,500 from Sohan at 8% per annum compound interest. After 2 years, Mohit
gave `6,248 and an old T.V. set to clear his account. Find the cost of the T.V. set.
10) Calculate the difference between the compound interest and the simple interest on `10,000 in 2
years at 5% per annum.
11) Govind borrows `18,000 at 10% simple interest. He immediately invests the money borrowed at
10% compound interest compounded half-yearly. How much money does Govind gain in one
year?
Important Results:
On the same sum and at the same rate of interest:
nd
st
z The C.I. of 2 year is always more than the C.I. of 1 year
rd
nd
z C.I. of 3 year is more than C.I. of 2 year
th
th
z C.I. of 8 year is more than C.I. of 7 year and so on
The difference between the compound interest for any two consecutive years is the interest of
one year on the C.I. of the preceding year.
Similarly: the difference between the amounts for any two consecutive years is also the interest
of one year on the amount of the preceding year.
S.I. on a certain sum and at a certain fixed rate percent is the same every year. Eg.
st
If S.I on a certain sum is `500 for the 1 year, then for every year the S.I on that sum will
be `500 only, provided the rate of interest is also the same every year.
If S.I on a certain sum is `600 in 3 years; the S.I. on that sum for one year will be
600
= `200 and so on.
3
S.I. and C.I. are the same for the first year on the same sum and at the same rate percent.
Volume 1 of 2
1,200 x 1
= `12x
100
or
x = 6.25%
1,275 6.25
= `79.69
100
Volume 1 of 2
2) Geeta borrowed `15,000 for 18 months at a certain rate of interest compounded semi-annually.
If at the end of six months it amounted to `15,600; calculate:
i) the rate of interest per annum
ii) the total amount of money that Geeta must pay at the end of 18 months in order to clear the
account.
3) The compound interest, calculated yearly, on a certain sum of money for the second year is
`1,089 and for the third year it is `1,197.90. Calculate rate of interest and the sum of money.
4) On a certain sum and at a certain rate percent the simple interest for first year is `270 and the
compound interest for the first two years is `580.50. Find the sum and the rate percent.
5) The compound interest, calculated yearly, on a certain sum of money for the second year is
`864 and for the third year is `933.12, calculate the rate of interest and the compound interest,
on the same sum and at the same rate, for the fourth year.
6) `8,000 is lent out at 7% compound interest for 2 years. At the end of the first year `3,560 are
returned. Calculate:
i) the interest paid for the second year.
ii) the total interest paid in two years
iii) the total amount of money paid in two years to clear the debt.
7) The population of a town increases 10% every 3 years. If the present population of the town is
72,600; calculate:
i) its population after 6 years;
ii) its population 6 years ago.
8) The compound interest, calculated yearly, on a certain sum of money for the second year is
`880 and for the third year is `968. Calculate the rate of interest and the sum of money.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE:
1) Calculate the amount and the compound interest on `3,500 at 10% per annum in 2 year.
2) Find the compound interest, to the nearest rupee, on `3,600 for 2 years and 4 months at 10%
p.a. compound yearly.
3) Mr. Gupta invests `3,20,000 for 2 years at 12.5% p.a. compounded annually. If the income tax at
the rate of 20% is deducted at the end of each year, on interest accrued. Find the amount he
received at the end of 2 years.
Volume 1 of 2
4) Find the money, invested at 10% compounded annually, on which the sum of interest for the first
year and for the third year is `1,768.
5) A sum of money is invested at compound interest payable annually. The interest in first two
successive years is `1,350 and `1,440 respectively. Find:
i) the rate of interest
ii) the original sum
iii) the interest earned in the third year
6) A sum of money amounts to `46,305 in 1 year and to `48,620.25 in 1 years at compound
interest, compounded semi-annually. Find the sum and the rate of interest per annum.
7) The cost of a machine is `32,000. Its value depreciates at the rate of 5% every year. Find the
total depreciation in its value by the end of 2 years.
8) Find the sum, invested at 8% compounded annually, on which the interest for the third year
exceeds the interest of the first year by `199.68.
9) Find, without using formula, the difference between compound interest and simple interest on
`16,000 at 5% per annum and in 2 years.
10) The compound interest, compounded annually, on a certain sum is `9,680 in second year and is
`10,648 in third year. Calculate.
iii) the interest for 1st year.
i) the rate of interest
ii) the interest for 4th year
11) A sum of money lent at C.I compounded yearly, amounts to `9,680 in 2 years and `10,648 in 3
years. Calculate:
i) the rate of interest
ii) the amount in 4 years iii) the amount in one year.
Volume 1 of 2
A = P 1 +
100
Where A = Amount; P = Principal; r = rate of interest compounded yearly and n = number of years
Since, Compound interest = Amount Principal
n
C.I. = A P = P 1 +
p
100
r
C.I. = P 1 +
1
100
When the interest is not compounded yearly, the formula for finding the amount is:
mn
A = P 1 +
m 100
r
r
r
A = P 1 + 1 1 + 2 1 + 3 .....
100
100
100
Where r1%, r2%, r3% are the rates for successive years.
No. of years
Compounded yearly
Compounded halfyearly
1 2
i) n = 1 year
ii) n= 1
1
years
2
A = P 1 +
2 100
A = P 1 +
100
1 2
r
r
2
A = P 1 +
1 +
100 2 100
2
A = P 1 +
2 100
iii) n = 2 years
A = P 1 +
100
1
iv)n = 2
years
2
r
r
2
A = P 1 +
1 +
2
100
100
3 2
2
A = P 1 +
2 100
1 2
2 2
5 2
2
A = P 1 +
2
100
4 2
r
8
= 4,800 1 +
= 4,800 (1.04)8
A = P 1 +
2 100
2 100
= 4,800(1.3686) = `6,569.28
2) Calculate the amount and the compound interest on `12, 000 in 3 years when the rates of
interest for successive years are 8%, 10% and 15% respectively.
r
r
r
Sol: A = P 1 + 1 1 + 2 1 + 3
100 100 100
8
10
15
A = `12,000 1 +
1 +
1 +
= `16,394.40
100
100
100
Volume 1 of 2
3) At what rate per cent compound interest, does a sum of money become 1.44 times of itself in 2
years?
4) Find the time, in years, in which `4,000 will produce `630.50 as compound interest at 5 per cent
compounded annually.
5) A sum of `34,522 is divided between Rohit and Rajesh, 18 years and 21 years old respectively
in such a way that if their shares be invested at 5% per annum compound interest, both will
receive equal money at the age of 30 years. Find the shares of each out of `34,522.
6) What sum of money will amount to `7,123.20 in one and a half years at 12% per annum
compounded yearly?
7) In what time will `1,500 yield `496.50 as compound interest at 20% per year compounded semiannually?
8) Find the difference between compound interest and simple interest on `12,000 and in 1 years
at 10% compounded yearly.
The formula A = P 1 +
can be used as:
100
r
100
100
Can be used for the growth of plants, growth of inflation, etc
Depreciation:
z
Let the cost of a machine depreciates by r% every year, then its value after n years can be
obtained by the formula:
n
Also, the present value of the machine = Its value n years ago 1
.
100
Population Problems:
z
When the population of a town, city, village etc. increases at a certain rate per year, then
n
the formula, A = P 1 +
can be used as:
100
Volume 1 of 2
10
100
100
i.e. for the population at two different times, the former population will come (in the
formula) at the place of principal (P) and the later population will come at the place of
amount (A).
On C.I. A = P 1 +
100
mn
10
= P 1 +
2
100
21
= P(1.05)2 = 1.1025P
R
5
100
100
3
21
= 24000 1 +
= 24000
20
20
21 21 21
= 27,783
20 20 20
Population of the town after 3 years = 27,783
And increase in population = 27783 24000 = 3783
= 24000
Volume 1 of 2
11
4) The height of a plant is 80 cm and it is expected to grow at the rate of 20% every month. Find its
height after 3 months.
5) The population of a town increases by 5% every year. What was the population in 1982, if in
1985 it was 1,85,220?
6) A sum of money lent out at C.I. at a certain rate per annum becomes three times of itself in 10
years. Find in how many years will the money become twentyseven times of itself at the same
rate of interest p.a.
7) Amol bought a plot of land for `70,000 and a car for `32,000 on the same day. The value of the
plot appreciates uniformly at the rate of 10% every year while the value of the car depreciates by
12.5% for the first year and 10% for the second year. If Amol sells the plot of land as well as the
car after 2 years, what will be the profit or loss on the whole?
729
of itself in one year,
8) Determine the rate of interest per annum for a sum that becomes
625
compounded half-yearly.
9) Anuj and Yash each lent the same sum of money for 2 years at 8% simple interest and
compound interest respectively. Yash received `64 more than Anuj. Find the money lent by each
and interest received.
HW Exercise:
1) The value of a machine is estimated to be `27,000 at the end of 1994 and `21,870 at the
beginning of 1997, supposing it depreciates of 1997. Supposing it depreciates at a constant rate
per year of its value at the beginning of the year, calculate:
i) the rate of depreciation.
ii) the value of the machine at the end of 1997 and at the beginning of 1994.
2) The population of a town decreased by 12% during 1998 and then increased by 8% during 1999.
Find the population of the town, at the beginning of 1998, if at the end of 1999 its population was
2,85,120.
3) The number of radiations given out by a certain sample of radio-active substance is halved in 3
years. Find in how many years will the number of radiations emitted by the same sample of
radio-active substance be one-eight at the same rate.
4) Find the effective rate per cent per annum equivalent to a nominal rate of 10% per annum
interest payable half-yearly?
1
5) A property decreases, in value, every year at the rate of 6
per cent at the beginning of that
4
year. If its value at the end of 2 years is `2,25,000, what was its worth at the beginning of these
2 years?
6) The value of a machine, purchased two years ago, depreciates at the annual rate of 10%. If its
present value is `97,200, find:
i) its value after 3 years.
ii) its value when it was purchased.
7) Rohit and Rajan are two brothers with ages 18 years and 16 years respectively. In what ratio
must they invest money at 5% compounded yearly so that each may get same sum at the age of
24 years?
8) Calculate the sum of money on which the compound interest (payable annually) for 2 years be
four times the simple interest on `4,715 for 5 years, both at the rate of 5 per cent per annum.
9) A sum of money was invested for 4 years, interest being compounded annually. The rates for
successive years were 10%, 12%, 15% and 18% years respectively. If the compound interest for
the third year amounted to `5,544, find the sum invested.
Volume 1 of 2
11
12
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE:
1) Find the sum on which the compound interest for 3 years t 10% per annum amounts to `1,665.
2) On a certain sum, the compound interest in 3 years amounts to `4,453.20. If the rates of interest
for successive years are 5%, 8% and 10% respectively, find the sum.
3) At what rate per cent will `18,000 yield `5,958 as compound interest in 3 years?
4) A sum of `44,200 is divided between John and Smith, 12 years and 14 years old respectively, in
such a way that if their portions be invested at 10 percent per annum compound interest, they
will receive equal amounts on reaching 16 years of age.
i) What is the share of each out of `44,200?
ii) What will each receive, when 16 years old?
5) A man borrowed `16,000 for 3 years under the following terms:
16% simple interest for the first 2 years.
16% C.I. for the remaining one year on the amount due after 2 years, the interest being
compounded semi-annually. Find the total amount to be paid at the end of the three years.
6) On what sum of money will the C.I. for two and a half years at 10 per cent amount to `676.25?
7) Find the difference between compound interest and simple interest on `12,000 and in 1 years
at 10% compounded half-yearly.
8) On what sum of money will the difference between compound interest and simple interest be
`840 in 2 years at 20% per annum compounded annually?
9) A sum of money, invested at compound interest, amounts to `16,500 in 1 year and to `19,965 in
3 years. Find the rate per cent and the original sum of money.
10) The difference between C.I. and S.I on `7,500 for two years is `12 at the same rate of interest
per annum. Find the rate of interest.
11) The difference between compound interest for a year payable half-yearly and simple interest on
a certain sum of money lent out at 10% for a year is `15. Find the sum of money lent out
12) A man wishes to accumulate `50,440 capital at the end of 3 years from now. If he can invest his
savings at 5 per cent per annum compound interest, what equal sum must be put aside each
year, beginning at the end of the first year, to obtain the required amount.
12
Volume 1 of 2
13
13) Simple interest on a sum of money for 2 years at 4% is `450. Find compound interest on the
same sum and at the same rate for 1 year, if the interest is reckoned half-yearly.
14) Find the compound interest to the nearest rupee on `10,800 for 2 years at 10% per annum.
15) A man borrowed a sum of money and agrees to pay it off by paying `9,450 at the end of the first
year and `13,230 at the end of the second year. If the rate of compound interest is 5% per
annum, find the sum borrowed.
16) A sum of money is invested at 10% per annum compounded halfyearly. If the difference of
amounts at the end of 6 months and 12 months is `189, find:
i) the sum of money invested.
ii) the amount at the end of 1 years.
17) A sum of `5,000 invested at 8% p.a. compounded semi annually, amounts to `5,624.32.
Calculate the time period of the investment.
Volume 1 of 2
13
14
It is the price at which a trader buys his goods. The cost price is also termed as basic price.
It is the price at which a trader sells his goods (without including any tax).
Profit or Loss:
z
And, Profit % =
z
And, Loss % =
Loss
100%
C.P.
List Price:
z
z
z
The Price marked on an article is called its marked price (M.P) or list price.
List Price is also known as, printed price or quoted price.
In fact, after buying the goods a trader (shopkeeper) marks them at a certain percent above
the cost price.
Sale Price:
z
z
The price at which an article is offered to the customer is called its sale price.
Sale Price = List Price Discount
Volume 1 of 2
15
items (goods). Some items of necessity and/or of daily use for common persons are
completely/ partially exempted from Sales Tax.
The sales tax is always calculated on the sale price of the article.
Calculation of sales tax involves the use of the concept of percentage.
Rate of sales tax sale price
100
Sales tax
100%
Rate of sales tax =
Sale price
Sales tax =
170 + 93 = 894.96
345 + 228 +
228 + 170+
345 +
100
100
100
15
16
Discount:
z
z
z
In order to saleout his old stock or for some other reason/ reasons, the shopkeeper gives
certain percentage of the list price as discount. This discount is always calculated on list
price/ marked price.
When no discount is given, marked Price of the article becomes the sale price and sales tax
is calculated on it.
When discount is given first calculate the sale price as under
Sale Price = Marked Price Discount,
then calculate the sales tax on the sale price so obtained
Volume 1 of 2
17
17
18
H.W. Exercise:
1) A shopkeeper announces a discount of 15% on his goods. If the marked price of an article, in his
shop is `1,850; how much a customer has to pay for it, if the rate of sales-tax is 9%?
2) The list price of an article is `2,400 and is available at a discount of 15%. If the shopkeeper
further allows a discount of 5% on cash purchase; find how much a customer has to pay
including 10% Sales Tax on the sale price.
3) The catalogue price of an article is `20,000. The dealer allows two successive discounts 15%
and 10%. He further allows an off-season discount of 10% on the balance. But Sales Tax at the
rate of 10% is charged on the remaining amount. Find:
i) the Sales Tax amount a customer has to pay.
ii) the final total price that customer has to pay for the article.
4) A shopkeeper buys an article at a rebate of 20% on its marked price and then spends `300 on
its transportation, etc. if he sells the article for `4,160 (including sales tax at the rate of 4% of the
marked price), find the shopkeepers profit as per cent.
5) A shopkeeper buys an article for `2,400 from a wholesaler at 20% rebate on its list price. He
marks up the list price of the article bought by 10% and then sells it for `3,498 including sales tax
on the marked-up price Find:
i) the rate of sales tax
ii) the shopkeepers profit as per cent.
Sale Price:
z
The price on which the central tax is calculated is known as sale price. Sometimes sale
price is the difference between list price and discount.
Sale price = List price Discount.
18
Volume 1 of 2
19
Selling price:
z
The price at which the article is actually sold to the customer after adding taxes into sale
price is known as selling price.
When discount is given, Selling price = Sale price + CST
When discount is not given, Selling price = List price + CST
19
20
ii) The value of the TV set (excluding VAT) paid by the customer
= The price charged by manufacturer + Profit of wholesaler + profit of retailer
= `20,000 + `2,000 + `1,500 = `23,500
8
23,500 = `1,880
Tax paid by the customer = 8% of `23,500 = Rs
100
Amount paid by the customer (including VAT)
For the TV set = `23,500 + `1,880 = `25,380
Volume 1 of 2
21
3) The marked price of an article is `900 and the rate of sales-tax on it is 6%. If on selling the article
at its marked price, a retailer has to pay VAT = `4.80; find the money paid by him (including
sales tax) for purchasing this article.
4) A shopkeeper buys an article at a discount of 30% and pays sales-tax at the rate of 8%. The
shopkeeper, in turn, sells the article to a customer at the printed price and charges sales tax at
the same rate. If the printed price of the article is `2,500; find:
i) the price paid by the shopkeeper.
ii) the price paid by the customer.
iii) the VAT (Value Added Tax) paid of the shopkeeper.
5) A manufacturer marks an article for `6,000. He sells it to a wholesaler at 25% discount. The
wholesaler sells this article to a retailer at 15% discount on the marked price of the article. If
retailer sells the article to a customer without any discount and the rate of sales-tax is 8% at
each stage; find the amount of VAT paid by the
i) wholesaler
ii) retailer
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE:
1) Anisha purchased cosmetics for `172.50 including sales-tax. If the rate of sales tax is 15%, find
the list price of the cosmetics.
2) Lata goes to a shop to buy a leather coat, costing `654. The rate of sales-tax is 9%. She asks
the shopkeeper to reduce the price of the coat to such an extent that she has to pay `654,
inclusive of sales-tax. Find the reduction in the price of the coat.
3) The price of an article is `1,400 including a sales tax of 12%. Find its marked price.
i) increased to 15%?
ii) decreased to 10%? iii) increased by 7%? iv) decreased by 4%?
4) A bicycle is available for `1,664 including sales-tax. If the list price of the bicycle is `1,600, find:
i) the rate of sales tax.
ii) the price, a customer will pay for the bicycle if the sales-tax is increased by 6%.
5) An article is available for `1,430 inclusive of sales-tax at the rate of 10%. Find its list price. What
will be its new selling price if the rate of sales-tax changes to 12%?
6) Find the basic (cost) price on an article which is sold for 2,034 including 13% sales-tax.
7) The marked price of a taxable article was `4,000, which is sold to the first dealer at the same
rate. He sold to the second dealer for `4,240. The second dealer sold it to a customer for `4,320.
Find MVAT at every stage of trading at the rate 4%.
8) A mobile set is sold to wholesale dealer for `3,000. He sold the same set to a subdealer for
`3,200 and a customer purchased it from the second dealer for `3300.Find MVAT at every
stage of trading at the rate 12.5%.
9) A motor cycle production company sells one piece of motor cycle to the first sales dealer at the
cost of `30,800. He sells it to the subdealer for `36,000. Find the VAT to be paid at every stage
of trading at the rate 4%.
10) A company sells a car to Mahendrasingh for `1,800,000. Mahendrasingh sells the same car to
Hakimbhai for `2,20,000 and Hakimbhai sells it to Miss Mary for `2,50,000. Find MVAT to be
paid at every stage of trading at the rate 12.5%.
11) Hirachand has purchased goods worth `2350, and he has to pay `50 as other charges. He sells
the same product to Laxmibai for `2600.She then sells the purchased product to Manganlal for
`2800. Find the VAT at the rate 4% Laxmibai has to pay.
12) Neha bought a purse for `828 including 15% Sales Tax and a face-powder for `77 including
10% Sales Tax. Find the total amount of Sales Tax charged on both the items.
13) A shopkeeper buys an article for `7,500 and increases its price. He sells this article for `9,156
including 9% Sales Tax on the increased price. Calculate by how much per cent does the
shopkeeper increase the price of the article.
Volume 1 of 2
21
22
14) An imported car marked at `6,43,800 is available at a discount of 8%. If Sales Tax is charged at
10%, find the amount required to buy the car.
15) Johny bought a pant for `672, including 12% Sales Tax and a shirt for `440, including 10%
Sales Tax. Find the total basic price of the pant and the shirt together.
16) Madan purchases a compact computer system for `47,700 which includes 10% rebate on the
marked price and then 6% Sales Tax on the remaining price. Find the marked price of the
computer correct to two decimal places.
17) A shopkeeper buys an article at 70% of its printed price. He spends `40 on transportation of the
article. After charging Sales Tax at the rate of 7% on the printed price, he sells the article for
`6,848. Find his profit as percent.
18) Mrs. Sheela bought a washing machine marked at `9,375. The rate of Sales Tax is 6%. She
asks the shopkeeper to reduce the price of the washing machine to such an extent that she has
to pay `9,275 inclusive of Sales Tax. Find the reduction needed in the price of the washing
machine.
19) An article is available for `13,789.44 which includes two successive discounts of 20% and 5%
respectively on the list price and then 8% Sales Tax on the remaining price. Find the list price of
the article.
20) The catalogue price of a colour T.V. is `18,000. The shopkeeper gives a discount of 8% on the
marked price. He gives a further off-season discount of 5% on the balance. But Sales Tax at
10% is charged on the remaining amount Find:
i) the Sales Tax amount a customer has to pay.
ii) the final price he has to pay for the colour T.V.
21) A retailer sells an article for `5,350 including 7% Sales Tax on the listed price. If he had bought it
at a discount and has made a profit of 25% on the whole, find the rate of discount he gets.
22) A wholesaler sells an article for `2,700 at a discount of 10% on the printed price to a retailer. The
retailer, in turn, raises the printed price of the article by 15% and sells it for `3,657 which
includes Sales Tax on the new marked price Find :
i) the rate of Sales Tax.
ii) the profit, as per cent, made by the retailer.
23) An article is marked at `500. the wholesale sells it to a retailer at 20% discount and charges
sales-tax on the remaining price at 12.5%. The retailer, in turn, sells the article to a customer at
its marked price and charges sales-tax at the same rate. Calculate:
i) the price paid by the customer
ii) the amount of VAT paid by the retailer.
24) The printed price of an article is `9,600. A shopkeeper buys it at a discount of 20% and sells it at
the printed price. Find the amount of VAT paid by the shopkeeper, if the rate of Sales Tax is
10%. Also, find the profit made by the shopkeeper, if he spends `120 on the transportation of the
article.
Volume 1 of 2
23
3) A manufacture marks an article for `5000. He sells it to a wholesaler at a discount of 25% on the
marked price and he wholesaler sells it to a retailer at a discount of 15% on the marked price.
The retailer sells it to a consumer at the marked price and at each stage the VAT is 8%.
Calculate the amount of VAT received by the Government from:
[2010]
i) the wholesaler
ii) the retailer
4) Tarun bought an article for `8000 and spent `1000 for transportation. He marked the article at
`11,700 and sold it to a customer. If the customer had to pay 10% sales tax, find.
[2010]
i) The customers price
ii) Taruns profit percent.
5) A shopkeeper bought a TV at a discount of 30% of the listed price of `24,000. The shopkeeper
offers a discount of 10% of the listed price to his customer. If the VAT (Value Added Tax) is 10%.
Find: i) the amount paid by the customer, ii) the VAT to be paid by the shopkeeper.
[2009]
6) A shopkeeper buys a camera at a discount of 20% from the wholesaler, the printed price of the
camera being `1600 and the rate of sales tax is 6%. The shopkeeper sells it to the buyer at the
printed price and charges tax at the same rate. Find:
i) The price at which the camera can be bought.
ii) The VAT (Value Added Tax) paid by the shopkeeper.
[2008]
7) Dinesh bought an article for `374, which included a discount of 15% on the marked price and a
sales tax of 10% on the reduced price. Find the marked price of the article.
[2007]
8) Kiran purchases an article for `5,400 which includes 10% rebate on the marked price and 20%
sales tax on the remaining price. Find the marked price of the article.
[2006]
9) The catalogue price of a computer set is `45,000. The shopkeeper gives a discount of 7% on the
listed price. He gives a further offseason discount of 4% on the balance. However, sales tax at
8% is charged on the remaining amount. Find:
i) The amount of sales tax a customer has to pay.
ii) The final price he has to pay for the computer set.
[2005]
10) Ms.Chawla goes to a shop to buy a leather coat which costs `735. The rate of sales tax is 5%.
She tells the shopkeeper to reduce the price of the coat, such that she has to pay only `735
inclusive of sales tax. Find the reduction needed in the price of the coat.
[2004]
4) 6060.60
HW Exercise 3.1:
1) ` 583.20
5) `12,300
2) `1250
6) i) 4% (ii) 1760
3) 4%
CW Exercise 3.2:
1) `3,225.60
4) `1,171.58
2) 30%
5) `857
HW Exercise 3.2:
1) `1,714.03
4) 14 2/7%
2) `2,131.80
5) 6% and 37.5%
CW Exercise 3.3:
1) `184
2) `9100
3) i)187.50(ii)`62.50
Volume 1 of 2
4) `1600
24
HW Exercise 3.3:
2) `300
1) A = `120; B = `70
4) i) `1,890 (ii) `2,700 (iii) `60
3) `869.20
5) i) `48 (ii) `72
Miscellaneous:
1) `150
2) `54
3) `1,250 (i) `37.50 more (ii) `25 less (iii) `87.50 more (iv) `50 less
4) i) 4% (ii) `1,760
5) `1,300; `1,456
6) `1,800
7) 160, 9.60, 3.2
8) 3.75, 25, 12.5
9) 1232, 128, 80
10) `22,500, `5,000, `3,750
11) `8
12) `115
13) 12%
14) `6,51,525.60
15) `1000
16) `50,000
17) 41.59%
18) `625
19) `16,800
20) i) `1573.20 (ii) `17305.20
21) 20%
22) i) 6% (ii) 27.78%
23) i) `562.50 (ii) `12.50
24) `192, `1800
24
Volume 1 of 2
25
Receiving money from the depositors and payments for public utility services such as
telephone bills, electricity bills, water bills and house tax etc.
Lending and transferring money from one place to another.
Renting safe deposit lockers for the safe custody of valuables.
Helping travellers and tourists by providing travellers cheque and foreign currency etc.
Volume 1 of 2
25
26
Note:
i) The interest for a particular month is computed on the minimum balance between the 10th day
and the last day of the month in a multiple of `10.
ii) Add the balance of all the months and get the value of P.
iii) If account is opened after 10th of a month then no interest on any sum is given for that month, i.e.
minimum balance for that month, which qualifies for interest = 0
iv) If account is closed on any date of the month then also no interest on any sum is given for that
month, i.e. minimum balance for that month, which qualifies for interest = 0
For Savings Bank Account, Interest =
PRT
100
Volume 1 of 2
27
1
, R = 6%
12
P R T
52,330 6 1
Interest = 2
=
= `261.65
100
100 12
Principal for October = `7,837.25
As passbook is filled up to March 24 showing balance `7,000.
Further we can update the passbook as under:
Date
Particulars
Withdrawals (`)
Deposits (`)
Balance (`)
March 31
Interest
75.00
7,075.00
May 24
By Cheque
2,500.00
9,575.00
Sept. 8
To cash
1,500.00
8,075.00
Sept. 20
To cash
500.00
7,575.00
Sept. 31
By interest
261.65
7,816.65
Oct. 20
By Cash
3,500.00
11,316.65
2) Mr. Jagdish has a Savings Bank Account in Canara Bank. His passbook has following
entries:
Date
Particulars
Withdrawals
Deposits
Balance
(` P)
(` P)
(` P)
Jan. 2
By Balance
2,300.00
Jan.9
By cash
600.00
2,900.00
Feb.7
To cheque
300.00
2,600.00
Feb.18
By cheque
800.00
3,400.00
Mar.3
To cheque
500.00
2,900.00
Mar.21
By cash
800.00
3,700.00
June 9
By cash
300.00
4,000.00
July 4
To cheque
300.00
3,700.00
Aug.11
By cash
500.00
4,200.00
Sep.8
By cash
400.00
4,600.00
Nov.16
To cheque
800.00
3,800.00
Dec. 5
By cash
500.00
4,300.00
Dec.23
To cheque
200.00
4,100.00
The rate of interest is 6% per annum and the interest is paid once a year at the end of
December. Calculate the interest earned by Mr. Jagdish in the given year.
Sol: Min. balance for the month of Jan = `2,900
Min. balance for the month of Feb = `2,600
Min. balance for the month of Apr = `3,700
Min. balance for the month of Mar = `2,900
Min. balance for the month of May = `3,700
Min. balance for the month of June = `4,000
Min. balance for the month of July = `3,700
Min. balance for the month of Aug = `3,700
Min. balance for the month of Oct = `4,600
Min. balance for the month of Sep = `4,600
Min. balance for the month of Nov = `3,800
Min. balance for the month of Dec = `4,100
Total = ` 44,300
PRT
Interest for the period Jan. to Dec =
100 12
44300 6 1
I=
= `221.50
100 12
Now, P2 = `52,330, T =
Volume 1 of 2
27
28
Particulars
Withdrawals (`)
Deposit (`)
Balance (`)
April 1 By Balance
4,600.00
April 7 By Cash
1,200.00
5,800.00
April 24 To Cheque
800.00
5,000.00
May 16 By Cheque
2,000.00
7,000.00
May 29 To Cash
1,500.00
5,500.00
Find the amounts, on which John will get interest for the months of April, 97 and May, 1997.
3) A man holds a Savings Bank Account in the Union Bank of India. A page of his pass-book show
the following entries:
Date
Particulars
Withdrawals (`)
Deposits (`)
Balance (`)
May 1
Balance B/F
3,200.00
May 6
By Cheque
500.00
3,700.00
May 17 By Cheque
800.00
4,500.00
June 4 By Cheque
1,300.00
5,800.00
June 9 To Cheque
1,650.00
4,150.00
Calculate the rate of interest per annum, if the total interest earned for the month of May and
June is `39.25
4) Mr.Sen has a Saving Bank Account with a Post Office.
i) Calculate the interest earned by Mr.Sen during the year 1993 at 6.5% per annum payable in
December, if the entries during the year, in his passbook are as given below:
Date
Particulars
Withdrawals (`)
Deposits (`)
2.1.93
By Cash
250.00
9.1.93
By Cheque
825.00
13.3.93
To Cash
325.00
24.7.93
By Cash
1,237.00
6.10.93
To Cheque
250.00
22.12.93 By Cheque
958.00
ii) Also calculate the interest, when the principal for every month is taken as the nearest multiple
of `10.
5) Mrs.Swami had a Saving Bank Account with the State Bank in India from 13th Feb., 89 to 31st
July, 89. The following table shows the entries in her passbook for the above said period.
Calculate the interest earned by Mrs.Swami on her S.B. Account upto 31st July, 89 at the rate of
5% per annum.
28
Volume 1 of 2
29
Date
Particulars Withdrawals (`)
Deposits (`)
Balance (`)
Feb. 13 By Cash
500.00
500.00
March 3 By Cheque
735.00
1,235.00
March 14 By Cheque
1,040.00
2,275.00
May 10 To Cheque
240.00
2,035.00
May 22 To Cash
430.00
1,605.00
June 19 By Cash
780.00
2,385.00
July 26
To Cash
980.00
1,405.00
6) A page from the passbook of a Saving Book Account in a particular year is given below:
Date
Particulars Withdrawals (`)
Deposits (`)
Balance (`)
Jan. 3
By Cash
5,000.00
5,000.00
Feb. 13 To Self
1,000.00
March 24 By Cheque
2,000.00
March 31 By Interest
May 20 By Cash
800.00
July 7
To Cheque
1,400.00
July 18
By Cash
1,600.00
Sept. 15 To Cheque
3,200.00
Sept. 26 By Cheque
2,350.00
If the interest is calculate at 6% p.a. and is compounded at the end of March and September
every year, find the interest earned upto 31st March and then after completing all the entries, find
the amount that the account holder would have received had he closed the account on 20th Oct.
the same year.
7) Mrs. N. Batra has a Savings Bank Account with the Punjab National Bank. She had the following
transactions (from 1st January, 2007 to 31st December, 2008) with the bank:
ii) 13.03.2007; deposited `6,482/
i) 01.01.2007; B/F `8,764/
iv) 09.08.2007; withdrew `1,333/
iii) 22.06.2007; withdrew `4,369/
v) 24.11.2007; deposited Rs2,158/
Calculate the interest accrued up to 31st December 2007; if the rate of interest is 5%
compounded yearly and the principal for every month is taken as the nearest multiple of `10
HW Exercise:
1) A man opened a Savings Bank Account with a bank on 22nd Feb. 1998 and deposited `300. He
further deposited `1,500 on 5th March 1998 and withdrew `500 on 12th April 1998. Assuming that
he neither deposited nor withdrew any money upto the last day of May 1998; write the amounts
on which he would receive interest for:
a) February 1998
b) March 1998
c) April 1998
d) May 1998
2) A page from the pass-book of Asha is given below:
Date Particulars Withdrawals (`)
Deposits (`)
Balance (`)
Jan. 5 Balance B/F
3,750.00
March 7 To Cheque
1,200.00
April 2 By Cheque
2,300.00
April 10 By Cheque
820.00
Oct. 6 To Cheque
950.00
Dec. 8 By Cash
1,700.00
Complete the pass-book and then calculate the interest for the period January to December
5% per annum.
Volume 1 of 2
29
30
3) Mr.Nayyar has a Saving Bank Account with Punjab National Bank. During the year 1995, his
passbook shows the following entries:
Date
Particulars Withdrawals (`)
Deposits (`)
Balance (`)
Jan. 1
By Balance
5,400.00
Jan. 8
By Cheque
2,500.00
7,900.00
March 3 By Cash
800.00
8,700.00
March 16 To Cheque
3,200.00
5,500.00
May 13 By Cash
2,400.00
7,900.00
May 29 To Cash
1,700.00
6,200.00
Sept. 18 To Cheque
900.00
5,300.00
Oct. 7
By Cash
750.00
6,050.00
Dec. 23 To Cash
2,000.00
4,050.00
Dec. 28 By Cheque
1,950.00
6,000.00
Calculate the interest earned by Mr. Nayyar for the year 1995 at 5% per annum payable in
December.
4) A Saving Bank Account was opened by Mrs.Roy on 3.7.92 and closed on 31.01.93. The entries
in the passbook of Mrs.Roy were as given below:
Date Particulars Withdrawals (`)
Deposits (`)
Balance (`)
3.7.92
By Cash
690.00
15.7.92 By Cash
1,153.00
27.8.92 By Cheque
2,468.00
30.8.92 To Cash
946.00
12.9.92 To Cheque
1,000.00
20.11.92 By Cheque
3,000.00
26.11.92 By Cash
750.00
28.11.92 To Cash
1,570.00
i) By finding the balance on different dates of entries calculate the interest earned by Mrs.Roy,
for the period she had this Saving Bank Account, at the rate of 6% p.a.
ii) Also calculate the interest, when the principal for every month is taken as the nearest multiple
of `10.
5) A page from the passbook of Mr.Rohit is given below. Find the interest for the period January to
December 1998 at 4.5% per annum.
Date
Particulars Withdrawals (`)
Deposits (`)
Balance (`)
Jan. 1
By Balance
7,500.00
March 7 By Cheque
1,875.00
March 10 By Cash
625.00
July 17
To Self
3,250.00
Oct. 5
By Cheque
2,160.00
Dec. 19 To Cheque
1,340.00
6) The entries in a Savings Bank passbook are as given below:
Date
Particulars
Withdrawals (`)
Deposits (`)
Balance (`)
01.01.03
B/F
14,000.00
01.02.03
By Cash
11,500.00
25,500.00
12.02.03
To Cheque
5,00.00
20,500.00
05.04.03
By Cash
3,750.00
24,250.00
15.04.03
To Cheque
4,250.00
20,00.00
09.05.03
By Cash
1,500
21,500.00
04.06.03
By Cash
1,500
23,000.00
Calculate the interest for six months (January to June) at 4% per annum on the minimum
balance on or after the tenth day of each month.
30
Volume 1 of 2
31
n(n + 1)
.
2
Direct Method:
Let P = Installment per month, n = no. of months for which R.D. is opened, R = rate of
1
years, then the interest (I) can be obtained by using the
interest per annum and T =
12
n(n + 1) RT
formula: I = P
2
100
For Example:
1
P = `300, n = 24, R = 10% and T =
years
12
n(n + 1) RT
24(24 + 1)
10 1
I = `300
= 750
I=P
2
100 12
2
100
The amount that Rajesh will get at the time of maturity = `(300 24) + 750 = `7,950
z
Interest earned = `
Volume 1 of 2
31
32
1,270
th
Jan. 7 2006
By Cheque
2,310
3,580
Mar. 9th 2006
To Self
2,000
1,580
Mar. 26th 2006
By Cash
6,200
7,780
June. 10th 2006
To Cheque
4,500
3,280
July. 15th 2006
By Clearing
2,630
5,910
Oct. 18th 2006
To Cheque
530
5,380
Oct. 27th 2006
To Self
2,690
2,690
Nov. 3rd 2006
By Cash
1,500
4,190
Dec. 6th 2006
To Cheque
950
3,240
Dec. 23rd 2006
By Transfer
2,920
6,160
If he received `198 as interest on 1st January, 2007, find the rate of interest paid by the bank.
[2012]
32
Volume 1 of 2
33
st
3) Mr.Choudhury opened a Savings Bank Account at State Bank of India on 1 April, 2007. The
entries of one year as shown in his pass book are given below:
Withdrawals
Deposits
Balance
Date
Particulars
(in `)
(in `)
(in `)
1st April, 2007
By Cash
8550.00
8550.00
12th April, 2007
To Self
1200.00
7350.00
24th April, 2007
By Cash
4550.00
11900.00
8th July, 2007
By Cheque
1500.00
13400.00
10th Sept., 2007
By Cheque
3500.00
16900.00
17th Sept., 2007
To Cheque
2500.00
14400.00
11th Oct., 2007
By Cash
800.00
15200.00
th
6 Jan., 2008
To Self
2000.00
13200.00
9th Mar., 2008
By Cheque
950.00
14150.00
If the bank pays interest at the rate of 5% per annum, find the interest paid on 1st April, 2008.
Give your answer correct to the nearest rupee.
[2011]
4) Ahmed has a recurring deposit account in a bank. He deposits `2,500 per month for 2 years. If
he gets `66,250 at the time of maturity, find
i) The interest paid by the bank
ii) the rate of interest.
[2011]
5) Mr. Gupta opened a recurring deposit account in a bank. He deposited `2500 per month for two
years. At the time of maturity he got `67,500. Find
i) the total interest earned by Mr. Gupta
ii) the rate of interest per annum.
[2010]
th
6) Mrs. Kapoor opened a Savings Bank Account in State Bank of India on 9 January 2008. Her
pass book entries for the year 2008 are given below:
[2010]
Withdrawals
Deposits
Balance
Date
Particulars
(in `)
(in `)
(in `)
Jan 9, 2008
By Cash
10,000
10,000
Feb 12, 2008 By Cash
15,500
25,500
April 6, 2008
To Cheque
3500
22,000
April 30, 2008 To Self
2000
20,000
July 16, 2008 By Cheque
6500
26,500
Aug 4, 2008
To Self
5500
21,000
Aug 20, 2008 To Cheque
1200
19,800
Dec 12, 2008 By Cash
1700
21,500
Mrs. Kapoor closes the account on 31st December, 2008. If the bank pays interest at 4% per
annum, find the interest Mrs. Kapoor receives on closing the account. Give your answer correct
to the nearest rupee.
7) Mr. Mishra has a Savings Bank Account in Allahabad Bank. His pass book entries are as
follows:
Date
Particulars
Withdrawals (`)
Deposits (`)
Balance (`)
Jan 4, 2007
By Cash
1000.00
1000.00
By Cheque
3000.00
4000.00
Feb 3, 2007
By Cash
2500.00
6500.00
Feb 7, 2007
To Cheque
2000.00
4500.00
March 3, 2007
By Cash
5000.00
9500.00
By Cash
2000.00
11500.00
June 7,2007
By Cash
3500.00
15000.00
Aug 29,2007
To Cheque
1000.00
14000.00
Volume 1 of 2
33
34
Rate of interest paid by the bank is 4.5% per annum. Mr. Mishra closes his account on 30th
October, 2007. Find the interest he receives.
[2009]
8) Mrs. Goswami deposits `1,000 every month in a recurring deposit account for 3 years at 8%
interest per annum. Find the matured value.
[2009]
9) David opened a Recurring Deposit Account in a bank and deposited `300 per month for two
years. If he received `7725 at the time of maturity, find the rate of interest per annum.
[2008]
10) Mr.Dhoni has an account in the Union Bank of India. The following entries are from his pass
book:
Date
Particular
Withdrawals (`)
Deposits (`)
Balance (`)
Jan, 3, 07
B/F
Jan, 16
To self
March, 5
By Cash
April, 10
To self
April, 25
By Cheque
June, 15
By Cash
2642.00
640.00
2002.00
850.00
2852.00
1130.00
1722.00
650.00
2372.00
577.00
1795.00
Calculate the interest from January 2007 to June 2007 at the rate of 4% per annum.
[2008]
11) Saloni deposited `150 per month in her bank for eight months under the Recurring Deposit
Scheme. What will be the maturity value of her deposit, if the rate of interest is 8% per annum
and the interest is calculated at the end of every month?
[2007]
12) Mrs. Kumar has an account with The Bank of India. The following entries are from his pass book:
Date
Particular
Withdrawals (`)
Deposits (`)
Balance (`)
08.02.06
B/F
18.02.06
To self
12.04.06
By Cash
15.06.06
To self
08.07.06
By cash
8500.00
4000.00
2238.00
5000.00
6000.00
Compute the above page of her pass book and calculate the interest for the six months,
February to July 2006, at 4.5% per annum.
[2007]
13) Mohan deposits `80 per month in a cumulative deposit account for six years. Find the amount
payable to him on maturity, if the rate of interest is 6% per annum.
[2006]
14) Mr. Ashok has an account in the Central Bank of India. The following entries are from her pass
book:
Date
Particular
Withdrawals (`)
Deposits (`)
Balance (`)
01.01.05
B/F
1200.00
07.01.05
By Cash
500.00
1700.00
17.01.05
To Cheque
400.00
1300.00
10.02.05
By cash
800.00
2100.00
25.02.05
To Cheque
500.00
1600.00
20.09.05
By cash
700.00
2300.00
21.11.05
To Cheque
600.00
1700.00
05.12.05
By cash
300.00
2000.00
If Mr.Ashok gets `83.75 as interest at the end of the year where the interest is compounded
annually, calculate the rate of interest paid by the bank in his Savings Bank Account on 31st
December, 2005.
[2006]
15) Mr. R. K. Nair gets `6,455 at the end of one at the rate of 14% per annum in a recurring deposit
account. Find the monthly instalment.
[2005]
34
Volume 1 of 2
35
16) A page from the passbook of Mrs. Rama Bhalla is given below:
Date
Particular
Withdrawals (`)
Deposits (`)
Balance (`)
Jan, 1
B/F
2,000.00
Jan, 9
By Cash
200.00
2200.00
Feb, 10
To Cheque
500.00
1700.00
Feb, 24
By Cheque
300.00
2000.00
July 29
To Cheque
200.00
1800.00
Nov, 7
By cash
300.00
2100.00
Dec, 8
By cash
200.00
2300.00
Calculate the interest due to Mrs.Bhalla for the period from January 2004 to December 2004, at
the rate of 5% per annum.
[2005]
17) The entries in a Saving Bank passbook are as given below:
Date
Particular
Withdrawals (`)
Deposits (`)
Balance (`)
01.01.03
B/F
14000.00
01.02.03
By Cash
11500.00
25500.00
12.02.03
To Cheque
5000.00
20500.00
05.04.03
By cash
3750.00
24250.00
15.04.03
To Cheque
4250.00
20000.00
09.05.03
By cash
1500.00
21500.00
04.06.05
By cash
1500.00
23000.00
Calculate the interest for six months (January to June) at 4% per annum on the minimum
balance on or after the tenth day of each month.
[2004]
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE:
1) A page from a pass book of Saving Bank Account is given below:
Date
Particulars Withdrawals (`)
Deposits (`)
Balance (`)
09.08.1999 By Cash
10,000.00
10,000.00
11.08.1999 By Cheque
5,000.00
15,000.00
05.10.1999 To Cheque
12,000.00
3,000.00
10.10.1999 By Cash
17,000.00
20,000.00
27.11.1999 By Cheque
5,000.00
15,000.00
29.11.1999 By Cash
3,000.00
18,000.00
nd
The account is closed on 2 Jan., 2000. Find the amount received, if the rate of interest is 5%.
2) Calculate maturity value of a R.D. Account of:
i) `800 per month for 2 years at 8% p.a.
ii) `2,000 per month for 2.5 years at 10% p.a.
3) Ritu has a recurring deposit account in a bank and deposits `80 per month for 18 months. Find
the rate of interest paid by the bank if the maturity value of this account is `1,554.
4) Mohit holds a Saving Bank Account in State Bank of India for the months of June and July.
Following entries are noticed in his pass book.
Date Particulars Withdrawals (`)
Deposits (`)
Balance (`)
June 5 By Cash
2,400.00
2,400.00
June 9 By Cash
1,600.00
4,000.00
July 3 By Cheque
3,890.00
7,890.00
July 14 To Cheque
1,890.00
6,000.00
Calculate the interest earned upto 31st July at the rate of 5% per annum.
Volume 1 of 2
35
36
5) John had a S.B. Account in Bank of Baroda. His passbook had the following entries:
Date Particulars Withdrawals (`)
Deposits (`)
Balance (`)
Jan. 1 By Balance
9,600.00
Jan. 8 By Cash
6,000.00
15,600.00
Feb. 18 To Cheque
10,500.00
5,100.00
May 19 By Cash
6,300.00
11,400.00
July 15 To Self
2,400.00
9,000.00
Oct. 7 By Cash
3,600.00
12,600.00
On October 30, 2000 he received his Transfer order and closed the account. Find the interest he
received on closing the account on 30th Oct. 2000; when the rate of interest was 5% per annum.
6) Pramod deposits `600 per month in a recurring deposit account for 4 years. If the rate of interest
is 8% per year; calculate the maturity value of his account.
7) The maturity value of a R.D. Account is `16,176. If the monthly installment is `400 and the rate
of interest is 8%; find the time (period) of this R.D. Account.
8) Mr. Bajaj needs `30,000 after 2 years. How much money (in multiple of `5) should he deposit
every month in a recurring deposit account to get required money after 2 years, the rate of
interest being 8% p.a.?
9) Rishabh has a recurring deposit account in a post office for 3 years at 8% p.a. simple interest. If
he gets `9,990 as interest at the time of maturity, find:
i) the monthly instalment
ii) the amount of maturity
10) Gopal has a cumulative deposit account and deposits `900 per month for a period of 4 years. If
he gets `52,020 at the time of maturity, find the rate of interest
11) Seep has a 4 year recurring deposit account in a bank and deposits `1,800 per month. If she
gets `1,08,450 at the time of maturity, find the rate of interest.
12) Mr. Verma opened a Savings Bank Account with the State Bank of India on 5th April, 2007 with
`8,500. For the financial year 20072008, the other transaction with the bank are as given
below:
ii) 27072007; withdrew `2,400
i) 15052007; deposited `3,700
iii) 06092007; withdrew `1,600
iv) 18122007; deposited `4,500
vi) 23032008; account closed.
v) 29012008; deposited `1,900
Taking the rate of interest as 6% per annum, find the amount that Mr.Verma gets on closing the
account.
13) A and B both opened recurring deposit accounts in a bank. If A deposited `1,200 per month for 3
years and B deposited `1,500 per month for 2 years; find, on maturity, who will get more
amount and by how much? The rate of interest paid by the bank is 10% per annum.
6) `6,391.95
HW Exercise : 4.1
1) (i) Nil (ii) `1,800 (iii) `1,300 (iv) 1,300
4) i) 70.86 ii) `70.75
5) `377.40
36
2) `5,000; `5,000
4) i) `81.71 ii) `81.74
7) `535
2) `249.71
6) `398.33
3) `301.46
Volume 1 of 2
CW Exercise 4.2
1) (i) `930 (ii) `4,338.56 (iii) `23,036.40
4) `1,236
5) 10 months
HW Exercise 4.2
1) 13,050
2) `1,000
37
2) `44,064
3) `56.67
3) 10%
4) 9%
Volume 1 of 2
6) `682
11) `1236
15) `500
7) `40,440
3) 10% p.a.
7) 3 years
11) 12.5%
37
38
Formulae:
z
Note: If the share is at par, Market Value = Nominal value i.e. M.V. = N.V.
Total investment
[when shares are allotted by the company]
Nominal Value of a Share
No. of shares =
Annual dividend or annual income per share = Rate of dividend Nominal value of a share
Total investment
[when shares are purchased from market]
Market Value of a Share
Dividend 100
Investment
Volume 1 of 2
39
7,500
7,500
10
75,000
share =
100 =
x
x
100
x
75,000
750
But amount received = `500
500 =
x=
= `150
x
5
Price of each share is `150
2) Jay Invested `6.250 in shares of a company paying 6% dividend per annum. If he bought
`25 shares for `31.25 each, find his income from the investment.
Sol: Since, the market value of each share = `31.25 and the sum invested is `6,250
6,250
= 200
No. of shares bought by Jay =
31 .25
Dividend paid on
sum invested
M.V .of 1share
3)
Sol:
4)
Sol:
6
`25 = 1.50
100
39
40
5) A man buys `50 shares of a company, paying 12 per cent dividend, at a premium of `10. Find:
i) the market value of 320 shares;
ii) his annual income;
iii) his profit percent.
6) A man has 300, `50 shares of a company paying 20% dividend. Find his net income after paying
3% income tax.
7) A man invests `8,800 in buying shares of a company of face value of rupees hundred each at a
premium of 10%. If he earns `1,200 at the end of the year as dividend, find:
i) the number of shares he has in the company ii) the dividend percent per share.
HW Exercise
1) How much money will be required to buy 125, `30 shares of a discount of `3?
2) Find the cost of 85 shares of `60 each when quoted at `63.25.
3) Find the annual income derived from 250, `60 shares paying 5% dividend.
4) A man invests `7,770 in a company paying 5 per cent dividend when a share of nominal value of
`100 sells at a premium of `5. Find:
i) the number of shares bought
ii) annual income
iii) percentage income
5) A man buys `75 shares at a discount of `15 of a company paying 20% dividend. Find:
i) the market value of 120 shares;
ii) his annual income; iii) his profit percent
6) A company pays a dividend of 15% on its ten rupee shares from which it deducts income tax at
the rate of 22%. Find the annual income of a man who own thousand shares of this company.
7) A man invests `1,680 in buying shares of nominal value `24 and selling at 12% premium. The
dividend on the shares is 15% per annum. Calculate:
i) the number of shares he buys;
ii) the dividend he receives annually.
40
Volume 1 of 2
41
2) How much should a man invest in `50 shares selling at `60 to obtain an annual income of
`900, if the dividend declared is 15 per cent?
Sol: Dividend on 1 share = 15% of `50 = 7.50
900
Total dividend
=
= 120
Number of shares bought =
Div .on 1share
7.50
100
100
ii) Annual income on 1 share = 9% of `100 = `9
630
Total annual income
=
= 70
Since, No. of shares bought =
Annual income on 1share
9
4)
Sol:
5)
Sol:
Volume 1 of 2
41
42
8,200
= 200
41
18
Div. on 1 share = 18% of `25 =
25 = `4.50
100
Annual dividend (income) in the second year = 200 4.50 = `900
iii) Since, increase in return = 900 700 = `200
200
100% = 2.5%
Percentage increase in return (on the original investment) =
8,000
Volume 1 of 2
43
HW Exercise:
1) By purchasing `25 gas shares for `40 each, a man gets 4 per cent profit on his investment.
What rate per cent is the company paying? What is his dividend if he buys 60 shares?
2) `50 shares of a company are quoted at a discount of 10%. Find the rate of dividend given by the
company, the return on the investment on these shares being 20 per cent.
3) How much should a man invest in `100 share selling at `110 to obtain an annual income of
`1,680, if the dividend declares is 12%?
4) A man buys 400 twenty rupee shares on a premium of `4 each and receives a dividend of 12%.
Find:
i) the amount invested by him
ii) his total income from the shares.
iii) percentage return on his money
5) A company with 10,000 shares of `100 each, declares an annual dividend of 5%.
i) What is the total amount of dividend paid by the company?
ii) What should be the annual income of a man who has 72 shares, in the company?
iii) If he received only 4% of his investment, find the price he paid for each share.
6) A man invests `11,200 in a company paying 6 per cent per annum when its `100 shares can be
bought for `140. Find:
i) his annual dividend
ii) his percentage return on his investment.
7) A company with 10,000 shares of nominal value `100 declares an annual dividend of 8% to the
shareholders.
i) Calculate the total amount of dividend paid by the company.
ii) Ramesh had bought 90 shares of a company at `150 per share. Calculate the dividend he
receives and the percentage return on his investment.
8) A man has a choice to invest in hundred-rupee shares of two firms at `120 or at `132. The first
firm pays a dividend of 5% per annum and the second pays dividend of 6% per annum. Find
i) Which company is giving a better return?
ii) If a man invests `26,400 with each firm, how much will be the difference between the annual
returns from the two firms.
9) A man sold 400 (`20) shares, paying 5% of `18 and invested the proceeds in (`10) shares,
paying 7% at `12. How many (`10) shares did him buy and what was the change in his income?
43
44
5) A company with 4000 shares of nominal value of `110 each declares an annual dividend of 15%.
Calculate:
[2008]
i) The total amount of dividend paid by the company.
ii) The annual income of Shahrukh who holds 88 shares in the company.
iii) If he received only 10% on his investment, find the price Shahrukh paid for each share.
6) Ajay owns 560 shares of a company. The face value of each share is `25. The company
declares a dividend of 9%. Calculate:
i) The dividend that Ajay will get.
[2007]
ii) The rate of interest on his investment, if Ajay had paid `30 for each share.
7) Mr.Tiwari invested `29040 in 15% `100 shares quoted at a premium of 20%. Calculate:
i) The number of shares bought by Mr.Tiwari. ii) Mr. Tiwaris income forms the investment.
iii) The percentage return on his investment.
[2005]
8) A man invested `45000/ in 15% `100/ shares quoted at `125/. When the market value of
these shares rose to `140/ he sold some shares, just enough to raise `8400/ calculate:
i) The number of shares he still holds;
ii) The dividend due to him on these remaining shares.
[2004]
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE:
1) A man bought `40 shares at a premium of 40%. Find his income, if he invests `14,000 in these
shares and receives a dividend at the rate of 8% on the face value of the shares.
2) A sum of `11,880 is invested in `50 shares available at 12% discount. Find the income, if a
dividend of 12% is given on the shares.
3) Peter invests `5,625 in a company paying 7% per annum when a share of `10 stands for `12.50.
Find Peters income from this investment If he sells 60% of these shares for ` 10 each. Find his
gain or loss in this transaction.
4) A company gives x% dividend on its `60 shares, whereas the return on the investment in these
shares is (x + 3)%. If the market value of each share is `50, find the value of x.
5) A dividend of 10% was declared on shares with face value `60. If the rate of return is 12%,
calculate:
i) the market value of the share
ii) the amount to be invested to get an annual income of `1,200.
6) A man bought `40 shares at a discount of 40%. Find his income, if he invests `12,000 in these
shares and receives a dividend at the rate of 11% on the face value of the shares.
7) Rajat buys `80 shares at 30% premium in a company paying 18% dividend. Find:
i) the market value of 150 shares
ii) Rajats annual income from these share
iii) Rajats percentage return from this investment.
8) Mrs.Sharma buys 85 shares (par value `100) at `150 each.
i) If the dividend is 6.5%, what will be her annual income.
ii) If she wants to increase her income by `260; how much more should she invest?
9) How much should a man investing `100 shares selling at `85 to obtain an annual income of
`1,800; if the dividend declared is 12%? Also, find the percentage return on his investment.
10) Mr.Gupta has a choice to invest in ten-rupee shares of two firms at `13 or at `16. If the first firm
pays 5% dividend and the second firm pays 6% dividend per annum, find:
i) which firm is paying better.
ii) if Mr. Gupta invests equally in both the firms and the difference between the returns from
them is `30; find how much, in all does he invest.
44
Volume 1 of 2
45
11) A man invests a sum of money in `100 shares paying 15% dividend quoted at 20% premium. If
his annual dividend is `540. Calculate,
i) His total investment.
ii) The rate of return on his investment.
12) A man bought some shares of `50 each paying 15% dividend at a premium of 10%. If the annual
dividend is `270. Calculate
i) The number of shares.
ii) The investment made
iii) The % interest earned by him (correct to the nearest integer)
13) A man bought `100 shares at `130 and earned an annual income of `2340 which is 12% of the
rate of return on his money. Calculate
i) The number of shares bought.
ii) The rate of dividend he got.
14) A person invested his savings as follows:
a) 20% of his savings in buying 10% `100 shares of a company A at `160
b) 60% of his savings in buying 6% `50 shares of company B at `60.
c) 20% of his savings in buying 5% `100 shares of company C at `80. Calculate
i) the number of shares of company B and C bought by him, given that he obtained 40
shares of company A.
ii) the total dividend earned by him at the end of the year.
iii) the over all percentage return on his entire investment.
15) A man wishes to invest `25,000, he invests `1,000 in 9% `100 shares at 20% premium and
`7,200 in 8% `100 shares at 10% discount and the remainder in 12%. If the total income from
the investment is 10% at what price did he buy the 12% shares?
16) A man invested `8,000 in 8% `100 shares selling at 20% discount. After a year he sold these
shares at 25% discount and invested the proceeds in `90 shares selling at `10 premium and
giving 12% dividend. Calculate:
a) His income from the first investment.
b) His income from the second investment.
c) The increased percentage return on his original investment.
17) A man buys 400 `20 shares at a discount of `4 each. He receives a return of 12% on his money.
Calculate
a) The amount invested by him.
b) The rate of dividend paid by the company.
18) A person invested 20%, 30%, 25% of his savings in buying shares of three different companies
a, b and c which declares dividends of 10%, 12% and 15% respectively. If his total income on
account of dividends be `2337.5. Calculate
i) His savings.
ii) The amount he invested in buying shares of each company.
19) A person invested `8000 and `10000 in buying shares of two companies which later on declared
dividends of 12% and 8% respectively. He collects the dividends and sells out his shares at a
loss of 2% and 3% respectively on his investment. Find the total earning from the above
transaction.
20) A man invests on his `2160 in shares at `9 each and sells them at `12. Calculate the profit %
from the investment.
21) Mrs. P. Chandra invested `19,200 in 15% `100 shares at 20% discount. After a year, she sold
these shares at `90 each and invested the proceeds (including her dividend) in 20%, `50 shares
at `42. Find:
i) the dividend for the first year.
ii) her annual income in the second year.
iii) the percentage change in her return on her original investment.
22) Govind invested `19,200 in 15% `100 shares at 20% premium. After a year, he sold these
shares at `140 each and invested the proceeds (including his dividend) in 20%, `20 shares at
`16. Find:
i) the dividend for the first year.
Volume 1 of 2
45
46
6) `2,910
3) `750
6) 1,170
HW Exercise 5:1
1) `3,375
2) `5,376.25
3) `35,500
4) `18,750
6) 27,000; 11%
8) 16% at 80
9) Increase `54
10) 3.75%
HW Exercise 5:2
1) 6.4%; `96 2) 18%
3) `15,400
Miscellaneous:
1) `800
2) 1,620
6) 2,200
9) 12,750; 14.12%
20) 33 /3%
46
15) `112.94
4) 15
19
% = 19.792%
24
Volume 1 of 2
47
i) x > y
ii) x y
iii) x < y
Each of the four conditions given above is an inequation.
Eg. x < 8, x 5, x + 4 3, x + 8 > 4 etc.
or
iv) x y.
To solve a given linear inequation means to find the value or values of the variable
used in it.
Rule 1: On transferring a positive term (the term in addition) from one side of an inequation
to its other side, the sign of the term becomes negative.
x
y
and <
p
p
x
y
and >
p
p
Rule 4: If each term of an inequation be multiplied or divided by the same negative number,
the sign of inequality reverses.
x>y
px < py
Volume 1 of 2
px > py
47
48
x<y
px > py
Note: Always reverse the sign of inequality when the inequation is multiplied or divided by a ve
number.
Point to Remember:
z
z
z
z
z
>
if z > 0
z
z
x
y
<
if z < 0
z
z
1
1
<
y
x
Graphical Representation:
A real number line can be used represent the solution set of an inequation.
The convention is that o (a hollow circle) marks the end of a range with a strict inequality
(i.e.< or >) & (a darkend circle) marks the end of a range involving an equality as well (i.e. or )
For example: x < 2 and x R
3
48
x 2, and x R
3
Volume 1 of 2
49
1 <
: x R. Graph the values of x on the real number line.
3
2
3
6
Sol: The given inequation has two parts:
1
1
1
1
1
x
x
1 <
+1
3
2
3
6
3
3
2
x
1
2x
2
1
1
1
4
9
9
x
x
x
And
1 <
<
+
<
x<
2x<3
2
3
6
2
6
3
2
6
6
On simplifying, the given inequation reduces to 2 x < 3
1
0
1
2
3
and the required graph on number line is:
2) Solve and graph the solution set of 3x + 6 9 and 5x > 15; where x R.
Sol: 3x + 6 9
3x 9 6
3x 3
x1
5 x
15
<
x<3
And, 5x > 15
5
5
Graph for x 1 :
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
1) Simplify,
Graph for x 4 :
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
Graph of solution set of x > 2 and x 4
= Graph of points which belong to x > 2 and x 4 or both
6
P=
For Q :
1 3 + 4x < 23, x I
1 x and x < 5
1 3 + 4x and 3 + 4x < 23
i.e. 1 x < 5; x I
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Q=
Hence, P Q = {elements common to both P and Q} = {4}
Volume 1 of 2
49
50
i)
ii)
5) For the following inequations, graph the solution set on the real number line,
i) 4 3x 1 < 8
ii) x 1 < 3 x 5
6) List the elements of the solution set of the inequation 3 < x 2 9 2x; x N.
1
2x
5
7) Find the values of x, which satisfy the inequation, 2
1 , x N.
[2007]
2
3
6
Graph the solution on the number line.
8) If 5x 3 5 + 3x 4x + 2, express it as a x b and then state the values of a and b.
9) Solve and graph the solution set of:
i) 3x 2 > 19 or 3 2x 7; x R
ii) 5 > p 1 > 2 or 7 2p 1 17; p R.
10) The diagram represents two inequations A and B on real number lines:
A=
B=
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
i) Write down A and B in set builder notation
ii) Represent A B and A B on two different number lines
11) P is the solution set of 7x 2 > 4x + 1 and Q is the solution set of 9x 45 5(x 5); where x
R. Represent:
i) P Q
ii) P Q
iii) P Q on different number lines
1 x
2
1
12) Find the range of values of x, which satisfy: + 1 < 5 .
3 2
3
6
Graph, in each of the following cases, the values of x on the different real number lines:
i) x W
ii) x Z
iii) x R
13) Find the three consecutive largest positive integers such that the sum of one-third of first, onefourth of second and one-fifth of third is atmost 20.
HW Exercise
1) If the replacement set is the set of whole numbers, solve:
3 3
i) x + 7 11
ii) 8 x > 5
iii) x < x
2 2
2) Solve the inequation, 3 2x x 12 given that x N.
50
Volume 1 of 2
51
ii)
5) Represent the solution of each of the following inequalities on the real number line:
i) 4x 1 > x + 11
ii) x +3 2x + 9
iii) 1 + x 5x 11
6) x (real numbers) and 1 < 3 2x 7, evaluate x and represent it on number line.
2
1
1
7) Find the range of values of x which satisfies, 2 x +
< 3 , x R.
[2007]
3
3
3
Graph these values of x on the number line.
8) Use real number line to find the range of values of x for which,
i) x > 3 and 0 < x < 6
ii) x < 0 and 3 x < 1
iii) 1 < x 6 and 2 x 3
9) Given A = {x : 1 < x 5, x R} and B = {x : 4 x 3, x R}. Represent on different number
lines:
i) A B
ii) A B
iii) A B
10) Given A = {x : 8 < 5x + 2 17, x I} and B = {x : 2 7 + 3x < 17, x R}. Where R = {real
numbers} and I = {Integers}. Represent A and B on two different number lines. Write down the
elements of A B.
11) x and y are positive integers that satisfy:
i) 1 x 4
ii) 3x + 2y 13
List the possible values of y.
12) State whether the following statements are true or false:
i) If a < b, then a c < b c
ii) If a > b, then a + c < b + c
a
b
<
iii) If a < b, then ac > bc
iv) If a > b, then
c
c
v) If a c < b d, then a + d < b + c
vi) If a < b, and c > 0, then a c > b c
Where a, b, c and d are real numbers and c 0
[2012]
[2011]
[2010]
[2009]
51
52
5) Solve the given inequation and graph the solution on the number line.
2y 3 < y + 1 4y + 7; y R.
[2008]
6) Solve the inequation and graph the solution on the number line.
2
1
1
[2007]
2 x + < 3 ; x R.
3
3
3
7) Given that x R, solve the following inequality and graph the solution 1 3 + 4x 23 on the
number line.
[2006]
8) A = {x: 11x 5 > 7x + 3, x R} and B = {x: 18x 9 15 + 12 x, x R}.
Find the range of set A B and represent in on a number line.
[2005]
9) Given that x I, solve the inequation and graph the solution on the number line:
x4 x
+ 2
[2004]
3
2
3
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE:
1) Represent the solution of each of the following inequalities on the real number line:
2 3x > 7 5x
2) Solve and graph the solution set of:
i) 2x 9 < 7 and 3x + 9 25; x R
ii) 2x 9 7 and 3x + 9 25; x I
iii) x + 5 4(x + 1) and 3 2x < 7; x R
3) If P = {x : 7x 4 > 5x + 2, x R} and Q = {x : x 19 1 3x, x R}; find the range of set P Q
and represent it on a number line.
4) Given x {real numbers}, find the range of value of x for which 5 2x 3 < x + 2 and represent
it on a real number line.
5) Illustrate the set {x : 3 x < 0 or x > 2; x R} on a real number line.
6) Solve 2 2x 3 5, x R and mark it on a number line.
7) Solve the following inequation and graph the solution set on the number line,
2x 3 < x + 2 3x + 5; x R.
8) Plot on the number line.
i) 3 < x < 4, x Z
ii) 4.5 < x < 3.2, xZ iii) 2 x < 3, x R
iv) 7 < x 1, x R
v) 5 x 8, x R
vi) 4.5 x 3.2, xR vii) 4 > x > 7, x R
viii 4 x > 0, x R
ix) 3 x 3, x R
x) 5 x > 3, x Z.
9) Solve and plot on the number line.
i) 3 + 2x > 4x 2 14, x R
ii) 4 > 2x 4 > 10, x N
iii) x 6 4x + 15 18 + x, x R
iv) 25 + x > 4 6x > x 24, x R
v) 8 2x 5x 1 10 2x, x R
vi) 1 < 3 2x 7, x R
vii) 3 2x x 12, x N
viii) x {3, 4, 5, 6} 9 1 2x, x = ?
ix) x and y are positive integers 1 x 4, 3x + 2y 13. Find the values of y.
x) State true or false.
a) If a > b then a c > b c
b) If a < b then ac < bc
a, b, c, d R
a
b
>
c0
c) If a > b then
c
c
d) If a c < b d then a + d < b + c
Where a, b, c, d R and c 0
10) P = {x : 5 < 2x 1 11, x R}
Q = {x : 1 3 + 4x < 23, x I}
Represent P and Q on the number line. Write down the elements of P Q.
11) R = {(x, y) : 2x + 3y < 10, x, y N} Write down R as ordered pairs.
12) f = {(x, y) : x, y N, y = 3x 2 and x 4} List f.
52
Volume 1 of 2
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
53
30 4 (2x 1) > 8, x {positive integers}. Solve and plot on the number line.
2 2x/3 15/6, x N. Solve and plot on the number line.
1/3 x/2 11/3 < 1/6, x R. Solve and graph the values on the real number line.
22/3 x + 1/3 < 31/3, x R. Solve and graph the values on the real number line.
2/3 < x/3 + 1 2/3, x R. Solve and graph the values on the real number line.
A = {x: 1 < x 5, x R} B = {x: 4 x < 3, x R}. Represent (i) A B (ii) A B on different
number lines.
1 < 2x + 1 7, x R. Represent the solution on a number line.
Solve and represent on a number line: 12 + 15/6x 5 + 3x, x R.
2x + 3 < 4x + 2 3x + 5, x R. Solve and plot on a number line.
List the solution set: 7m + 8 < 5m 4 < 10, m Z.
ii) {0, 1, 2}
iii) {7, 8, 9, }
ii) 3
ii)
iii)
4) i) x < 1, x R
5) i)
3
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
ii) 4 x < 3; x R
1
{1, 2, 3}
{x N, 2 x 3.75} = {1, 2, 3}
3 x 4; a = 3 and b = 4
0
i) x > 7 or x 5
i) A = {x R; 2 x < 5}
ii) A B =
3
2
1
0
A B =
11) i) P Q = x 5
1
3
10
B = {x R; 4 x < 3}
.3
ii)
3
5
iii) P Q is same as ii
12) i) x W x < 7
ii) x Z 4 x < 7
iii) x R 4 x < 7
53
54
HW Exercise 6.1:
1) i) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} (ii) {0, 1, 2} (iii) {0, 1}
3) i)
3
2) {x N, x 5} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
ii)
3
iii)
4)
6)
7)
8)
10) A =
B=
A B = {1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
11) 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5
Previous Board Question:
1)
2)
12) i) True (ii) True (iii) False (iv) False (v) True (vi) False
3) 2 x < 3.75
4) {x : 3 x 4; x I}
6) 3 x < 3
7) {x : 1 x 5, x R}
8) A B = {x: x 4, x R}
10
9) 6 x 4.8
5) 2 y < 4
Miscellaneous Exercise:
2) i) x 5
3) x 5
1
4) 1 x < 5
5)
6) 5/2 x 4
ii) {6, 7, 8}
3
0
2
1
1
2
54
3.75
4
1
5
2
6
3
7
4
Volume 1 of 2
55
7) 1.5 x < 5
5
3
9) (i) x 4 (ii) 4 < x > 7 (iii) 7 < x
(iv) x < 4 (v) 3 x 3 (vi) 2 < x 2 (vii) 5 x (viii) x = 4
2
4
(ix) y = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (x) (a) y (b) y
10) 4
11) (1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2)
12) (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 7), (4, 10)
13) { }
14) { }
15) 2 x < 3
16) 3 x < 3
17) 5 < x 1
18) {1, 0, 1, 2}
19) {0, 1, 2, 3}
20) x 6
21) < x 3
22) x > 1
Volume 1 of 2
55
56
or x + 3 = 0
2x2 13x + 6x 39 = 0
(2x 13) (x + 3) = 0
13
x=
or x = 3
2
x
x 1
1
+
=2 .
x 1
x
2
x 2 + (x 1)
x
x 1
1
5
+
=2
=
2(x2 + x2 2x + 1) = 5(x2 x)
x (x 1)
x 1
x
2
2
4x2 4x + 2 = 5x2 5x x2 x 2 = 0
[changing sign of each term]
x2 + x + 2 = 0
(x 2)(x + 1) = 0
[On factorizing]
x 2 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
[Zero Product Rule]
x = 2 or x = 1
3) Find the quadratic equation whose solution set is (2, 3).
Sol: Since, solution set = {2, 3}
x = 2 or x = 3
x + 2 = 0 or x 3 = 0
(x + 2) (x 3) = 0
x2 3x + 2x 6 = 0
x2 x 6 = 0
2
Sol:
56
Volume 1 of 2
57
2
ii) x2 16 = 0
9
x = 5 + x2
vi) (2x 3)2 = 49
2
viii) x2 (a + b)x + ab = 0
v)
x)
xii)
x 3 x +3
1
+
=2
x +3 x 3
2
2x 2 x =
iii) 2x2
1
x=0
2
iv) x(x 5) = 24
vii) (x + 1) (2x + 8) = (x + 7) (x + 3)
ix) 4(2x 3)2 (2x 3) 14 = 0
1
1
7
xi) 1 +
1
=
x
x
+
1
1
8
x2 + 6
2) Find the quadratic equation, whose solution set is: (i) {3, 5} (ii) {2, 3}
3) Find the value of x, if a + 1 = 0 and x2 + ax 6 = 0.
4) Use the substitution y = 2x + 3 to solve for x, if 4(2x + 3)2 (2x + 3) 14 = 0.
HW Exercise:
1) Solve:
6
3x + 1
i)
=1+x
ii) x =
x
4x
1
= 2.5
iv) 2(x2 6) = 3(x 4)
iii) x +
x
3x 2 3x 8
vi)
=
v) (x + 3)2 4(x + 3) 5 = 0
2x 3
x+4
100 100
4
1
4
vii)
=1
viii)
=
x
x +5
x + 2 x + 3 2x + 1
5
3
4
x) 3x 2 + x + 5 = x 3
ix)
=
x 2 x +6 x
2) Find the quadratic equation, whose solution set is:
8
2
ii) 3,
iii) 0,
5
9
2
3) Find the value of x, if a + 7 = 0; b + 10 = 0 and 12x = ax b.
i) {5, 4}
Volume 1 of 2
57
58
The roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a 0 can be obtained by using
the formula, x =
b b 2 4ac
.
2a
Proof:
ax2 + bx + c = 0
4a2x2 + 4abx + 4ac = 0
(2ax)2 + 2 2ax b + b2 b2 + 4ac = 0
(2ax + b)2 b2 + 4ac = 0
2ax + b = b 2 4ac
x=
(Given)
(Multiplying by 4a)
(2ax + b)2 = b2 4ac
2ax = b b 2 4ac
b b 2 4ac
2a
Discriminant:
z
z
Nature of Roots:
z
The nature of the roots of a quadratic equation depends entirely on the value of its
discriminant b2 4ac.
and so, x =
2 ( 2)2 4 5 3
25
x=
b b 2 4ac
2a
2 64
28
2+8
28
3
=
=
and
= 1 and
10
10
10
10
5
ii) x2 = 18x 77.
Sol: x2 = 18x 77 = 0 x2 18x + 77 = 0
=
58
Volume 1 of 2
59
18 ( 18)2 4 1 77
2 1
=
iii)
Sol:
x=
b b 2 4ac
2a
18 16
18 + 4
18 4
=
and
= 11 and 7
2
2
2
3 x + 11x + 6 3 = 0
3 x2 + 11x + 6 3 = 0 a =
x=
3 , b = 11 and c = 6 3
11 (11)2 4 3 6 3
x=
2 3
11 49
2 3
2
3
3
3
11 + 7
2 3
and
9
3
and
3
3
11 7
2 3
b b 2 4ac
2a
4
2 3
and
18
2 3
2 3
and 3 3
3
2) Without solving, examine the nature of the roots of the equations,
i) 5x2 6x + 7 = 0
Sol: For equation 5x2 6x + 7 = 0; a = 5, b = 6 and c = 7
=
b 2 4ac =
x=
Volume 1 of 2
76 = 8.718
b b 2 4ac
10 8.718
[ x =
]
2a
2 1
= 9.359 and 0.641 = 9.36 and 0.64
Universal Tutorials X ICSE Maths
59
60
ii) 3x2 + 5x 9 = 0
Sol: a = 3, b = 5 and c = 9
b 2 4ac =
133 = 11.533
b b 2 4ac
5 11.533
Qx =
2a
23
5 + 11.533
5 11.533
and
= 1.089 and 2.756
=
6
6
= 1.09 and 2.76
Correct to 2 decimal places
4) Find the value of m, if the roots of the following quadratic equation are equal:
(4 + m)x2 + (m + 1)x + 1 = 0
Sol: For the given equation (4 + m)x2 + (m + 1) x + 1 = 0;
a = 4 + m, b = m + 1 and c = 1
Since, the roots are equal
b2 4ac = 0 (m + 1)2 4(4 + m) 1 = 0
m2 + 2m + 1 16 4m = 0
m2 2m 15 = 0
On solving, we get: m = 5 or m = 3
x=
i) 7x2 9x + 2 = 0
ii) x2 + 2 3 x 9 = 0
iii) x2 ax b2 = 0
60
(ax4 + bx2 + c = 0)
2x4 5x2 + 3 = 0
Let x2 = y
Universal Tutorials X ICSE Maths
Volume 1 of 2
61
2x 5x + 3 = 0 2y 5y + 3 = 0
(On factorizing)
(y 1) (2y 3) = 0
3
y = 1 or y =
2
When y = 1 x2 = 1 x = 1 and when y =
3
3
3
x2 =
x=
2
2
2
3
3
,
2
2
2
2
2
Type ii): (x + 3x) (x + 3x) 6 = 0
Let x2 + 3x = y
(x2 + 3x)2 (x2 + 3x) 6 = 0 y2 y 6 = 0
(y 3) (y + 2) = 0
(On factorizing)
y = 3 or y = 2
y = 3 x2 + 3x = 3 x2 + 3x 3 = 0
Required solution = 1, 1,
3 ( 3 ) 2 4 1 3
3 21
x=
2
2 1
2
2
And y = 2 x + 3x = 2 x + 3x + 2 = 0
x=
3 (3)2 4 1 2
3 1
3 + 1
3 1
=
and
= 1 and 2
2 1
2
2
2
x=
Type iii):
Let
x
1 x
1
+
= 2 , x 0 and x 1
1 x
x
6
x
=y
1 x
1
1 x
=
y
x
1
13
=
y
6
6y2 + 6 = 13y
(2y 3) (3y 2) = 0
3
2
y=
or y =
2
3
(On factorizing)
y+
When y =
And y =
6y2 13y + 6 = 0
x
3
x
9
9
=
=
4x = 9 9x x =
1 x
2
1 x
4
13
x
2
x
4
4
=
=
9x = 4 4x x =
1 x
3
1 x
9
13
3 + 21 3 21
,
, 1, 2
2
2
9
4
,
13 13
1
1
Type iv): 9 x 2 + 2 9 x + 52 = 0
x
x
Let x +
Volume 1 of 2
1
=y
x
Universal Tutorials X ICSE Maths
61
62
1
1
+ 2 = y2 x 2 + 2 = y2 2
x2
x
Substituting we get, 9(y2 2) 9y 52 = 0
9y2 30y + 21y 70 = 0
9y2 9y 70 = 0
3y(3y 10) + 7(3y 10) = 0
(3y 10) (3y + 7) = 0
Squaring we get, x 2 +
3y 10 = 0
or
3y + 7 = 0
10
3
y=
or
7
3
10
3
3x2 + 3 = 10x
10
1
=
x
3
3x2 10x + 3 = 0
3x(x 3) 1(x 3) = 0
(3x 1) (x 3) = 0
x+
Now, y =
And y =
7
3
3x2 + 7x + 3 = 0
x+
7
1
=
x
3
x=
7 49 36
6
x 2 + 1 10
=
x
3
3 x 2 9x x + 3 = 0
1
x=
or 3
3
x2 + 1
7
=
x
3
x=
7 13
6
1 7 + 13 7 13
,
,
6
6
3
1
1
1
1
2
x 2 + 2 = y + 2, proceed in the above manner.
x
6) Solve, (i)
62
x
+
x 3
x 3 5
=
x
2
3x + 1 x + 1 5
ii)
+
=
x + 1 3 x + 1 2
7) Solve:
3x + 9
2x
1
3
+
+
= 0; x 3, x
( x 3)(2x + 3)
x 3
2x + 3
2
8) 2(x2 +
1
1
) (x +
) = 11
x2
x
Volume 1 of 2
63
x
x
9) Solve:
+ 12 = 0; x 2
7
x + 2
x +2
10) Find the value of m so that equation has equal roots. Also, find the solution.
(m 3)x2 4x + 1 = 0
HW Exercise:
1) Solve each of the following equation for x and give, in each case, your answer correct to one
decimal place,
ii) 3x2 + 5x 9 = 0
i) 2x2 7x 2 = 0
2) Solve each of the following equation for x and give, in each case, your answer correct to two
decimal place:
i) 4x2 + 13x + 6 = 0
ii) x2 + 3x 9 = 0
3) Solve each of the following equation for x and give, in each case, your answer correct to three
decimal place:
ii) 2x2 + 11x + 4 = 0
i) x2 16x + 6 = 0
4
2
4) Solve, i) x 10x + 9 = 0
ii) x4 = 25x2 144
2
2
2
ii) (x2 3x)2 16(x2 3x) 36 = 0
5) Solve, i) (x x) + 5(x x) + 4 = 0
2x 3 x 1
6) Solve, i)
=3
4
x 1 2x 3
7) Solve: x +
ii) 3
x
5
+3
= 10
5
x
4
= -4; x 0
x
8) Solve: (x2 +
1
1
) 3 (x ) 2 = 0
2
x
x
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
1
+ + =
= 0
take + +
p q x x + p+q
p q x x +p+ q
10) Find the value of m so that the equation has equal roots. Also, find the solution.
x2 (m + 2) x + (m + 5) = 0
9) Solve:
63
64
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE:
Solve each of the following equations:
1) a2x2 b2 = 0
2) x4 2x2 3 = 0
1
1
3) 2 x 2 + 2 3 x = 4
x
x
2
2
5) Solve, abx + (b ac)x bc = 0
6) 2y2 + y + 1 = 0
7) 5y2 2y 2 = 0
9) 4x2 + 12x + 9 = 0
11)
4) (3x2 5x + 2) (3x2 5x 2) = 21
8) z2 6z + 4 = 0
7 y2 6y 13 7 = 0
10) z2 +
1
z3=0
2
12) (x + 4) (x + 5) = 3(x + 1) (x + 2) + 2x
14) x2
11
15
x+
= 0 15) 2x4 5x2 + 3 = 0
4
8
17)
4 x 2 19 = 9
18) Solve each of the following equation for x and give, in each case, your answer correct to two
decimal place, x2 5x 10 = 0
1
1
1
19)
=
20) 3y2 + 9y + 4 = 0
21) z2 + 2z 8 = 0
22) 6x2 + x 2 = 0
x 3
x +5
6
23) 7z2 + 8z + 2 = 0
24) 3x2+ 2 5 x 5 =0
1
2
3
4
x +1 x + 2 x + 4 x + 4
27) Find the value of m so that the equation has equal roots. Also, find the solution:
3x2 + 12x + (m + 7) = 0
26)
ii) (4, 4)
iv) (8, 3)
v) ( /2, 2)
vi) (5, 2)
vii) 13
viii) (a, b)
x) (9, 9)
xi) (5, 5)
xii) (3, 2)
1 19
4) ,
2
8
2) (i) x2 8x + 15 = 0, (ii) x2 x 6 = 0
3) (3, 2)
HW Exercise 7.1:
1) i) (2, 3)
v) (2, 4)
ix) (12, 2)
2
iii) (2, )
vii) 20, 25
x) (, 4)
2
3) (2/3, 5/4)
CW Exercise 7.2:
1) (i) Rational and unequal (ii and iii) Irrational and unequal
2) (i) (9, 3) (ii) ( 1, 1/3) (iii) ( 2, 2 ) (iv)
1
13
3) P = 6 or 2
64
Volume 1 of 2
65
HW Exercise 7.2:
1) (i) irrational and unequal (ii) real and equal (iii) imaginary
2) (i) 3, 7 (ii) 3, 19 (iii) 1, 7 (iv)( 1, 5/2) (v) (5, 5) (vi) (3 2 , 2 ) (vii) 6 (viii) 5, 5/2
3) n = 17
4) m = 51 or 3
CW Exercise 7.3:
1) (i) 7.3,0.7 (ii) 0.3, 2.3 2) (i) (4.46, 0.56) (ii) 4.85 and 1.85
4) 3
8) 2,
5) 6, 1,
5 29
2
1 3 5
,
= 2.62 or 0.38
2
2
HW Exercise 7.3:
1) (i) 3.8, 0.3 (ii) 1.1, 2.8
3) (i) 15.616, 0.384 (ii) 0.381, 5.108
5) No real
6) , 4/3 (ii) 5/9, 45
3 13
= 3.30 or 0.30
2
10) m = 4, for m = 4 sol 3, for m = 4 sol = 1
8) 1, 1,
2
3
1
2
2) 0.643, 1.243
3) 8.2 or 2.2
5) 1.4 or 0.36
9) x = 6.53 or x=1.53
6) 2.26
7) 4.85 and 1.85
10) x = 1.703 or 1.37
4
3
8) 3.64 or 0.14
4) p =
Miscellaneous:
1)
b
b
,
a
2
2) 2)
3 , 3
3) 2 ,
1
,1
2
5)
c b
,
b a
6) 1,
1
2
8) 3
10) 3
3
2
11) 7 ,
13
5 3
,
4 2
15) 1,
19) (9, 7)
1 2
22) ,
2 3
23)
14)
26) x = 0,
Volume 1 of 2
5
2
12)
3 29
2
3
= 1.22 16) 6, 1
2
4 2
7
20)
3 33
2
24)
5
, 5
3
5 85
=2.37or0.70
6
3
9)
2
4)
13) 3, 6
17) 5, 5
21) (2, 4)
4a
,2
25)
3
65
66
7
.
x
+
=
=
120 = 8(8x x2)
x (8 x )
x
8x
15
15
x = 5 or x = 3
(On solving)
x2 8x + 15 = 0
x = 5 one part = 5 and other part = 8 5 = 3 or x = 3 one part = 3 and other part = 8 3 = 5
Required pars are 3 and 5.
66
Volume 1 of 2
67
1
1
3
+ =
x 6 x 40
20
40
13 hrs. 20 min. = 13 +
hrs.
hrs. =
60
3
x + x 6
3
=
(x 6)x 40
67
68
On solving, it gives, x = 12 or x = 5
Since, the side of triangle cannot be negative, therefore, x = 5
One side of the triangle = x = 5 cm and other side of the triangle = (x + 7) = (5 + 7) = 12 cm
2) The length of a verandah is 3 m more than its breadth. The numerical value of its area is
equal to the numerical value of its perimeter.
i) Taking x as the breadth of the verandah, write an equation in x that represents the
above statement.
ii) Solve the equation obtained in (i) above and hence find the dimensions of the
verandah.
Sol: Since, breadth = x m
Length = (x + 3) m
i) Given: Area of verandah = its perimeter
[Numerically]
i.e. length breadth = 2 (length + breadth)
(x + 3) x = 2(x + 3 + x) x2 + 3x = 4x + 6
x2 x 6 = 0
ii) x2 x 6 = 0
(x 3) (x + 2) = 0
[On factorizing]
x = 3 or x = 2
Since, breadth cannot be negative,
x=3
Hence, length of verandah = (x + 3) = (3 + 3) = 6m and its breadth = x = 3 m
Volume 1 of 2
69
HW Exercise:
1) The sides of a rightangled triangle are (x 1), 3x and (3x + 1) cm. Find:
ii) the length of its sides
iii) its area
i) the value of x
2) The hypotenuse of a rightangled triangle p exceeds one side by 1 cm and the other side by 18
cm; find the length of the sides of the triangle.
3) The perimeter of a rectangle is 104 m and its area is 640 m2. Find its length and breadth.
4) Two squares have sides x cm and (x + 4) cm. The sum of their areas is 656 sq. cm. Express this
as an algebraic equation in x and solve the equation to find the sides of the squares.
5) The length of a rectangular board exceeds its breadth by 8 cm. If the length was decreased by 4
cm and the breadth doubled, the area of the board would be increased by 256 sq.cm. Find the
length of the board.
7
that of
6) A square lawn is bounded on three sides by a path 4 m wide. If the area of the path is
8
the lawn, find the dimensions of the lawn.
Speed =
Distance
Distance
, Time =
and distance = Speed Time
Speed
Time
200
hrs.
x+5
200
200
=2
x
x +5
On solving, it gives x = 20 or x = 25
Since, speed cannot be negative, x = 20 km/hr
2) Car A travels x km for every litre of petrol, while car B travels (x + 5) km for every litre of
petrol.
i) Write down the number of litres of petrol used by car A and car B in covering a
distance of 400 km.
ii) If car A uses 4 litres of petrol more than car B in covering the 400 km, write down an
equation in x and solve it to determine the number of litres of petrol used by car B for
the journey.
400
400
Sol: i) No. of litres of petrol used by car A =
litre and by car B =
litre.
x
x +5
400 x + 2000 400 x
400
400
ii) Given:
=4
=4
x (x + 5 )
x
x +5
x2 + 5x 500 = 0
4(x2 + 5x) = 2000
[On solving]
x = 25 or x = 20
[ It cannot be negative]
x = 20
400
400
No. of litres of petrol used by car B =
=
= 16 litres.
(x + 5) 20 + 5
Volume 1 of 2
69
70
Loss% =
Loss
100
C.P.
Pr ofit
100
C.P.
3) By selling an article for `24, a trader loses as much percent as the cost price of the
article. Calculate the cost price.
Sol: Let C.P. of the article = `x
z
Loss = x% of C.P. =
Profit% =
x2
x
x=`
100
100
x2
= 24
(C.P. Loss = S.P.)
100
x2 100x + 2400 = 0
100x x2 = 2400
On solving, we get: x = 60 and x = 40
C.P. of the article is `60 or `40
x
Volume 1 of 2
71
4) A trader bought an article for `x and sold it for `52, thereby making a profit of (x 10) per cent
on his outlay. Calculate the cost price.
z Two digit number = 10 Tens place + Unit place.
z Speed of boat on up stream = Speed of boat in still water Speed of the stream
z Speed of boat in down stream = Speed of boat in still water + Speed of the stream.
1
n (n + 1). Find n, if the
2
sum is 276.
2)
Sol:
3)
Sol:
4)
Sol:
1
n(n + 1) = 276
2
n2 + n 552 = 0
(On factorizing)
(n + 24) (n 23)
n = 24 or n = 23
(Zero product rule)
Since n is a natural number, reject n = 24
n = 23
A two digit number is such that the product of its digits is 12. When 36 is added to this
number; the digits interchange their places. Find the number.
Let the required two digit number be 10x + y
Given: xy = 12 and 10x + y + 36 = 10y + x
10x + y + 36 = 10y + x 9y = 9x + 36
i.e. y = x + 4
Now, xy = 12 x(x + 4) = 12
x2 + 4x 12 = 0
x = 6 or x = 2
(On solving)
Taking x = 2, we get, y = x + 4 = 2 + 4 = 6
The required two digit number = 10x + y = 10 2 + 6 = 26
The product of Ramus age (in years) five years ago and his age (in years) nine years later
is 15. Determine Ramus present age.
Let Ramus present age = x years
His age 5 years ago = (x 5) years and 9 years later = (x + 9) years
Given: (x 5) (x + 9) = 15 x2 + 4x 60 = 0
x = 10 or x = 6 (On solving)
Ramus present age = 6 years
A motorboat, whose speed is 9 km/h in still water, goes 12 km downstream and comes
back in a total time of 3 hours. Find the speed of the stream.
Let the speed of the stream = x km/h
Speed of boat downstream = (9 + x) km/hr and speed of boat upstream = (9 x) km/hr
Also, time taken to go 12 km downstream =
And, time taken to come back =
Given:
12
12
+
=3
9+x
9x
12
hrs.
9+x
Time =
Distance
Speed
12
hrs.
9x
71
72
200
x
Given:
200
200
=2
x
x +5
200
x +5
72
Volume 1 of 2
73
3) A positive number is divided into two parts such that the sum of the squares of the two parts is
208. The square of the larger part is 18 times the smaller part. Taking x as the smaller part of the
two parts, find the number
[2010]
4) The speed of an express train is x km/h and the speed of an ordinary train is 12 km/h less than
that of the express train. If the ordinary train takes one hour longer than the express train to
cover a distance of 240 km, find the speed of the express train.
[2009]
5) Some students planned a picnic. The budget for the food was `480. As eight of them failed to
join the party, the cost of the food for each member increased by `10. Find how many students
went for the picnic
[2008]
6) Five years ago, a womans age was the square of her sons age. Ten years later her age will be
twice that of her sons age. Find:
[2007]
i) The age of the son five years ago.
ii) The present age of the woman.
7) A shopkeeper buys a certain number of books for `720. if the cost per book was `5 less; the
number of books that could be bought for `720 would be 2 more. Taking the original cost of each
book to be `x, write an equation in x and solve it.
[2006]
8) By increasing the speed of a car by 10 km/hr, the time of journey for a distance of 72 km is
reduced by 36 minutes. Find the original speed of the car.
[2005]
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE:
1) The distance by road between two towns A and B is 216 km and by rail it is 208 km. A car
travels at a speed of x km/hr and the train travels at a speed which is 16 km/hr. faster than the
car. Calculate:
i) The time taken by the car to reach town B from A, in terms of x;
ii) The time taken by the train to reach town B from A, in terms of x;
iii) If the train takes 2hours less than the car, to reach town B, obtain an equation in x and solve it
iv) Hence, find the speed of the train.
2) A trader buys x articles for a total cost of `600
i) Write down the cost of one article in terms of x. If the cost per article were `5 more, the
number of article that can be bought for `600 would be four less.
ii) Write down the equation in x for the above situation and solve it for x.
3) A hotel bill for a number of people for overnight stay is `4,800/. If there were 4 people more the
bill each person had to pay would have reduced by `200/. Find the number of people staying
overnight.
4) An aeroplane travelled a distance of 400 km at an average speed of x km/hr. On the return
journey, the speed was increased by 40 km/hr. Write down an expression for the time taken for:
i) the onward journey
ii) the return journey
iii) If the return journey took 30 minutes less than the onward journey, write down an equation in
x and find its value.
5) `6,500 were divided equally among a certain number of persons. Had there been 15 persons
more, each would have got `30 less. Find the original number of persons.
6) The products of the digits of a two digit number are 24. The units digit exceeds twice the tens
digit by two. Find the number.
7) Two train leave a railway station at the same time. The first train travels due west and the
second train due north. The first train travels 5 km/hr faster than the second train. If after 2
hours, they are 50 km apart, find the average speed of each train.
8) The sum S of first n even natural numbers is given by the relation S = n(n + 1). Find n, if the sum
is 420.
9) The sum of the ages of a father and his son is 45 years. Five years ago, the product of their
ages (in years) was 124. Determine their present ages.
Volume 1 of 2
73
74
10) In an auditorium, seats were arranged in rows and columns. The number of rows was equal to
the number of seats in each row. When the number of rows was doubled and the number of
seats in each row was reduced by 10, the total number of seats increased by 300. Find:
i) the number of rows in the original arrangement.
ii) the number of seats in the auditorium after rearrangement.
11) Divide 29 into 2 parts so that the sum of the squares of the parts is 425.
12) Find the whole no. which when decreased by 20 is equal to 69 times the reciprocal of the no.
13) There are 3 consecutive integers such that the square of the first increased by the product of the
other 2 gives 154. What are the integers?
14) A two digit number is four times the sum and three times the product of its digits. Find the
number.
15) The sides in cm of a right angled triangle are (x 1), x and (x + 1). Find the lengths of the sides
of the triangle.
16) A person on tour has `360 for his daily expenses. If he exceeds his tour programme by 4 days,
he must cut down his daily expenses by `3 per day. Find the number of days of his tour
programmed.
17) A shopkeeper buys a no. of books for `80/- If he had bought 4 more for the same amount, each
book would have cost Re 1 less. How many books should he buy?
18) A farmer prepares a rectangular vegetable garden of area 180 sq metres. With 39 metres of
barbed wire, he can fence the three sides of the garden, leaving one of the longer sides
unfenced. Find the dimensions of the garden.
19) An aeroplane takes 1 hour less for a journey of 1200km, if its speed is increased by 60km/h from
its usual speed. Find the usual speed of the plane.
20) A plane left 30 minutes later than the schedule time and in order to reach its destination 1500 km
away in time it has to increase its speed by 250 km/hr from its usual speed. Find its usual speed.
21) A journey of 192 km by a fast train takes 2 hours less than by a slow train. If the average speed
of the slow train be 16km/h less than that of the fast train, find the average speed of each train.
22) In a flight of 600km, an aircraft was slowed down due to bad weather. Its average speed for the
trip was reduced by 200km/h and the time of flight increased by 30 minutes. Find the duration of
flight.
23) 2 pipes running together can fill the cistern in 31/13 min. If one pipe takes 3 min. more than the
other to fill the cistern, find the time in which each pipe would fill the cistern
24) The speed of a boat in still water is 11km/h. It can go 12 km upstream and return downstream to
the original point in 2 hours 45 minutes. Find the speed of the stream.
25) The speed of a boat in still water is 8km/hr. It can go 15km upstream and 22km downstream in 5
hours. Find the speed of the stream.
26) The length of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle exceeds the length of the base by 2cm
and exceeds twice the length of the altitude by 1 cm. Find the length of each side of the triangle.
27) A train covers a distance of 600 km at x km/hour. Had the speed been x + 20 km/hour the time t
cover the distance would have been reduced by 5 hours. Write down an equation in x & solve it.
28) The total surface area of a hollow metal cylinder, open at both ends, of external radius 8cm and
height 10 cm is 338 cm2. Taking r to be the inner radius, write down an equation in r and use
it to state the thickness of the metal in the cylinder. [Hint 2Rh + 2rh + 2(R2 r2) where R is
the external radius]
29) The perimeter of a rectangular plot is 180cms and its area is 1800 m2 of the length is x ms,
express its breadth in terms x. Hence form an equation in x. Solve the equation and find the
length and breadth of the rectangle.
30) A rectangular garden 10ms by 16ms is to be surrounded by a concrete walk of uniform width.
Given that the area of the walk is 120m2. Assuming the width of the walk to be x, form an
equation in x and solve it to find the value of x.
74
Volume 1 of 2
75
31) An express train makes a run of 240km at a certain speed. Another train whose speed is 12
km/hour less takes an hour longer to make the same trip. Find the speed of the express train in
km/hour.
32) A train covers a distance of 90km at a uniform speed. Had the speed been 15 km/hour more it
would have taken 30 minutes less for the journey. Find the original speed of the train.
33) A rectangle of area 105 cm2 has its length equal to x cm. Write down its breadth in terms of x
given that its perimeter is 44cms, write down an equation in x and get the dimensions if the
rectangle.
34) The sum of two numbers is 9 and the sum of their squares is 41. Taking one number as x, form
an equation in x and solve it to find the numbers.
35) One number is x. Another number is five more than twice this number. If the product of the two
numbers is 25, find x.
9) x = 24
1
4
10) 12, 15
3) 5, 10
4) 5, 7
5) 9, 15, or 9, 15
4) 2 m
5) 6 cm
2) 5, 4
7) 9, 10, 11
8) p = 5
HW Exercise 8.1:
1) 4, 9
2) 2, 5
26
5
3) 4,
1) 7, 8 or 7, 8
CW Exercise 8.2:
1) 12, 5, 13
2) 10, 24
3) 42, 30
7) 20 when the longer side is 30 m
HW Exercise 8.2:
1) i) 8 ii) 7, 24, 25 iii) 84 sq.cm
CW Exercise 8.3:
300 300
,
1) i)
ii) 30 km/hr
x x + 25
4) 15
5) 20 or 80 6) 50
2) 30 km/hr 3) (i)
6) 3, 17
7) 12
6) 15 longer side is 40 m
4) 16, 20
5) 24 cm
6) 16 m
7) 60
3) 36 km/hr 75 km/hr
4) `40
CW Exercise 8.4:
1) 12
2) 38
3) 5 years
4) 5 km/hr
5) 12
HW Exercise 8.4:
1) 5 sec
2) 49, 7
3) 68
4) 100
Volume 1 of 2
6) 12, 8, 6
300
300
hrs,
hrs (ii) 25km/hr 20 km/hr
x
x 5
HW Exercise 8.3:
1) 400 km/hr 2) 4
5) 4, 6
6) 100
4) 60 km/hr 5) 16
7) x = 45
8) 30 km/hr
75
76
Miscellaneous:
216
208
600
600 600
(ii)
(iii) 36 (iv) 52 km./hr 2) i)
(ii)
= 5, x = 24 3) 8
1) i)
x
x + 16
x
x4
x
400
400
4) i)
(ii)
(iii) x = 160
5) 50
6) 38
7) 20 km/hr, 15 km/hr
x
x + 40
8) 20
9) 36, 9
10) i) 30 (ii) 1200
11) 16, 13 12) 23
19 17
15
13) 8,9,10 (or)
,
,
14) 24
15) 3, 4, 5 16) 20
17) 16
2
2
2
18) b = 12 or 15/2; l = 15 or 24
19) 60 km/hr.
20) 750km/hr
21) 32km/hr
22) 1 hr
23) faster 5 min, slower 8 min
24) 5 km/hr 25) 3 km/hr
27) 40km/hr
28) r2 10r + 25 = 0; 3cm
29) 60m, 30m
30) 2m
31) 60 km/hr
32) 45km/hr
33) 15cms, 7cms
34) 4, 5
35) (5/2, 5)
76
Volume 1 of 2
77
It is the branch of geometry in which two numbers, called coordinates, are used to locate
the position of a point in a plane.
Coordinate Axes:
4
yaxis
Y
5
3
2
1
X
X
5 4 3 2 1
3 4 5
xaxis
2
3
4
5
Y
Co-ordinates:
z
The position of a point in a plane is expressed by a pair of two numbers (one concerning x
axis and the other concerning yaxis) called coordinates.
Y
A(3, 4)
Note:
1)
In stating the coordinates of a point the abscissa precedes the ordinate. The two coordinates
are separated by a comma and are enclosed in a bracket.
Thus, a point with abscissa x and ordinate y is denoted by (x, y).
2)
3)
4)
Volume 1 of 2
77
78
Reflection:
z
z
P(x, y)
B
A
Thus, point P is the image of point P in line AB and line AB, which is
also the perpendicular bisector of PP, is said to be the mirror line or
mediator of segment PP.
P(x, y)
Let P(x, y) be any point in the coordinate plane then, the point
P(x, y) is the reflection of the point P in the xaxis.
If a point is reflected in the xaxis, its abscissa (x) remains the
same but the sign of ordinate (y) is changed.
Hence, Mx (x, y) = (x, y). E.g. Mx (2, 3) = (2, 3).
Y
P(x, y)
X
P(x, y)
Y
Let P(x, y) be any point in the coordinate plane then, the point
P(x, y) is the reflection of the point P in the yaxis.
If a point is reflected in the yaxis, then the sign of its abscissa (x) is
changed but its ordinate (y) remains the same.
Hence, My (x, y) = (x, y)
E.g. My (5, 2) = (5, 2)
P(x, y)
P(x, y)
X
Let P(x, y) be any point in the coordinate plane then, the point
P(x, y) is the reflection of the point P in the origin.
If a point is reflected in the origin, then the sign of both abscissa (x) and
ordinate (y) is changed.
Hence, M0 (x, y) = (x, y). E.g. M0 (7, 3) = (7, 3)
P(x, y)
0
P(x,y)
y
i) Mx . My = My . Mx = Mo
ii) Mo . Mx = Mx . Mo = My
iii) Mo . My = My . Mo = Mx and so on
Properties of reflection:
z
z
z
78
If three points A, B and C is clockwise, then their image A, B and C are anticlockwise.
The image of a figure under reflection is congruent to the original figure.
Reflection in the xaxis, followed by the reflection in the yaxis is equivalent to reflection in
the origin.
Universal Tutorials X ICSE Maths
Volume 1 of 2
Chapter 09:
0 Coordina
ate Geometry: Reflection
79
SOLVED
D EXAMPL
LES 9.1:
1) Th
he triangle A(1,
A 2) B(4, 4)
4 and C(3, 7)
7 is first refflected in th
he line y = 0 onto triang
gle ABC
an
nd then trian
ngle ABC is
i reflected in the origin
n onto triang
gle ABC..
Write down th
he coordina
ates of, (i) A,
A B and C (ii) A, B and
a C.
Sol: No
ote: The line y = 0 meanss xaxis and the line x = 0 means ya
axis)
Re
eflection in y = 0 means reflection
r
in xaxis.
x
i) Since, refle
ection in the xaxis
x
is give
en by MX(x, y)
y = (x, y)
A = refle
ection of A(1,, 2) in the x
axis = (1, 2
2)
Similarly, B
B = (4, 4) an
nd C = (3, 7
7)
ii) Since, refle
ection in the origin
o
is given by M0(x, y)) = (x, y)
A = refle
ection of A(1
1, 2) in the origin = (1, 2)
Similarly, B
B = (4, 4) and
a C = (3,, 7)
2) A point P is reflected
r
in the xaxis. Coordinattes of its im
mage are (8, 6). (i) Find
d the co
orrdinates of P (ii) Find the coordina
ates of the im
mage of P under
u
reflecttion in the yaxis.
y
Sin
Sol: i) P = (8, 6)
nce, Mx (8, 6) = (8, 6)
ii) Coordinate
es of the imag
ge of P unde
er reflection in the yaxis = (8, 6)
3) Pe
erform the operations
o
Mx My & My Mx on the point (3,4). State whetther Mx My =My Mx.
If yes,
y
then sttate whetherr it is always
s true.
Sol: Mx My (3, 4) = Mx [My (3, 4)]
My Mx (3, 4) = My [Mx (3, 4)]
= Mx (3, 4) = (3, 4)
= My (3, 4) = (
3, 4)
Mx My = My Mx
Ye
es, it is alwayys true.
Inv
variant Poiint:
z
Universal Tu
utorials X IC
CSE Maths
79
80
[5 ( 4)]2 + [ 6 ( 2)]2
97 = 9.85 units
11) Pe
erform Mx My and My Mx on the po
oint (4, 6). State whether Mx My = My Mx. If yes,
y
then
sta
ate whetherr it is always
s true.
Sol: Given a point P(4,
P
6)
No
ow, My Mx : P(4,
P
6) P(4,
P
6) P(4,
P
6) and
d Mx My : P(
4, 6) P(4
4, 6) P(4, 6)
My Mx = Mx My
Th
his is always true. Because any pointt reflected in xaxis or vicce versa is a
always equiv
valent to a
sin
ngle reflectio
on in the origiin.
12) A point P(8, 1) is reflected in the xaxis
x
to the
e point P. The
T
point P is then refflected in
own the co
oordinates of
o P (ii) W
Write down a single
the origin to point P. (i) Write do
ansformatio
on that maps
s P into P.
tra
Sol: Given, a point P(8, 1) whiich is reflecte
ed in xaxis followed
f
by reflection
r
in o
origin.
i) Mx : P(8, 1)
1 P(8, 1)
M0 : P(8, 1)
P(8, 1)
ii) My : P(8, 1)
1 P(8, 1)
Reflectio
on of a point in xaxis followed by reflection in orig
gin is same a
as reflection in yaxis.
M0 Mx My
80
Universal Tu
utorials X IC
CSE Maths
Volu
ume 1 of 2
Chapter 09:
0 Coordina
ate Geometry: Reflection
81
13) Fin
nd the coorrdinates of the image off P(5, 4) aftter
i) reflection
r
in
ny=0
ii) reflection in
n the line y = 4
Sol: Given a point P(5,
P
4)
i) reflection
r
in y = 0 i.e. in xaxis
x
Mx : P(5, 4) P(5, 4)
ii) reflection in y = 4 i.e. in y = 4
Th
he point P(5
5, 4) is on the
e line y = 4.
Coordinatess of its image
e is also (5
5, 4) i.e. the coordinates
rem
main unchan
nged.
Point P(5, 4) is said to
o be invarian
nt under refle
ection in the
line y = 4.
he points (4,, 1), (4, 1), (4, 1) and (4, 1) are the vertices
s of a rectan
ngle. If the rectangle
r
14) Th
is reflected in
n the line x = 5, find the coordinattes of the re
eflected recttangle, also
o find the
area and perim
meter of the
e reflected rectangle.
erimeter of ABCD
A
= AB
B + B C + C
C D + DA
Sol: Pe
= 2 + 8 + 2 + 8 = 20 units
Arrea = L B = B C C D
D =82
= 16 sq. units.
UNSOLV
VED EXER
RCISE 9.1:
CW Exerrcise
1) Re
efer the diagram,
i) Mark
M
the reflection, in the
e yaxis, of each
e
given point;
p
ii) state the co
ordinates of each image
e obtained;
iii) name the po
oints invarian
nt under refle
ection in ya
axis.
Universal Tu
utorials X IC
CSE Maths
81
82
8) P and Q have coordinates (2, 3) and (5, 4) respectively. Reflect P in the xaxis to P and Q in
the yaxis to Q. State the coordinates of P and Q.
9) Find the image of point (4, 6) under the following operations:
(i) Mx My (ii) My Mx (iii) M0 Mx (iv) Mx M0 (v) M0 My (vi) My M0.
Write down a single transformation equivalent to each operation given above.
State whether: (a) M0 Mx = Mx M0 (b) My M0 = M0 My.
10) Point A(4, 1) is reflected as A in the yaxis. Point B on reflection in the xaxis is mapped as
B(2, 5). Write the coordinates of A and B.
11) Use graph paper for this question, the point P(5, 3) was reflected in the origin to get the image P
a) Write down the coordinates of P
b) If M is the foot of the perpendicular from P to the xaxis, find the coordinates of M
c) If N is the foot of the perpendicular from P to the xaxis, find the coordinates of N
d) Name the figure PMPN
e) Find the area of the figure PMPN.
12) Use a graph paper for this question. A(1, 1), B(5, 1), C(4, 2) and D(2, 2) are the vertices of a
quadrilateral. Name the quadrilateral ABCD. A, B, C and D are reflected in the origin onto A, B,
C and D on the graph sheet and write their coordinates. Are D, A, A and D collinear?
13) Use a graph paper for this question. (Take 10 small division = 1 unit on both axis) P and Q have
co-ordinates (0, 5) and (2, 4)
i) P is invariant when reflected in an axis. Name the axis
ii) Find the image of Q on reflection in the axis found in (i)
iii) (0, K) on reflection in the origin is invariant. Write the value of K
iv) Write the coordinates of the image of Q, obtained by reflecting it in the origin followed by
reflection in xaxis.
14) The points P(4, 1) and Q(2, 4) are reflected in line y = 3. Find the coordinates of P, the image
of P and Q, the image of Q.
HW Exercise
1) State the coordinates of the following points under reflection in yaxis
i) (6, 3)
ii) (1, 0)
iii) (8, 2)
2) State the coordinates of the following points under reflection in origin
i) (2, 4)
ii) (2, 7)
iii) (0, 0)
3) State the coordinates of the following points under reflection in the line x = 0
i) (6, 4)
ii) (0, 5)
iii) (3, 4)
4) A point P is reflection in the xaxis. Coordinates of its image are (4, 5)
i) Find the coordinates of P
ii) Find the coordinates of the image of P under reflection in the yaxis.
5) The point P(a, b) is first reflected in the origin and then reflected in the yaxis to P. If P has
coordinates (4, 6); evaluate a and b.
6) The point A(3, 2) is reflected in the xaxis to the point A. Point A is then reflected in the origin
to point A.
i) Write down the coordinates of A
ii) Write down a single transformation that maps A onto A
7) The point A(4, 6) is first reflected in the origin to the point A. Point A is then reflected in the y
axis to point A.
i) Write down the coordinates of A
ii) Write down a single transformation that maps A onto A.
82
Volume 1 of 2
83
8) On a graph paper, plot the triangle ABC, whose vertices are at the points A(3, 1), B(5, 0) and
C(7, 4). On the same diagram, draw the image of the triangle ABC under reflection in the origin
O(0, 0).
9) Attempt this question on graph paper,
i) Plot A(3, 2) and B(5, 4) on graph paper. Take 2 cm = 1 unit on both the axis.
ii) Reflect A and B in the xaxis to A and B respectively. Plot these points also on the same
graph paper
iii) Write down:
a) the geometrical name of the fig. ABBA
b) the measure of angle ABB
c) the image A of A, when A is reflected in the origin
d) the single transformation that maps A to A.
10) Points (3, 0) and (1, 0) are invariant points under reflection in the line L1; points (0, 3) and (0, 1)
are invariant points on reflection in line L2.
i) Name or write equations for the lines L1 and L2
ii) Write down the images of points P(3, 4) and Q(5, 2) on reflection in L1. Name the images
as P and Q respectively
iii) Write down the images of P & Q on reflection in L2. Name the image as P & Q respectively
iv) State or describe a single transformation that maps P & P.
11) i) Point P(a, b) is reflected in the xaxis to P(5, 2). Write down the values of a and b.
ii) P is the image of P when reflected in the yaxis. Write down the coordinates of P
iii) Name a single transformation that maps P to P.
12) A point P(a, b) is reflected in the xaxis to P(2, 3). Write down the values of a and b. P is the
image of P, reflected in the yaxis. Write down the coordinates of P. Find the coordinates of
P, when P is reflected in the line, parallel to yaxis, such that x = 4.
13) The point P(3, 4) is reflected to P in the xaxis and O is the image of O (the origin) when
reflected in the line PP. Using graph paper, give,
i) the coordinates of P and O
ii) the length of the segments PP and OO
iii) the perimeter of the quadrilateral POPO
iv) the geometrical name of the figure POPO.
14) A triangle P(2, 1) Q(4, 4) R(7, 3) is first reflected in the origin into PQR and then PQR is
reflected in the line x = 0 onto PQR. Write down the coordinates of
i) P, Q and R
ii) P, Q and R
15) Perform the operation Rx Ry and Ry Rx on the point (2, 3). State whether Rx Ry = Ry Rx. If
yes then state whether it is always true.
[2010]
[2009
83
84
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE:
1) The points A(4, 11), B(5, 3), C(2, 15) and D(1, 1) are the vertices of a parallelogram is reflected
in the y-axis and then in the origin, find the coordinates of the final images. Whether it remains a
parallelogram or not? Write a single transformation that brings the above change.
2) Find the images of (0, 0), (1, 2) and (2, 1) in the line (i) x = 1 (ii) y = 5.
3) A point P is reflected to P in the x-axis. The coordinates of its image are (2, 3). Find,
i) the coordinates of P
ii) the coordinates of the image P of P under reflection in the y-axis
iii) the coordinates of the image Q of the point Q(1, 2) in the line PP.
4) i) Points (5, 0) and (2, 0) are invariant points under reflection in the line L1. Points (0, 5) and
(0, 2) are invariant points on reflection in L2
ii) Write down the images of points P (5, 8) and Q (3, 4) on reflection L1. Name the images as
P and Q respectively
iii) Write down the images of P and Q on reflection in L2. Name the images as P and Q
respectively
iv) State or describe a single transformation that maps P onto P.
5) State the coordinates of the following points after reflection in the xaxis (y = 0)
3 1
,
iii)
2 2
6) The point P(3,4) is reflected to P in the x-axis and O is the image of O(0, 0) in the line PP. Find
i) the coordinates of P and O
ii) the length of segments PP and OO
iv) the geometrical name of the figure POPO
iii) the perimeter of the quadrilateral POPO.
7) State the coordinates of the following points after reflection in the origin (x = 0)
84
i) (2, 2)
ii) (4, 5)
i) (8, 3)
ii) (6, 8)
5 3
,
iii)
2
2
Volume 1 of 2
85
8) The point P(3, 2) on reflection in x-axis is mapped on P. Then P on reflection in the origin is
mapped as P. Find the coordinates of P and P. Write down a single transformation that maps
P onto P.
9) The point P(3, 5) on reflection in y-axis is mapped on P. The point P on reflection in the origin
is mapped as P. Find the coordinates of P and P. Write down a single transformation that
maps P onto P.
10) i) Plot A(2, 3) and B(4, 5) on a graph paper
ii) Reflect A, B in the y-axis to A, B. Plot these points on the same graph
iii) Write down:
a) the geometrical name of the figure ABBA
b) the measure of the angle ABB
c) the image B to B, when B is the reflected in the point (0, 0).
11) Write down the coordinates of the image of the point (3, 2) when
i) reflected in the x-axis
ii) reflected in the y-axis
iii) reflected in the x-axis followed by the reflection in the y-axis
iv) reflected in the origin
12) In the following question, the coordinates of the point and their image are given. State the mode
of transformation in each case,
i) Point (3, 2) Image (3, 2)
ii) Point (5, 2) Image (5, 2)
iii) Point (1, 2) Image (1, 2)
iv) Point (3, 2) Image (3, 4)
v) Point (1, 2) Image (3, 2)
13) In the following question, the coordinates of the image of a point P and their mode of
transformation is given. Write the coordinates of the given point P
i) Image (5, 2) Mode of transformation = y-axis
ii) Image (3, 2) Mode of transformation = y-axis = x-axis
iii) Image (5, 6) Mode of transformation = origin
iv) Image (5, 6) Mode of transformation = origin.
14) Find the image of the point (10, 15) under a reflection in the line x + 2y 5 = 0.
15) Give the images of the following points under reflection in the line y + 2 = 0
i) (1, 1)
ii) (5, 2)
iii) (3, 3)
iv) (3, 3)
16) A point P(a, b) becomes (3, c) after reflection in the x-axis and P becomes (d, 6) after reflection
in the origin. Find the values of a, b, c and d.
17) My(x1, y2) (x2, 2) and M0(x2, 2) (5, y3). Find x1, y1, x2 and y3.
18) Mx(m, n) (2, p) and M0(m, n) (q, 5). Find the value m, n, p and q.
19) Find the reflection of the points (5, 2), (2, 3), (4, 5) and (6, 2) in the line y = x.
20) Find the images of (0, 0), (1, 2) and (2, 1) in the line (i) x = 1 (ii) y = 5.
21) The point P(3, 2) on reflection in x-axis is mapped as P. Then P on reflection in the origin is
mapped as P, Find the co-ordinates of Pand P.
22) The point P(2, 6) is reflected to the following points. Draw the axis of the reflection in each case,
and find its equation.
b) R (2, 8)
c) S(6, 6)
a) Q (2, 2)
23) Using graph paper for,
i) Plot the points A(3, 5) and B(-2, -4). Use 1 cm = 1 unit on both axis.
ii) A is the image of A when reflected in the x-axis. Write down the co-ordinates of A and plot it
on the graph paper.
Volume 1 of 2
85
86
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
31)
32)
iii) B is the image of B when reflected in the y-axis, followed by reflection in the origin. Write
down the co-ordinates of B and plot it on the graph paper.
iv) Write down the geometrical name of the figure AA BB.
v) Name two invariant points under reflection in the x-axis.
The vertices of a triangle are, A(1, 1), B(1, 2), C(3, 4).
a) Find the co-ordinates of its image when reflected in the x-axis.
b) Find the co-ordinates of its image when reflected in the y-axis.
c) Find the co-ordinates of its image when reflected in the origin.
d) Find the co-ordinates of its image when reflected in the line y = 2.
e) Find the co-ordinates of its image when reflected in the line x = 3.
The image of triangle OXY under reflection in the origin, is the triangle OX1Y1, where X1(3, 4)
is image of X and Y1(0, 5) is the image of Y.
i) Write down the co-ordinates of X and Y.
ii) What kind of figure is the quadrilateral XYX1Y1? Give a reason for your answer, State, with a
reason, whether the figure XYX1Y1 has any lines of symmetry.
B, C have co-ordinates (3, 2) and (0, 3). Find
i) the image B of B under reflection in the x-axis;
ii) the image C of C under reflection in the line BB;
iii) calculate the length of B C.
A(2, 3), B(0, 5) and C(0, 5) are the vertices of a triangle in the co-ordinate plane.
i) Name the two points which are invariant under reflection in the y-axis.
ii) Name the image of triangle ABC by reflection in the y-axis. What type of figure is formed by
triangle ABC and this image? Give reasons for your answer.
If N is the foot of the perpendicular from A to the yaxis and A is the image of A(3, 1) when
reflected in the origin. Find the Coordinates of N.
The point A(3, 1) is reflected, such that its image is A(3, 4), find the equation of the mirror line.
If A is the image of A, when reflected in the x-axis, B is the image of B, when reflected in the yaxis, followed by reflection in the origin, then write down the geometrical name of the figure
AAB. Also write down two invariant points on the figure, under reflection in the x-axis.
Mx(m, n) (2, p) and M0 (m, n) (q, 5). Find the values of m, n, p and q.
A point P(a, b) becomes (3, c) after reflection in the xaxis, and P becomes (d, 6) after
reflection in the origin. Find the values of a, b, c and d.
Volume 1 of 2
3)
5)
7)
9)
10)
11)
13)
14)
15)
87
28) N(0, 1)
29) y = 2.5
30) AAB - An isosceles triangle B and B are invariant pts.
31) [2, 5, 5, 2]
32) a = 3, b = 6, c = 6, d = 3
Volume 1 of 2
87
88
Properties:
z
If both the terms a and b of the ratio are multiplied or divided by the same quantity then, the
ratio remains unchanged.
a
ma
=
a:b is the same as ma:mb
b
mb
a b
a
am
:
=
a:b is the same as
m m
b
bm
b
times of the original quantity.
a
1
1
7 7 7
2
and 3 = : =
= 2: 3, which is the ratio between two
3
2
3 2 3
7
integers 2 and 3.
Therefore, 2
88
1
1
and 3 are commensurable quantities.
3
2
Universal Tutorials X ICSE Maths
Volume 1 of 2
89
3 and 5 i.e.
Comparison of Ratios:
First Method:
z
By making the second terms i.e. denominators, equal. We can compare the ratios. Eg.
which ratio is greater 3 : 8 or 5: 12.
3
5
and
, and L.C.M. of their second terms 8 and 12
8
12
is 24; therefore:
3 33
9
5
52
10
=
=
=
=
and
8 8 3 24
12 12 2 24
Making second term of each ratio equal to L.C.M. 24
Since,
10
9
5
3
>
> or ratio 5 : 12 is greater than ratio 3: 8
therefore
24 24
12 8
Second Method:
z
i) a: b < c : d
Composition of Ratios:
Compound Ratio:
z When two or more ratios are multiplied term-wise, the ratio thus obtained is called
compound ratio i.e. compound ratio of (a:b) and (c:d) is (ac:bd).
Duplicate Ratio:
z It is the compound ratio of two equal ratios i.e. Duplicate ratio of a : b = Compound ratio of
a : b and a: b = a2 : b2.
2
2
z Eg. duplicate ratio of 2 : 3 = 2 : 3 = 4 : 9
Triplicate Ratio:
z It is the compound ratio of three equal ratios i.e. Triplicate ratio of a : b = compound ratio of
a : b, a: b and a: b = (a a a): (b b b) = a3 : b3
3
3
z Eg Triplicate Ratio of 2 : 3 = 2 : 3 = 8 : 27
Subduplicate Ratio:
z
9 : 16 = 3 : 4
Subtriplicate Ratio:
z
Volume 1 of 2
89
90
z
27 : 3 64 = 3: 4
Reciprocal Ratio:
1 1
: = b : a.
a b
Reciprocal ratio of a : b is
1 1
: =5:3
3 5
Sol: i) 2x + 3y : 3x + 5y = 18 : 29
58x + 87y = 54x + 90y
x
3
=
i.e. x : y = 3 : 4
y
4
ii) x : y = 2 : 3
2x + 3y
18
=
3 x + 5y
29
4x = 3y
x
2
=
y
3
3 x + 2y
Now, 3x + 2y = 2x + 5y =
=
2x + 5y
x
3 + 2
y
(Dividing each term by y)
x
2 + 5
y
2
+2
x
2
3
=
= 12 : 19
(
= )
2
y
3
2 + 5
3
If a : b = 5 : 3, find (5a + 8b) : (6a 7b).
Let, a : b = 5 : 3
If a = 5x, then b = 3x;
5a + 8b
5 5x + 8 3x
49 x
And
=
=
= 49 : 9
6a 7b
6 5x 7 3x
9x
i) What quantity must be added to each term of the ratio 8 : 15 so that it becomes equal to
3 : 5?
ii) What quantity must be subtracted from each term of the ratio a:b so that it becomes
c:d?
i) Let x be added to each term of the ratio 8 : 15.
3
2)
Sol:
3)
Sol:
Given:
8+x
3
=
40 + 5x = 45 + 3x
15 + x
5
ax
c
=
bx
d
cx dx = bc ad x(c d) = bc ad
90
x= 2
1
2
ad dx = bc cx
x=
bc ad
c d
Volume 1 of 2
91
4) The work done by (x 3) men in (2x + 1) days and the work done by (2x + 1) men in (x + 4)
days are in the ratio 3 : 10. Find the value of x.
(x 3)(2x + 1) = 3
Sol: Assuming that all the men do same amount of work in one day; we get
(2x + 1)(x + 4) 10
2x 2 + x 6 x 3
2
3
10
2x + 8 x + x + 4
20x2 50x 30 = 6x2 + 27x + 12
5)
Sol:
6)
Sol:
2x 2 5 x 3
2
3
10
2x + 9 x + 4
14x2 77x 42 = 0 2x2 11x 6 = 0
1
(x 6) (2x + 1) = 0 (on factorizing)
x = 6 or x =
2
x = is not possible as it will make number of men (x 3) negative. x = 6
Arrange the ratios 5 : 6, 8 : 9 and 13 : 15 in ascending order of magnitude.
5 8
13
The given ratios are ,
and
and L.C.M. of their second terms 6, 9 and 15 is 90.
6 9
15
5
5 15
75 8
8 10
80
13
13 6
78
=
=
,
=
=
and
=
=
6
6 15
90 9
9 10
90
15
15 6
90
78
80
75
5
13
8
Since,
<
<
i.e.
<
<
5 : 6 < 13 : 15 < 8 : 9
90
90
90
6
15
9
Find the compound ratio of:
i) 3a : 2b, 2m : n and 4x : 3y.
ii) a b : a + b, (a + b)2 : a2 + b2 and a4 b4 : (a2 b2)2.
i) Required compound ratio = (3a 2m 4x) : (2b n 3y)
24amx
=
= 4amx : bny
6bmy
ii) Required compound ratio = [(a b) (a + b)2 (a4 b4)] : [(a + b) (a2 + b2) (a2 + b2)2]
=
(a b )(a + b )2 (a 2 + b 2 )(a 2 b 2 )
(a + b )(a 2 + b 2 )(a 2 b 2 )(a + b )(a b )
= 1:1
7) Find the ratio compounded of the duplicate ratio of 5 : 6, reciprocal ratio of 25 : 42 and the
subtriplicate ratio of 216 : 343.
Sol: Since, duplicate ratio of 5 : 6 = 52 : 62 = 25 : 36
1
1
Reciprocal ratio of 25 : 42 =
:
= 42 : 25
25 42
216 : 3 343 = 6 : 7
1) If a : b = 5 : 3; find :
3) If
2n 2
m+n
2
= ; find :
.
m + 3n
3
3m 2 + mn
Volume 1 of 2
91
92
4) Find
x
: when x2 + 6y2 = 5xy.
y
5) Two numbers are in the ratio 2 : 3. If 5 is added to each number, the ratio becomes 5 : 7. Find
the numbers.
6) Two positive numbers are in the ratio 3 : 5 and the difference between their squares is 400; find
the numbers.
7) The work done by (x 2) men in (4x + 1) days and the work done by (4x + 1) men in (2x 3)
days are in the ratio 3 : 8. Find the value of x.
8) Compare the ratios:
i) 5 : 8 and 7 : 9
ii) 3 : 16 and 5 : 32
9) Arrange the ratios 3 : 5, 7 : 10 and 18 : 25 in descending order of magnitude.
10) Find the compound ratio of:
i) 3 : 5 and 8 : 15
ii)
2 : 1, 3 :
5 and
20 : 9.
ii) 3 3 : 2 5
7x
.
9y
5) What quantity must be subtracted from each term of the ratio 9 : 17 to make it equal to 1 : 3?
6) What quantity must be added to the each terms of the ratio m + n : m n to make it equal to
(m + n)2 : (m n)2?
7) Arrange the ratios 5 : 8, 7 : 10 and 17 : 24 in ascending order of magnitude.
8) Find the compound ratio of:
i) 2 : 3, 9 : 14 and 14 : 27
ii) 2a : 3b, mn : x2 and x : n
9) Find triplicate ratio of:
m n
:
i) 1 : 3
ii)
2 3
10) Find subtriplicate ratio of:
i) 64 : 27
ii) x3 : 125y3
11) If 3x + 4 : x + 5 is the duplicate ratio of 8 : 15; find x.
12) Find the ratio compounded of the reciprocal ratio of 15 : 28, the subduplicate ratio of 36 : 49
and triplicate ratio of 5 : 4.
92
Volume 1 of 2
93
Proportion:
a c
or ad = bc
=
b d
Product of extremes = Product of means
d is called the fourth proportional.
Continued Proportion:
z
a b
=
b c
a b c
= =
b c d
Mean Proportion:
z
z
a b
or b2 = ac or b = ac
=
b c
In this case, b is called the mean proportional or geometric mean between a and c.
Third Proportion
z
Also, when a:b = b:c, then c is called the third proportional to a and b
b2
Then, a:b = b:c c =
a
Fourth Proportion
z
a:b = c:x
bc
x=
k method:
a
c
=
= k (say). Therefore, a = bk, c = dk.
b
d
a
b
=
= k (say).
b
c
Volume 1 of 2
93
94
p2
p2
=
pr
q2
(q2 = pr)
p
= p:r
r
3) If a b and a : b is the duplicate ratio of a + c and b + c, prove that c is the mean
proportional between a and b.
(a + c )
a
=
b
(b + c )2
2
Sol: Given:
p 2r 2
(q2 = pr)
p2
r2
= r2 q2 + p2
5) Find two numbers whose mean proportional is 24 and third proportional is 1536.
Sol: Let the required numbers be
Therefore, 24 is mean proportional between a and b.
a : 24 = 24 : b
ab = 576
(I)
and, 1536 is third proportional to a and b.
a : b = b : 1536
b2 = 1536a
(II)
=
q2 +
576
b
576
576
in eqn. II, we get b2 = 1536
b3 = 1536 576
b
b
576
=6
96
Volume 1 of 2
95
ii) 6 + 3 3 and 8 4 3
4) What least number must be added to each of the numbers 16, 7, 79 and 43 so that the resulting
numbers are in proportion?
5) If q is the mean proportional between p and r, show that pqr(p + q + r)3 = (pq + qr + pr)3.
6) If three quantities are in continued proportion; show that the ratio of the first to the third is the
duplicate ratio of the first to the second.
7) Find two numbers such that the mean proportional between them is 12 and the third proportional
to them is 96.
3a 2 10c 2
3b 2 10d 2
8) If
a
c
= , prove that each of the given ratio is equal to
b
d
9) If
x y z
2 x 3 3 y 3 + 4z 3
2 x 3 y + 4z
= = , prove that:
=
a b c
2a 3 3b 3 + 4c 3
2a 3b + 4c
HW Exercise:
1) Find the third proportional to: (i) 3, 0.6 and 4.5 (ii) 6p, 12p2 and 4pq2
2) What least number must be subtracted from each of the numbers 7, 17 and 47 so that the
remainders are in continued proportion?
3) If y is the mean proportional between x and z; show that xy + yz is the mean proportional
between x2 + y2 and y2 + z2.
x 2 y 2 + z2
x 2 y 2 + z 2
= y4.
x y
+ and x 2 + y 2 .
y x
7) If p : q = r : s; then show that: mp + nq : q = mr + ns : s.
a c
8) If = , prove that each of the given ratio is equal to:
b d
6) Find the third proportional to
i)
5a + 4c
5b + 4d
ii)
13a 8c
13b 8d
8a 3 + 15c 3 3
iii) 3
3
8b + 15d
i)
xa 3 5 yb 3 3
4a 2 + 9b 2
=
xc 3 5 yd 3
4c 2 + 9d 2
Volume 1 of 2
ii)
13 a + 17 b
=
13 c + 17d
2ma 2 3nb 2
2mc 2 3nd 2
95
96
Invertendo:
z
If a : b = c : d then b : a = d : c.
Proof:
a
c
If a : b = c : d
=
b
d
b
d
=
(Taking reciprocal on both sides)
a
c
b:a=d:c
Alternendo:
z
If a : b = c : d then a : c = b : d.
Proof:
a
c
If a : b = c : d
=
ad=bc
b
d
a
b
=
c
d
a:c=b:d
Componendo:
z
If a : b = c : d, then a + b : b = c + d : d.
Proof:
a
c
a
c
If a : b = c : d
=
+1=
+1
(adding 1 on both sides)
b
d
b
d
a+b
c +d
=
a+b:b=c+d:d
b
d
Dividendo:
z
If a : b = c : d, then a b : b = c d : d.
Proof:
a
c
a
c
a:b=c:d
=
1=
1
(subtracting 1 from both sides)
b
d
b
d
ab
c d
=
ab:b=cd:d
b
d
96
If a : b = c : d, then a + b : a b = c + d : c d.
Proof:
a:b=c:da+b:b=c+d:d
(By Componendo)
a+b
c +d
=
(i)
b
d
a:b=c:dab:b=cd:d
(By Dividendo)
ab
c d
=
(ii)
b
d
Universal Tutorials X ICSE Maths
Volume 1 of 2
97
a+b
c +d
=
ab
c d
Thus a : b = c : d a + b : a b = c + d : c d
Summary:
If
a
c
=
then
b
d
b
d
=
a
c
(By Invertendo)
a
b
=
c
d
(By Alternendo)
a+b
c +d
=
b
d
(By Componendo)
ab
c d
=
b
d
(By Dividendo)
a+b
c +d
=
ab
c d
Sol: a : b = c : d
a
c
=
b
d
3a
3c
=
2b
2d
3a + 2b
3c + 2d
=
3a 2b
3c 2d
3
)
2
3a + 2b : 3a 2b = 3c + 2d : 3c 2d
2) If, 3a + 5b : 3c + 5d = 3a 5b : 3c 5d show that a, b, c and d are in proportion.
Sol: Applying alternendo: 3a + 5b : 3c + 5d = 3a 5d : 3c 5d
3a + 5b : 3a 5d = 3c + 5d : 3c 5d
3a + 5b
3c + 5d
=
3a 5 b
3c 5d
a
c
=
b
d
3) If p =
Sol: p =
(3c + 5d ) + (3c 5d )
(3c + 5d ) (3c 5d )
6a
6c
=
10b
10d
4 xy
p + 2x
p + 2y
, find the value of
+
.
x+y
p 2x
p 2y
4 xy
2y
p + 2x
2y + x + y
P
=
(Applying componendo and dividendo)
x+y
x+y
p 2x
2y x y
2x
=
Again, p =
Volume 1 of 2
x + 3y
yx
4 xy
P
2x
=
x+y
2y
x+y
Universal Tutorials X ICSE Maths
97
98
p + 2y
2x + x + y
=
(Applying componendo and dividendo)
p 2y
2x x y
3x + y
xy
x + 3y
x + 3y
p + 2x
p + 2y
3x + y
3x + y
x + 3y 3 x y
+
=
+
=
=
= 2
p 2x
p 2y
xy
y x
y x
yx
yx
4) If a : b = c : d; prove that, (a2 + ac + c2) : (a2 ac + c2) = (b2 + bd + d2) : (b2 bd + d2)
Sol: a : b = c : d
a
c
=
= k (say)
a = bk and c = dk
b
d
a 2 + ac + c 2
a 2 ac + c 2
b 2 k 2 + (bk )(dk ) + d 2 k 2
b 2 k 2 (bk )(dk ) + d 2 k 2
(
(b
)=
)
k 2 b 2 + bd + d 2
k
bd + d
x y
=
= k (say)
y z
(
(k
x +y
)=k
k
+ 1)
y 2 k2 1
y
Also, x z : x + z =
=
x2 y 2
(
(z k
=
2
2
y 2k 2 y 2
( x = yk)
y 2k 2 + y 2
1
+1
(i)
xz
zk 2 z
=
x+z
zk 2 + z
)=k
k
+ 1)
z k2 1
(x = zk2)
1
+1
(ii)
x2 y2 : x2 + y2 = x z : x + z
(x + 1)3
(x 1)3
x 3 + 3 x 341
=
.
91
3x 2 + 1
x 3 + 3 x + 3 x 2 + 1 341 + 91
=
x 3 + 3 x 3 x 2 1 341 91
x +1 6
432
216
6
=
=
=
250
125
x 1 5
5
=
x = 11
x + 1 x 1 6 5
2
1
98
Volume 1 of 2
99
a b
= .
x y
a 2 + ab + b 2 a
=
b 2 + bc + c 2 c
ii)
a2 + b2 + c 2
(a + b + c )
ab+c
a+b+c
x + 5 + x 16
x + 5 x 16
7
3
ii)
x +1 + x 1
x +1 x 1
4x 1
2
HW Exercise:
1) If a : b = c : d, prove that, (6a + 7b) (3c 4d) = (6c + 7d) (3a 4b)
a
c
3a 5b 3c 5d
2) Given,
=
= , prove that,
b
d
3a + 5b 3c + 5d
3) If a =
4 6
2+ 3
a+2 2
a2 2
a+2 3
a2 3
3x + 9x 2 5
3x 9x 2 5
=5.
a +1 + a 1
[2012]
a +1 a 1
2) The monthly pocket money of Ravi and Sanjeev are in the ratio 5:7. Their expenditures are in
the ratio 3:5. If each save `80 every month, find their monthly pocket money.
[2012]
3) 6 is the mean proportion between two numbers x and y and 48 is the third proportional of x and
y. Find the numbers.
[2011]
4) Using componendo and dividend, find the value of x,
Volume 1 of 2
3x + 4 + 3x 5
3x + 4 3x 5
= 9.
[2011]
99
100
5) Given x=
a2 + b2 + a2 b2
a2 + b2 a2 b2
(x + y )2
(y + z )2
x
z
2a 2 x
x2 + 1
[2010]
[2010]
63
. Using Componendo and Dividendo find a : b.
62
[2009]
b + 3a b
8) What least number must be added to each of the numbers 5, 11, 19 and 37 so that they are in
proportion?
[2009]
7) Given that
9) If
a c
8a 5b 8a + 5b
=
, prove that = .
b d
8c 5d 8c + 5d
10) If x =
11) If
a + 3b + a 3b
a + 3b a 3b
[2008]
3 x + 5y 7
= , find x : y.
3 x 5y 3
[2007]
[2006]
12) What number must be added to each of the numbers 6, 15, 20 and 43 to make them
proportional?
[2005]
13) What number should be subtracted from each of the numbers, 23, 30, 57 and 78, so that the
remainders are in proportion?
[2004]
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE:
1)
2)
3)
4)
triplicate ratio of 2a : 3b
subduplicate ratio of 9x2a2 : 25y6b2
subtriplicate ratio of 216 : 343
reciprocal ratio of 3 : 5
ratio compounded of the duplicate ratio of 5 : 6, the reciprocal ratio of 25 : 42 and the sub
duplicate ratio of 36 : 49.
5) Find the value of x, if:
i) (2x + 3) : (5x 38) is the duplicate ratio of
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
100
5 :
6.
Volume 1 of 2
101
11) Find two numbers such that the mean proportional between them is 14 and third proportional to
them is 112.
12) If x and y be unequal and x : y is the duplicate ratio x + y and y + z, prove that z is mean
proportional between x and y.
13) If
a2 + c 2
ab + cd
= 2
, prove that a : b = c : d.
ab + cd
b + d2
p3 + q 3 + r 3
2 2 2
p q r
1
p
1
q
r3
15) If a, b and c are in continued proportion, prove that, a : c = (a2 + b2) : (b2 + c2).
x +a x +b
2ab
16) If x =
+
, find the value of
.
a+b
x a x b
17) If (4a + 9b) (4c 9d) = (4a 9b) (4c + 9d), prove that, a : b = c : d.
a
c
18) If
= , show that, (a + b) :(c + d) = a 2 + b 2 : c 2 + d 2 .
b
d
ax by
by cz
cz ax
x
y
z
+
+
=
= , prove that,
= 3.
19) If
(a + b)(x y ) (b + c )(y z ) (c + a)(z x )
a
b
c
20) Two numbers are in the ratio 3 : 5. If 9 is added to each number, the ratio becomes 2 : 3. Find
the numbers.
21) If x =
22) Solve,
23) Solve
2a + 1 + 2a 1
2a + 1 2a 1
a+x + ax
a+x ax
(3 x + 2)2 + (3 x 2)2
(3 x + 2)2 (3 x 2)2
5
.
4
2) 5:1
6) 15 and 25
3) 1/15
7) x = 3.5
4) 3 or 2
8)i) 5:8<7:9 ii)3:16>5:32
2) 18/5
3) 11/8
4) 3/2
11) 580/611
12) 25:8
5) 5
9) i) 1:27 ii) 27m3 :8n3
n m
2m
10) i) 4:3 ii) x:5y
6)
CW Exercise 10.2:
1) i) 10.5 ii) 4a2b2
2) i) 6 ii) (a +b)(a2b2)
4) 5
7) 6 and 24
Volume 1 of 2
101
102
HW Exercise 10.2 :
3) 2
7) xy
CW Exercise 10.3:
4) 2
8) i) 20 ii) 5/4
HW Exercise 10.3:
3) 2
6) 1
3) 3 and 12
11) x : y = 25: 6
4) x = 7
12) Required no is 3
Miscellaneous Exercise:
1) 9:5
2) 14:19
3) 1:1
4) (i) 8 : 45 (ii) 8a3:27b3 (iii) 3xa2 :5y3b iv) 6 : 7 v) 5 : 3 vi) 1 : 1
cy dx
7
5
13
5) i) 16 ii) 34 iii) 27
6)
>
>
7)
8
6
16
d c
a+b
xy
9) 5:6
10) i)
ii)
iii) x(x y)
2
ab
2ab
16) 2
20) 27, 45
22) 2
b +1
102
7) 3 : 2
13) 6
8) 15 and 21
11) 7 and 28
23)
4 1
,
3 3
Volume 1 of 2
103
Reminder theorem:
If a polynomial f(x), is divided by (x a); a R the remainder is f(a)
Eg. If f(x) is divided by (x 3), the remainder is f(3).
x 3
Example:
x 2 x 2 5x + 8
f(x) = x2 5x + 8 find f(2)
x 2 2x
2
2
+
f(x) = x 5x + 8 f(2) = (2) 5 2 + 8
3x + 8
= 4 10 + 8 = 2= the remainder
3x + 6
When x2 5x + 8 is divided by x 2
+
ax + b = a x +
a
Remainder
b
f
a
f(a)
b
f
a
b
f
ax b = a x
a
a
Alternative Method:
Step 1: Put the divisor equal to zero and solve the equation obtained to get the value of its variable.
Step 2: Substitute the value of the variable, obtained in step 1, in the given polynomial and simplify
it to get the required remainder.
Factor Theorem:
When a polynomial f(x) is divided by x a, the remainder is f(a). And, if remainder f(a) = 0;
then x a is a factor of the polynomial f(x).
For example: Let f(x) = x2 5x + 6 be divided by x 3; then remainder = f(3)
= (3)2 5 3 + 6 = 0 Remainder = 0
x 3 is a factor of f(x) = x2 5x + 6
Volume 1 of 2
103
104
1
iii) By remainder theorem, if f(x) is divided by (2x + 1), the remainder is f :
2
2
1
1 1
1
f = 8 + 4 = + 4 + 4
2
2
4
2
Remainder = 8
1
4
1
4
What number should be added to 2x3 3x2 + x so that when the resulting polynomial is
divided by x 2, the remainder is 3?
Let the number added be k and the resulting polynomial be f(x).
f(x) = 2x3 3x2 + x + k
Given, when f(x) is divided by x 2, the remainder = 3
i.e. f(2) = 3
x2=0x=2
3
2
2(2) 3(2) + 2 + k = 3
16 12 + 2 + k = 3 i.e., k = 3
The required number to be added = 3
i) if x 2 is a factor of x2 7x + 2a, find the value of a.
ii) Find the value of a if the division of ax3 + 9x2 + 4x 10 by x + 3 leaves a remainder of 5.
i) Here, f(x) = x2 7x + 2a and x 2 = 0 x = 2
Since, x 2 is a factor of f(x) = x2 7x + 2a
Remainder, f(2) = 0 (2)2 7(2) + 2a = 0 a = 5
ii) Here, f(x) = ax3 + 9x2 + 4x 10 and x + 3 = 0 x = 3
Given, remainder is 5; f(3) = 5
a(3)3 + 9(3)2 + 4(3) 10 = 5
27a + 81 12 10 = 5 or a = 2
Given that x + 2 and x 3 are factors of x3 + ax + b; calculate the values of a and b.
Here, f(x) = x3 + ax + b; Given, x + 2 is a factor of f(x) = x3 + ax + b;
f(2) = 0
(x + 2 = 0 x = 2)
3
(2) + a(2) + b = 0 2a + b = 8
(i)
3
Again, given that: x 3 is factor of f(x) = x + ax + b;
f(3) = 0
(x 3 = 0 x = 3)
3
(3) + a(3) + b = 0 3a + b = 27
(ii)
On solving eqn. (i) and (ii), we get a = 7 and b = 6
= 8
2)
Sol:
3)
Sol:
4)
Sol:
104
Volume 1 of 2
105
105
106
+
= (x 1) (x + 1) (2x + 1)
x 1
x 1
+
x
6) The polynomials ax3 + 3x2 3 and 2x3 5x + a, when divided by x 4, leave the same
remainder in each case. Find the value of a.
7) Find the number that must be subtracted from the polynomial 3y3 + y2 22y + 15, so that the
resulting polynomial is completely divisible by y + 3.
8) (3x + 5) is a factor of the polynomial (a 1)x3 + (a + 1)x2 (2a + 1)x 15. Find the value of a.
For this value of a, factorise the given polynomial completely.
9) The polynomial px3 + 4x2 3x + q is completely divisible by x2 1; find the values of p and q.
Also, for these values of p and q factorize the given polynomial completely.
106
Volume 1 of 2
107
HW Exercise
1) Using the Factor Theorem, show that:
i) (x 5) is a factor of 3x2 13x 10. Hence, factorise 3x2 13x 10.
ii) (x 2) is a factor of x3 2x2 9x + 18. Hence, factorise the expression x3 2x2 9x + 18
completely.
iii) (x + 5) is a factor of 2x3 + 5x2 28x 15. Hence, factorise the expression 2x3 + 5x2 28x 15
completely.
iv) (3x + 2) is a factor of 3x3 + 2x2 3x 2. Hence, factorise the expression 3x3 + 2x2 3x 2
completely.
2) Using the Remainder Theorem; factorise each of the following expression completely:
ii) 2x3 + x2 13x + 6
iii) 3x3 +2x2 23x 30 iv) 4x3 + 7x2 36x 63
i) x3 x2 4x + 4
3) Factorise the expression, f(x) = 2x3 7x2 3x + 18. Hence, find all possible values of x for which
f(x) = 0.
4) The expression 4x3 bx2 + x c leaves remainders 0 and 30 when divided by x + 1 and 2x 3
respectively. Calculate the values of b and c. Hence, factorize the expression completely.
5) Find the value of a, if (x a) is a factor of x3 ax2 + x + 2.
6) Find the value of m, if mx3 + 2x2 3 and x2 mx + 4 leave the same remainder when each is
divided by x 2.
7) When the polynomial x3 + 2x2 5ax 7 is divided by (x 1), the remainder is A and when the
polynomial x3 + ax2 12x + 16 is divided by (x + 2), the remainder is B. Find the value of a if
2A + B = 0.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE:
1) Find the remainder in the following cases, when f(x) is divided by g(x) is each case:
a) f(x) = 2x3 3x2 4x 5;
g(x) = 2x + 1
g(x) = x 1
b) f(x) = x3 6x2 + 9x + 7;
2
5
c) f(x) = 4x3 + 6x2 x + ;
g(x) = 2 3x
3
6
Volume 1 of 2
107
108
2) Using factor theorem, find out whether polynomial g(x) is a factor of f(x) or not:
a) f(x) = x3 + x2 17x + 15;
g(x) = x 3
3
b) f(x) = 3x3 2x2 + 5x + 6;
g(x) = 2x +
2
c) f(x) = 3x3 + 6x 9;
g(x) = 4 3x
3) For what values of a the polynomial g(x) is a factor of f(x).
a) f(x) = x3 a2x + x + 2;
g(x) = x a
3
2
b) f(x) = x + a(x + 1) 2x + 4;
g(x) = x + a
4) The polynomial P(x) = kx3 + 9x2 + 4x 8, when divided by the polynomial q(x) = x + 3, leaves the
remainder 20. Find the value of k.
5) The remainder obtained by dividing kx2 3x + 6 by x 2 is twice the remainder obtained by
dividing 3x2 + 5x k by (x + 3). Find the value of k.
6) (x 2) is the factor of the polynomial x3 + ax2 + bx + 6 and when this polynomial is divided by
(x 3) leaves the remainder 3. Find the values of a and b.
7) If g(x) = 2x 3 is a factor of f(x) = 2x3 9x2 + x + p, find the value of p. Hence find all the factors.
8) Find the value of q if the polynomial f(x) = x3 + 2x2 13x + q is divisible by g(x) = x 2. Hence
find all the factors.
9) Factorize 2x3 9x2 + x + 12 and hence, solve 2x3 9x2 + x + 12 = 0
10) Use the factor theorem to factorise completely, x3 + x2 4x 4.
11) Find the number which should be added to x2 + x + 3 so that the resulting polynomial is
completely divisible by (x + 3).
12) Show that (x 1) is a factor of x3 7x2 + 14x 8. Hence, completely factorise the given
expression.
13) Using Remainder Theorem, factorise: 2x3 + 7x2 8x 28 completely.
14) When x3 + 3x2 mx + 4 is divided by x 2, the remainder is m + 3. Find the value of m.
15) What should be subtracted from 3x3 8x2 + 4x 3, so that the resulting expression has x + 2 as
a factor?
16) If (x + 1) and (x 2) are factors of x3 + (a + 1)x2 (b 2) x 6, find the values of a and b. And
then, factorise the given expression completely.
1
(ii) 0
4
2
3
3) (i) a = 5 (ii) K = 8
4) 2
7) a = 3 & b = 1
8) 8
5) m = 3 & n = 7
HW Exercise 11.1:
1) (i) 0 (ii) 2
3) a = 3, b = 4
4) 2
5) a = 3 & b = 3
7) 7
6) 46
CW Exercise 11.2:
1) i) (x + 1) (x 2) (ii) (2x + 3) (5x 6)
2) i) (2x + 3) (x 1) (ii) (3x 4) (x + 1) (iii) (4x + 3) (x 2) (iv) (5x 4) (x + 2)
3) (x + 3) ( 3x 2) (x +1); 3, 2/3, 1
108
4) a = 6; b = 8; (x + 1) (x 2) (x + 4)
Volume 1 of 2
6) 1
109
7) 9
9) p = 3 q = -4; (x + 1) (x 1) (3x + 4)
HW Exercise 11.2:
1) i) (x 5) (3x + 2) (ii) (x 2)(x + 3)(x 3) (iii) (x + 5) (2x + 1) (x 3) (iv) (3x + 2) (x + 1) (x 1)
2) i) (x 1) (x + 2)(x 2) (ii) (2x 1)(x 2)(x + 3) (iii) (x 3)(x + 2)(3x + 5) iv) (x +3)(x 3)(4x + 7)
3) (x 2) (x 3) (2x + 3); 2, 3,
5) 2
6)
3
2
3
10
4) b = 8; c = 3; (x + 1) (2x 1) (2x + 3)
7) 4
4) 3
5) 14
6) a = 23, b = 39
10) (x 1)(x + 1) (x + 2)
11) 9
12) (x 1) (x 2) (x 4)
13) (x 2) (x + 2) (2x + 7)
14) m = 7
15) 67
16) a = 1; b = 7; (x + 1) (x 2) (x + 3)
Volume 1 of 2
109
110
5 5 3
Eg. ,
, [5 3 2] etc.
1 1 2
In a matrix, the horizontal lines are called rows and vertical lines are called columns.
Each number or entity in a matrix is called its elements.
Order of a matrix:
z
i.e. if a matrix has m rows and n columns, then its order will be m n (read as m by n) and
its contains mn elements.
Matrix are generally denoted by capital letters A, B, C etc. whereas the elements are
denoted by small letters.
Plural of matrix is matrices.
z
z
z
2
7 2 row
3
Note: If a matrix as 6 elements the possible order it can have is 1 6 (1 by 6), 2 3 (2 by 3), 3 2
(3 by 2) or 6 1 (6 by 1).
Types of Matrices:
z
Row Matrix: A matrix which has only one row is called a row matrix.
Eg.: A = [1 2]; B = [3 0 1]
5
3
Eg.: A = ; B = 8 .
1
2
Order is 2 1
order is 3 1
110
Volume 1 of 2
111
2 1
Eg.: A =
;B=
3 4
3 1 2
6 4 8 .
2 6 1
2 4 7
Eg.: A =
;B=
3 0 2
6 2
1 6
3 1
Order is 2 3
Order is 3 2
Zero or Null Matrix: If each element of a matrix is Zero, it is called a zero or null matrix.
0
Eg.: [0]; [0 0]; ;
0
0 0
etc.
0 0
Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix, which has all its elements zero except those on the
leading (or principal) diagonal is called a diagonal matrix.
5 0 0
2 0
Eg.:
; 0 2 0
0
1
0 0 3
Note: In a square matrix, the leading (Principal) diagonal means the diagonal from top left to bottom
right.
z
z
Unit or Identity Matrix: A diagonal matrix, in which each element of its leading diagonal
is unity (i.e. 1) is called a unit or identity matrix. It is denoted by I.
It is a square matrix in which each elements of its leading diagonal is equal to 1, and all
other remaining elements of the matrix are zero.
1 0
Eg.: I =
; I =
0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
Equality of Matrices: Two matrices are said to be equal if, both the matrices have the
same order, the corresponding elements of both the matrices are equal.
2 3
2 3
Eg.: If A =
and B =
then A = B
1 5
1 5
Operations on Matrices:
Addition of Matrices:
z
z
Two matrices are compatible for addition, if they are of the same order.
To add two matrices of the same order means to add the corresponding elements of both
the matrices.
Volume 1 of 2
2 1
3 2
2 1 3 2 2 + 3 1 + 2 5 3
Eg.: If A =
& B =
; then A + B =
+
=
=
5 6
1 4
5 6 1 4 5 + 1 6 + 4 6 10
111
112
Subtraction of Matrices:
z
The same rule and method used in addition of matrices in applied for subtraction of
matrices.
4
5 4
3 0
5 4 3 0 5 3 4 0 2
Eg.: If A =
& B =
; then A B=
=
=
2 1
4 2
2 1 4 2 2 4 1 2 2 1
Notes:
In addition or subtraction of the matrices, the order of the resulting matrix is the same as the order
of the matrices added or subtracted.
If A, B and C are the matrices of the same order, then,
A+B=B+A
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
A+X=BX=BA
Additive Identity:
In numbers O is the additive identity i.e. a + 0 = 0 + a = a for any number a.
Similarly, the additive identity of any matrix is the null (zero) matrix of the same order.
z
4 6
0 0
4 6
0 0
4 6
Eg.:
+
=
=
+
0 7
0 0
0 7
0 0
0 7
Additive Inverse:
If A and B are two matrices of the same order such that,
z A + B = B + A = a null matrix, then A is said to be the additive inverse of B and B is said to
be the additive inverse of A.
z The additive inverse of a matrix. A is its negative, i.e. A.
z
4 2
4 2
Eg.: If A =
then the additive inverse of A = A =
3 7
3 7
.
b + 1
1 5
2
Sol: x 2 = 0 x = 2
y=3
(If two matrices are equal, their corresponding elements are also equal)
a/2 = 1 a = 2
b+1=5b=4
x = 2, y = 3, a = 2 and b = 4
2 1
3 2
0 4 and C = 1 0 ; find,
ii) B A
iii) A + B C
5 4
3 2
5 3 4 + 2
2 6
Sol: i) A + C =
+
=
=
3 1
1 0
3 + 1 1 + 0
4 1
5 4
2) If A =
;B=
3 1
i) A + C
112
Volume 1 of 2
113
2 1
5 4 2 5 1 4
3 3
ii) B A =
=
=
0 4
3 1 0 3 4 + 1
3 5
5 4
2 1
3 2
iii) A + B C =
+
3 1
0 4
1 0
7 5 3 2
=
3 3 1 0
7 + 3 5 2
10 3
=
=
3 1 3 0
2 3
2 1 3
3 2
t
t
3) If matrix A =
and B =
Sol: A = 1 3 and Bt =
2 4
3 2
i) Since, the order of matrix A is 2 3 and that of At is 3 2; A + At is not possible.
Two matrices are compatible for addition or subtraction; only when they have the same order.
ii) Since, the order of matrix B is 2 2 and that of Bt is 2 2; B + Bt is possible.
t
3 2
3 7
3 + 3 2 + 7
6 5
And B + Bt =
+
=
=
7 4
2 4
7 2 4 + 4
5 8
8 6
3 5
4) If matrix A =
and B = 1 0 ; then solve for 2 2 matrix X such that:
2
4
i) A + X = B
ii) X B = A.
3 5
8 6
3 8 5 6
11 1
Sol: i) A + X = B X = B A =
=
=
1
0
2
4
1
+
2
0
4
4
3
8 6
3 5
5 11
ii) X B = A X = A + B =
+
=
2 4
1 0
1 4
i) If A and B are two matrices of orders 3 2 and 2 3 respectively; then their sum A + B is
possible.
ii) The matrices A23 and B23 are conformable for subtraction.
iii) Transpose of a 2 1 matrix is a 2 1 matrix.
iv) Transpose of a square matrix is a square matrix.
v) A column matrix has many columns and only one row.
x y + 2
3 1
2) Given:
=
; find x, y and z.
3 z 1
3 1
3) If A = [8 3] and B = [4 5]; find: (i) A + B (ii) B A
Volume 1 of 2
113
114
1 2
1 2
2 3 4
0 2 3
0 1 2
3 4
(i)
+
(ii)
(iii)
+
3 4
1 7
5 6 7
6 1 0
4 6 7
6 8
5 3
t
t
t
5) Given: M =
, find its transpose matrix. M If possible, find: (i) M + M (ii) M M
2
4
2 0
7
6) Write the additive inverse of matrices A, B & C: where A = [6 5]; B =
and C = .
4 1
4
1 0
7) Given: A =
and B =
2 4
i) A + X = B
3 3
ii) A X = B
iii) X B = A
HW Exercise:
1) Solve for a, b and c; if:
2
4 a + 5
b + 4
i)
=
2
c 1
3
3
a b
a
3 1
ii)
=
0
b + c
2 0
2
1
6
2) If A = , B = and C = , find (i) B + C (ii) A C (iii) A + B C (iv) A B + C
5
4
2
3) Find, x and y from the following equations:
2
5
1 x 1
4 7
ii) [8 x] + [y 2] = [3 2]
i)
=
1
y
1
2
3 2
4) Given: A = [2 3], B = [0 2] and C = [1 4]; find the matrix X in each of the following:
ii) A X = B + C
i) X + B = C A
6 4
t
t
t
5) Given: A =
; find its transpose A . Also find (i) A + A (ii) A A
2
3
2 1
2 2 2 1
4 2
E.g.: 2
=
=
5 2
2 5 2 2
10 4
2 1
and C =
1
2
0 3
2 1 , find: A + 2B 3C.
1 2
2 1
0 3
Sol: A + 2B 3C =
+ 2
3
2
2 3
1
2 1
1 2
4 2
0 9
3 0
0 9
3 9
=
+
=
=
2
3
2
4
6
3
0
7
6
6 10
5
1
2) Given, matrix A = and matrix B = ; find matrix X such that, A + 2X = B.
3
7
114
Volume 1 of 2
115
1
5
6
Sol: A + 2X = B 2X = B A = =
7
3
10
X=
1
2
6 21 6
3
= 1 10 =
10
2
5
1 2
ii) 7
0 1
i) 3[5 2]
1 0 3 3
3
8
iii) 2
+
iv) 6 2
2 3 5 0
2
1
1
2
7
ii) x 4 =
2
y
8
4 2
3) If
+ 3A =
4 0
2 2
; find A.
1 3
3 6
t
4) Given A =
and A is its transpose matrix. Find:
0 9
1
1
A At
2
3
5) If I is the unit matrix of order 2 2; find the matrix M, such that:
i) 2A + 3At
ii) 2At 3A
1 0
i) M 2I = 3
4 1
HW Exercise
iii)
iv) At
1
A
3
2 5
ii) 5M + 3I = 4
0 3
1 1
3 1
and C =
; find
0
5 2
0
ii) A + 2C B
4 1
and B =
.
3 2
2 1
1) Given A =
, B =
3 0
i) 2A 3B + C
1 4
2) Given A =
2 3
0 0
ii) find a matrix C such that, C + B =
0 0
3 x
1 3
z 7
3) If 2
+ 3
=
; find the values of x, y and z.
0 1
y 2
15 8
1 1
2 1
4) Given A =
and B =
. Solve for matrix X:
2
0
1 1
ii) 3X + B + 2A = 0
iii) 3A 2X = X 2B
i) X + 2A = B
0
5) If M = and N =
1
Volume 1 of 2
1
, show that, 3M + 5N =
0
5
3
115
116
Multiplication of Matrices:
Two matrices A and B can be multiplied if and only if the number of columns in A is equal to
the number of rows in B. i.e. if A is of order mn & B is of order np then AB is of order m p
To get the product of matrices the following steps may be adopted.
z Multiply every element of first row of matrix A with the corresponding element of first column
of B and add them to get the first element of the first row of the product matrix AB.
z Multiply every element of first row of matrix A with the corresponding element of second
column of B and add them to get the second element of the first row of the product matrix
AB.
z In a similar manner corresponding rows and columns may be multiplied and added to get
the elements.
1 2
0 1
3 4
2 3 5
Eg.: A =
,B=
3 1 2
1 2
2 3 5
2 1 + 3 0 + 5 3 2 2 + 3 1 + 5 4
AB =
0 1 =
3
1
2
3 4
3 1 + 1 0 + 2 3 3 2 + 1 1 + 2 4
AB is of order 2 2.
2 + 0 + 15 4 3 + 20
17 21
=
=
6 1+ 8
3+0+6
9 13
If I is the unit Matrix and A is any matrix of the same order as that of I then
A I = A = I A.
2 3
E.g Let A =
then A I =
4 6
2 3 1 0 2 1 + 3 0 2 0 + 3 1
=
=
4 6 0 1 4 1 + 6 0 4 0 + 6 1
2 3
=A
4 6
1 0 2 3 1 2 + 0 4 1 3 + 0 6
2 3
And I A =
=
=
=A
0 1 4 6 0 2 + 1 4 0 3 + 1 6
4 6
AI=A=IA
Notes:
In general AB BA i.e. product of matrices is not commutative.
A(BC) = (AB)C i.e. product of matrices is associative.
If A 0 and AB = AC, then it is not necessary that B = C.
If AB = 0, then it is not necessary that A = 0 or B = 0.
If A = 0 or B = 0 then AB = 0 = BA.
i) A (B + C) = AB + AC (in matrices multiplication is distributive over addition.)
ii) (A + B) C = AC + BC.
In the same way, A(B C) = AB AC and (A B) C = AC BC
116
Volume 1 of 2
117
2 3 1 2
2 1 + 3 3 2 2 + 3 5
7 11
Sol: i) AB =
=
=
4 2 + 1 5
4 1 3 5
4 1 + 1 3
7 13
1 2 2 3
1 2 + 2 4 1 3 + 2 1
6 5
ii) BA =
=
=
3 5 4 1
3 2 + 5 4 3 3 + 5 1
14 14
3 2
1 0
2
2
2) Let A =
and B = 1 2 ; find: (i) (A + B) (A B) (ii) A B .
0
5
Is (A + B) (A B) = A2 B2?
3 2
1 0
3 + 1 2 + 0
4 2
Sol: i) Since, A + B =
+
=
=
0 5
1 2
0 + 1 5 + 2
1 7
3 2 1 0
3 1 2 0
2 2
And A B =
=
=
0 5 1 2
0 1 5 2
1 3
4 2 2 2
4 2 + 2 1 4 2 + 2 3
6 14
(A + B) (A B) =
=
=
1 7 1 3
1 2 + 7 1 1 2 + 7 3
5 23
3 2 3 2
3 3 + 2 0 3 2 + 2 5
9 16
ii) Since, A2 = A A =
=
=
0 5 0 5
0 3 + 5 0 0 2 + 5 5
0 25
1 0 1 0
1 1 + 0 1 1 0 + 0 2
1 0
And B2 = B B =
=
=
1 2 1 2
1 1 + 2 1 1 0 + 2 2
3 4
9 16
1 0
8 16
A2 B2 =
=
0 25
3 4
3 21
From the results of parts (i) and (ii) it is clear that: (A + B) (A B) A2 B2
3 8 x
2
3) Given:
y = 8 , find x and y.
9
4
3 8 x
2
Sol:
=
9
4
y
8
3 x 8 y
2
= 3x 8y = 2 and 9x + 4y = 8.
9 x + 4y
8
On solving, we get: x =
2
1
and y = .
3
2
6
3
3) Find the matrix M, such that M
= [2 16]
2 8
Sol: First of all, we must find the order of matrix M.
Let the order of matrix M be a b,
6
3
= [2 16]12
i.e. Mab
2 8 2 2
(1st matrix)
Volume 1 of 2
(2nd matrix)
(resulting matrix)
Universal Tutorials X ICSE Maths
117
118
Since, product of matrices is possible, only when the number of columns in the first matrix is
equal to the number of rows in the second.
b = 2.
Also, the number of rows of product (resulting) matrix is equal to the number of rows of first
matrix.
Let M = [x y]
a = 1 order of matrix M = a b = 1 2.
6
3
[x y]
= [2 16] [3x 2y 6x 8y]
= [2 16] 3x 2y = 2 and 6x 8y = 16
On solving, we get: x = 4 and y = 5
M = [4 5]
8 2
12
4) Given:
X = . Write down: (i) the order of the matrix X (ii) the matrix X.
1 4
10
Sol: i) Let the order of matrix X be a b.
8 2
12
Xab =
1 4 2 2
10 21
a = 2 and b = 1.
8 2 x
12
8 x 2y
12
=
=
1 4 y
10
x + 4y
10
x
ii) Let X =
y
8x 2y = 12 and x + 4y = 10
On solving, we get: x = 2 and y = 2.
x
2
The matrix X = =
y
2
2 3
ii) [1 2]
1 4
If not possible, give a reason.
2
i) [3 2]
0
6 4 1
iii)
3 1 3
6 4
iv)
[1 3]
3 1
2 1
2
3
5
2) If M =
; find i) M , ii) M and iii) M
1
2
x 0 1 1
2
ii)
=
3 1 0 y
3 2
2 1
3 2 ;
1 1
i) Write down the product matrix AB
1 2 1
4) If A =
and B =
2 1 3
118
Volume 1 of 2
119
ii) Would it be possible to form the product matrix BA? If so, compute BA; if not, give a reason
why it is not possible.
1 2
2
5) If M =
and I is a unit matrix of the same order as that of M; show that, M = 2M + 3I.
2
1
a 0
6) If A =
,B=
0 2
0 b
, M =
1 0
1 1
2
1 4
1 2
7) If A =
and B =
. Find:
1 3
1 1
ii) A2 + B2
i) (A + B)2
1 4
3 2
8) If A =
,B=
and C =
2
1
4 0
1 0
2
, simplify: A + BC.
0
2
1 1
9) i) Let M
= [1 2] (a) State the order of matrix M (b) Find the matrix M.
0 2
1 4
13
ii) Let
M = (a) State the order of matrix M (b) Find the matrix M.
2 1
5
p
10) Find the positive integers p and q such that: [p q] = [25]
q
HW Exercise:
0 2
1 1
1) If A =
,B=
and I is a unit matrix of order 2 2, find:
5 2
3 2
ii) BA
iii) AI
iv) IB
v) A2
vi) B2A
i) AB
1 3
1 2
4 3
2) If A =
,B=
and C =
, find:
2 4
4 3
1 2
ii) A(BC).
i) (AB)C
Is A(BC) = (AB)C?
0 4 6
3) Given A =
and B =
3 0 1
i) AB
ii) BA
1
0
1 2 , find; if possible:
5 6
iii) A2
4 1
1 0
4) Given A =
and B =
, Find:
2
3
2 1
i) A B
ii) A2
iii) AB
iii) A2 AB + 2B
2 1
1
2
5) Find the matrix A, if B =
and B = B + A.
0
1
2
1 1
2
6) If A =
and A = I; find the values of a and b.
a
b
2 1
2 3
1 4
7) If A =
, B =
and C =
; then show that:
0 0
4 1
0 2
Volume 1 of 2
119
120
i) A(B + C) = AB + AC
8) Solve for x and y:
3 1 2
x
ii)
=
2
1
4
2 5 x
7
i)
=
5
2
y
14
iii) [x + y
1 2
x 4]
= [7 11]
2
2
2 x
4 36
2
9) If A =
and B =
; find the value of x, given that: A = B.
0
1
0
1
10) If A and B are any two 2 2 matrices such that AB = BA = B and B is not a zero matrix, what can
you say about the matrix A?
7
. Write: (i) the order of the matrix X (ii) the matrix X.
6
[2012]
3 1
1 0
2
2) If A =
and B =
, find A 5A + 7I.
1 2
0 1
[2012]
2 5
4 2
t
3) If A =
and B =
and I is the identity matrix of the same order and A is the
1
3
1
3
[2011]
transpose of matrix A, AtB + BI.
3 5
4) If A =
and B =
4 2
2
, is the product AB possible? Give a reason. If yes, find AB.
4
2 cos 60o 4 5
2 cos 0o 5 4
3 2
6) Given A =
,B=
1 4
2 x x
7) Find x and y, if
y 3y
6
4
, C = and D =
1
5
[2011]
[2010]
2
. Find AB + 2C 4D
2
[2010]
16
3
= .
2
9
[2009]
1 4
3 2
8) If
+ 2M = 3
, find the Matrix M.
2 3
0 3
[2008]
p 0
0 q
9) Given A =
, B =
, C =
0 2
1 0
[2008]
2 2
2
3 4
1 y 7 0
10) If 2
+
=
, find the values of x and y.
5 x
0 1 10 5
[2007]
1 0
11) Let A =
, B =
2 1
[2007]
2 3
2
2
Find A + AB + B .
1
0
4 2
12) Let A =
, B =
6 3
0 2
2 3
2
and C =
Find A A + BC.
1
1
1
2 12
4 x
13) Find the value of x given that A2 = B, A =
B=
.
0 1
0 1
120
[2006]
[2005]
Volume 1 of 2
121
2 1
3 2
1 0
14) Given A =
, B=
& C=
, find the matrix x. Such that A + x = 2B + C. [2004]
2 0
4 0
0 2
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE:
3 2 2x
4
2
1) Find x and y, if:
+ 2 = 4 .
1 4 1
5
y
1 4
2) Find x and y, if: [3x 8]
3[2 7] = 5[3 2y]
3 7
x
2 x
3) If [x y] = [25] and [x y] = [2]; find x and y, if:
y
y
i) x, y W (whole numbers)
ii) x, y Z (integers)
8 2
12
4) Given:
, X = . Write down:
1 4
10
i) the order of matrix X
2
c
7 3
1 2
2 1
8) If A =
and B =
; find: (i) A(BA)
2 1
1 2
(ii) (AB)B.
x 3 x 2
5
9) Find x and y, if:
=
y 4y 1
12
10) If I is the unit matrix of order 2 2; find matrix M, in each case, given below:
4 5 2 1
i) M 3I =
7 1 3 4
4 3 3 2
ii) 2M + 5I =
0 2 5 4
3 4 2
10
11) If matrix X =
and 2X 3Y = ; find the matrix X and matrix Y.
2 3 2
8
3 0
12) Given A =
,B=
0 4
a b
1 2
1 0
2
2
13) If P =
and Q =
, then compute (i) P Q (ii) (P + Q)(P Q)
2
1
2
1
Volume 1 of 2
121
122
1 2
6 1
2 3
15) If A =
,B=
&C=
; find each of the following and state if they are equal
1
3 4
1 1
0
ii) A + CB
i) CA + B
2 1
16) If A =
and B =
1 3
4 2
17) If A =
, find (A 2I) (A 3I).
1 1
2 1 1
t
t
t
18) If A =
. Find: (i) A A (ii) A A . Where A is the transpose of matrix A.
0
1
4 1
2
19) If M =
, show that: 6M M = 9I; where I is the unit matrix of order 2, i.e. 2 2.
1 2
2 6
20) If P =
and Q =
3 9
3 x
4 x
.
0 1
3 2 x
5
24) Find x and y if,
= .
0 5 2
y
0 0
2 1 1
4) (i)
(ii)
1 7 7
5 2
10 5
0 1
5) Mt =
(i)
(ii)
3
4
5
8
1 0
2 0
7
6) i) [6, 5],
(iii)
4
4 1
4 3
4 3
2 3
7) i)
(ii)
(iii)
4 4
4 4
0 4
HW Exercise 12.1:
1) (i) a = 3, b = 8, c = 3 (ii) a = 3, b = 4, c = 2
3) (i) x = 4 & y = 0 (ii) x = 4 & y = 5
122
7
4
3
7
2) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
2
7
11
1
4) (i) [3 5] (ii) [3 9]
Volume 1 of 2
123
CW Exercise 12.2:
7 14
1 3
34
1) (i) [15 6] (ii)
(iii)
(iv)
7
0
9 6
14
2 0
3)
1 1
21 3
15 12
3 18
2 2
4) (i)
(ii)
(iii) 2 3 (iv)
18 45
12 9
6 6
2
1 0
1 4
5) (i)
(ii)
12 5
0 3
HW Exercise 12.2:
2 2
5 2
1) (i)
(ii)
2 2
2 7
4 1
2) (i)
(ii)
1
4
3 2
3) x = 8; y = 5; z = 9
4
3
0 3
4) (i)
(ii)
5
1
1
7
3 (iii) 3
4
1
3
3
1
3
2
CW Exercise 12.3:
6
1) (i) [6] (ii) [0 5] (iii) (iv) Not possible as the number of columns in first matrix is not equal
6
to number of rows in second matrix
5
5 0
10
50 25
3
5
2) M2 =
; M =
;M =
0 5
5 10
25 50
3) (i) x = 2, y = 26 (ii) x = 2, y = 1
3 2
4) (i)
(ii) Yes; BA is possible BA =
10 7
4 3 5
7 4 9
3 1 4
6) a = 2 and b = 1
4 12
4 8
7) (i)
(ii)
(iii) No
0 16
2 12
6 12
8)
8 9
9) a) i) 1 2 (ii) 1
1
(b) i) 2 1 (ii)
2
1
3
HW Exercise 12.3:
4
6
5 4
1) (i)
(ii)
(iii) Matrix A (iv) Matrix B (v)
10 2
10 4
15 2
(vi)
10
14
5 16
63 61
63 61
2) (i)
(ii)
; yes
88 86
88 86
1
0
3
34 28
3) (i)
4
8 (iii) Not possible
(ii) 6
9
5
18 20 24
Volume 1 of 2
123
124
3 1
18 7
2 1
18 6
4) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
4 2
14 11
4 3
14 10
6) a = 0; b = 1
9) x = 12
Previous Board Question:
4 4
5)
0 0
5
3
;y=
2
2
2
0 0
1) order is 2 1; X = 2)
3
0 0
11 3
3)
16 2
26
4) Yes,
0
13 14
5)
14 13
0
6)
0
7) x = 2, y = 1
4 1
8) M =
1 6
9) p = 8, q = 4
10)x = 2, y = 8
4 9
11)
5 4
2 2
12)
13) x = 36
3 4
1) x = 3, y = 2
2) x = 1, y = 6.5
3) (i) x = 3, y = 4 (ii) x = 3; y = 4
2
4) (i) 2 1 (ii)
2
1 0.5
5)
1 0
72
6) M = 10
7 5
14) x =
6 2
Miscellaneous:
14 13
13 14
8) (i)
(ii)
13 14
14 13
9) x = 1, y = 2
20 24
16 10
10) i)
(ii)
17 8
5 6.5
12) a=
7) a = 4, b = 2 & c = 4
14
1 38
11) x =
y=
3 28
10
4 0
0 0
13) (i)
(ii)
; No
4 4
0 8
3
4
,b=0&c=
2
3
15 7
18 24
14) (i)
(ii)
; Not equal
30 14
36 48
5 15
14 3
15) (i)
(ii)
; Not equal
5
5
4
4
4
16)
5
2 2
4
6 3
2 3 (ii)
18) (i) 2
3 5
2 3 5
4 0
17)
0 4
1 1
21)
1 1
22) i) True; addition of matrices is commutative
ii) False, subtraction of matrices not commutative
iii) True; multiplication of matrices is associative.
iv to vi) True, multiplication of matrices is distributive over addition
vii to viii) False, Laws of algebra or factorization & expansion are not applicable to matrices
23) 36
24) x = 3, y = 10
20) x = 6 & y = 1
124
Volume 1 of 2